Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-v9fdk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-17T03:24:31.743Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Altered Resting-State Frontoparietal Control Network in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 April 2015

Hsiang-Yuan Lin Open the ORCID record for Hsiang-Yuan Lin [Opens in a new window] ,
Wen-Yih Isaac Tseng ,
Meng-Chuan Lai ,
Kayako Matsuo  and
Susan Shur-Fen Gau
Hsiang-Yuan Lin
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
Wen-Yih Isaac Tseng
Affiliation:
Center for Optoelectronic Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
Meng-Chuan Lai
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Kayako Matsuo
Affiliation:
Center for Optoelectronic Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
Susan Shur-Fen Gau*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
*
Correspondence and reprint requests to: Susan Shur-Fen Gau, Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital & College of Medicine, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei 10002, Taiwan. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The frontoparietal control network, anatomically and functionally interposed between the dorsal attention network and default mode network, underpins executive control functions. Individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) commonly exhibit deficits in executive functions, which are mainly mediated by the frontoparietal control network. Involvement of the frontoparietal control network based on the anterior prefrontal cortex in neurobiological mechanisms of ADHD has yet to be tested. We used resting-state functional MRI and seed-based correlation analyses to investigate functional connectivity of the frontoparietal control network in a sample of 25 children with ADHD (7–14 years; mean 9.94±1.77 years; 20 males), and 25 age-, sex-, and performance IQ-matched typically developing (TD) children. All participants had limited in-scanner head motion. Spearman’s rank correlations were used to test the associations between altered patterns of functional connectivity with clinical symptoms and executive functions, measured by the Conners’ Continuous Performance Test and Spatial Span in the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery. Compared with TD children, children with ADHD demonstrated weaker connectivity between the right anterior prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the right ventrolateral PFC, and between the left anterior PFC and the right inferior parietal lobule. Furthermore, this aberrant connectivity of the frontoparietal control network in ADHD was associated with symptoms of impulsivity and opposition-defiance, as well as impaired response inhibition and attentional control. The findings support potential integration of the disconnection model and the executive dysfunction model for ADHD. Atypical frontoparietal control network may play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of ADHD. (JINS, 2015, 21, 271–284)

Keywords

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorderFrontoparietal control networkResting-state functional connectivityExecutive functionsResting-state fMRIAnterior prefrontal cortexOpposition-defiance
Type
Research Articles
Information
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , Volume 21 , Supplement 4 , April 2015 , pp. 271 - 284
Copyright
Copyright © The International Neuropsychological Society 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Arnsten, A.F., & Rubia, K. (2012). Neurobiological circuits regulating attention, cognitive control, motivation, and emotion: Disruptions in neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 51, 356–367.Google Scholar
Ashburner, J. (2007). A fast diffeomorphic image registration algorithm. Neuroimage, 38, 95–113.Google Scholar
Barkley, R.A. (1997). Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: Constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 65–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barkley, R.A. (2001). The executive functions and self-regulation: An evolutionary neuropsychological perspective. Neuropsychology Review, 11, 1–29.Google Scholar
Behzadi, Y., Restom, K., Liau, J., & Liu, T.T. (2007). A component based noise correction method (CompCor) for BOLD and perfusion based fMRI. Neuroimage, 37, 90–101.Google Scholar
Bunge, S.A., & Wright, S.B. (2007). Neurodevelopmental changes in working memory and cognitive control. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 17, 243–250.Google Scholar
Cao, Q., Zang, Y., Sun, L., Sui, M., Long, X., Zou, Q., & Wang, Y. (2006). Abnormal neural activity in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Neuroreport, 17, 1033–1036.Google Scholar
Cao, X., Cao, Q., Long, X., Sun, L., Sui, M., Zhu, C., & Wang, Y. (2009). Abnormal resting-state functional connectivity patterns of the putamen in medication-naive children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Brain Research, 1303, 195–206.Google Scholar
Castellanos, F.X., Di Martino, A., Craddock, R.C., Mehta, A.D., & Milham, M.P. (2013). Clinical applications of the functional connectome. Neuroimage, 80, 527–540.Google Scholar
Castellanos, F.X., Margulies, D.S., Kelly, C., Uddin, L.Q., Ghaffari, M., Kirsch, A., & Milham, M.P. (2008). Cingulate-precuneus interactions: A new locus of dysfunction in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 63, 332–337.Google Scholar
Castellanos, F.X., & Proal, E. (2012). Large-scale brain systems in ADHD: Beyond the prefrontal-striatal model. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16, 17–26.Google Scholar
Castellanos, F.X., Sonuga-Barke, E.J., Milham, M.P., & Tannock, R. (2006). Characterizing cognition in ADHD: Beyond executive dysfunction. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10, 117–123.Google Scholar
Chabernaud, C., Mennes, M., Kelly, C., Nooner, K., Di Martino, A., Castellanos, F.X., & Milham, M.P. (2012). Dimensional brain-behavior relationships in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 71, 434–442.Google Scholar
Chen, G., Xie, C., Ward, B.D., Li, W., Antuono, P., & Li, S.J. (2012). A method to determine the necessity for global signal regression in resting-state fMRI studies. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 68, 1828–1835.Google Scholar
Chiang, H.L., Huang, L.W., Gau, S.S., & Shang, C.Y. (2013). Associations of symptoms and subtypes of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder with visuospatial planning ability in youth. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34, 2986–2995.Google Scholar
Chiang, M., & Gau, S.S. (2008). Validation of attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder subtypes among Taiwanese children using neuropsychological functioning. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 42, 526–535.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Connor, D.F., Steeber, J., & McBurnett, K. (2010). A review of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder complicated by symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder or conduct disorder. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 31, 427–440.Google Scholar
Corbetta, M., Patel, G., & Shulman, G.L. (2008). The reorienting system of the human brain: From environment to theory of mind. Neuron, 58, 306–324.Google Scholar
Cortese, S., Kelly, C., Chabernaud, C., Proal, E., Di Martino, A., Milham, M.P., & Castellanos, F.X. (2012). Toward systems neuroscience of ADHD: A meta-analysis of 55 fMRI studies. American Journal of Psychiatry, 169, 1038–1055.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Costa Dias, T.G., Wilson, V.B., Bathula, D.R., Iyer, S.P., Mills, K.L., Thurlow, B.L., & Fair, D.A. (2013). Reward circuit connectivity relates to delay discounting in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 23, 33–45.Google Scholar
Davidson, R.J., Putnam, K.M., & Larson, C.L. (2000). Dysfunction in the neural circuitry of emotion regulation--a possible prelude to violence. Science, 289, 591–594.Google Scholar
Dennis, M., Francis, D.J., Cirino, P.T., Schachar, R., Barnes, M.A., & Fletcher, J.M. (2009). Why IQ is not a covariate in cognitive studies of neurodevelopmental disorders. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 15, 331–343.Google Scholar
Dienes, Z. (2008). Understanding psychology as a science: An introduction to scientific and statistical inference. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Dienes, Z. (2011). Bayesian versus Orthodox statistics: Which side are you on? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6, 274–290.Google Scholar
Dinolfo, C., & Malti, T. (2013). Interpretive understanding, sympathy, and moral emotion attribution in oppositional defiant disorder symptomatology. Child Psychiatry Human Development, 44, 633–645.Google Scholar
Dosenbach, N.U., Visscher, K.M., Palmer, E.D., Miezin, F.M., Wenger, K.K., Kang, H.C., & Petersen, S.E. (2006). A core system for the implementation of task sets. Neuron, 50, 799–812.Google Scholar
Dumontheil, I., Burgess, P.W., & Blakemore, S.J. (2008). Development of rostral prefrontal cortex and cognitive and behavioural disorders. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 50, 168–181.Google Scholar
Fair, D.A., Posner, J., Nagel, B.J., Bathula, D., Dias, T.G., Mills, K.L., & Nigg, J.T. (2010). Atypical default network connectivity in youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 68, 1084–1091.Google Scholar
Fassbender, C., & Schweitzer, J.B. (2006). Is there evidence for neural compensation in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder? A review of the functional neuroimaging literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 445–465.Google Scholar
Figner, B., Knoch, D., Johnson, E.J., Krosch, A.R., Lisanby, S.H., Fehr, E., & Weber, E.U. (2010). Lateral prefrontal cortex and self-control in intertemporal choice. Nature Neuroscience, 13, 538–539.Google Scholar
Forbes, C.E., & Grafman, J. (2010). The role of the human prefrontal cortex in social cognition and moral judgment. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 33, 299–324.Google Scholar
Fox, M.D., & Greicius, M. (2010). Clinical applications of resting state functional connectivity. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience, 4, 19.Google Scholar
Friston, K.J., Williams, S., Howard, R., Frackowiak, R.S., & Turner, R. (1996). Movement-related effects in fMRI time-series. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 35, 346–355.Google Scholar
Gau, S.S., Chiu, C.D., Shang, C.Y., Cheng, A.T., & Soong, W.T. (2009). Executive function in adolescence among children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Taiwan. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 30, 525–534.Google Scholar
Gau, S.S., & Shang, C.Y. (2010). Executive functions as endophenotypes in ADHD: Evidence from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Battery (CANTAB). Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51, 838–849.Google Scholar
Gau, S.S., Shang, C.Y., Liu, S.K., Lin, C.H., Swanson, J.M., Liu, Y.C., & Tu, C.L. (2008). Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham, version IV scale - parent form. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 17, 35–44.Google Scholar
Gilliam, M., Stockman, M., Malek, M., Sharp, W., Greenstein, D., Lalonde, F., & Shaw, P. (2011). Developmental trajectories of the corpus callosum in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 69, 839–846.Google Scholar
Goni, J., van den Heuvel, M.P., Avena-Koenigsberger, A., Velez de Mendizabal, N., Betzel, R.F., Griffa, A., & Sporns, O. (2014). Resting-brain functional connectivity predicted by analytic measures of network communication. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111, 833–838.Google Scholar
Gotts, S.J., Saad, Z.S., Jo, H.J., Wallace, G.L., Cox, R.W., & Martin, A. (2013). The perils of global signal regression for group comparisons: A case study of Autism Spectrum Disorders. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 356.Google Scholar
Hart, H., Radua, J., Nakao, T., Mataix-Cols, D., & Rubia, K. (2013). Meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of inhibition and attention in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Exploring task-specific, stimulant medication, and age effects. JAMA Psychiatry, 70, 185–198.Google Scholar
Heatherton, T.F., & Wagner, D.D. (2011). Cognitive neuroscience of self-regulation failure. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15, 132–139.Google Scholar
Hoekzema, E., Carmona, S., Ramos-Quiroga, J.A., Richarte Fernandez, V., Bosch, R., Soliva, J.C., & Vilarroya, O. (2013). An independent components and functional connectivity analysis of resting state fMRI data points to neural network dysregulation in adult ADHD. Human Brain Mapping, 35, 1261–1272.Google Scholar
Hofmann, W., Schmeichel, B.J., & Baddeley, A.D. (2012). Executive functions and self-regulation. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16, 174–180.Google Scholar
Honey, C.J., Sporns, O., Cammoun, L., Gigandet, X., Thiran, J.P., Meuli, R., & Hagmann, P. (2009). Predicting human resting-state functional connectivity from structural connectivity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106, 2035–2040.Google Scholar
Hulvershorn, L., Mennes, M., Castellanos, F.X., Di Martino, A., Milham, M.P., Hummer, T.A., & Roy, A.K. (2014). Abnormal amygdala functional connectivity associated with emotional lability in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 53, 351–361.Google Scholar
Jeffreys, H. (1961). The theory of probability (3rd ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Jenkinson, M., Bannister, P., Brady, M., & Smith, S. (2002). Improved optimization for the robust and accurate linear registration and motion correction of brain images. Neuroimage, 17, 825–841.Google Scholar
Jung, R.E., & Haier, R.J. (2007). The Parieto-Frontal Integration Theory (P-FIT) of intelligence: Converging neuroimaging evidence. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 30, 135–154; discussion 154–187.Google Scholar
Karim, A.A., Schneider, M., Lotze, M., Veit, R., Sauseng, P., Braun, C., & Birbaumer, N. (2010). The truth about lying: Inhibition of the anterior prefrontal cortex improves deceptive behavior. Cerebral Cortex, 20, 205–213.Google Scholar
Kim, S., & Lee, D. (2011). Prefrontal cortex and impulsive decision making. Biological Psychiatry, 69, 1140–1146.Google Scholar
Klingberg, T. (2006). Development of a superior frontal-intraparietal network for visuo-spatial working memory. Neuropsychologia, 44, 2171–2177.Google Scholar
Koechlin, E., & Hyafil, A. (2007). Anterior prefrontal function and the limits of human decision-making. Science, 318, 594–598.Google Scholar
Konrad, K., Neufang, S., Thiel, C.M., Specht, K., Hanisch, C., Fan, J., & Fink, G.R. (2005). Development of attentional networks: An fMRI study with children and adults. Neuroimage, 28, 429–439.Google Scholar
Kundu, P., Brenowitz, N.D., Voon, V., Worbe, Y., Vertes, P.E., Inati, S.J., & Bullmore, E.T. (2013). Integrated strategy for improving functional connectivity mapping using multiecho fMRI. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110, 16187–16192.Google Scholar
Lindquist, K.A., & Barrett, L.F. (2012). A functional architecture of the human brain: Emerging insights from the science of emotion. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16, 533–540.Google Scholar
Martel, M.M. (2009). Research review: A new perspective on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Emotion dysregulation and trait models. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 1042–1051.Google Scholar
Mennes, M., Vega Potler, N., Kelly, C., Di Martino, A., Castellanos, F.X., & Milham, M.P. (2011). Resting state functional connectivity correlates of inhibitory control in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Frontiers in Psychiatry 2, 83.Google Scholar
Miller, E.K., & Cohen, J.D. (2001). An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 24, 167–202.Google Scholar
Mills, K.L., Bathula, D., Dias, T.G., Iyer, S.P., Fenesy, M.C., Musser, E.D., & Fair, D.A. (2012). Altered cortico-striatal-thalamic connectivity in relation to spatial working memory capacity in children with ADHD. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 3, 2.Google Scholar
Miyake, A., Friedman, N.P., Emerson, M.J., Witzki, A.H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T.D. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “Frontal Lobe” tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology, 41, 49–100.Google Scholar
Moll, J., Zahn, R., de Oliveira-Souza, R., Krueger, F., & Grafman, J. (2005). Opinion: The neural basis of human moral cognition. Nature Review Neuroscience, 6, 799–809.Google Scholar
Nakao, T., Radua, J., Rubia, K., & Mataix-Cols, D. (2011). Gray matter volume abnormalities in ADHD: Voxel-based meta-analysis exploring the effects of age and stimulant medication. American Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 1154–1163.Google Scholar
Nielsen, J.A., Zielinski, B.A., Fletcher, P.T., Alexander, A.L., Lange, N., Bigler, E.D., & Anderson, J.S. (2013). Multisite functional connectivity MRI classification of autism: ABIDE results. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 599.Google Scholar
Ochsner, K.N., & Gross, J.J. (2005). The cognitive control of emotion. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9, 242–249.Google Scholar
Oldfield, R.C. (1971). The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh inventory. Neuropsychologia, 9, 97–113.Google Scholar
Oosterlaan, J., Logan, G.D., & Sergeant, J.A. (1998). Response inhibition in AD/HD, CD, comorbid AD/HD + CD, anxious, and control children: A meta-analysis of studies with the stop task. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 39, 411–425.Google Scholar
Posner, J., Park, C., & Wang, Z. (2014). Connecting the dots: A review of resting connectivity MRI studies in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychology Review 24, 3–15.Google Scholar
Posner, J., Rauh, V., Gruber, A., Gat, I., Wang, Z., & Peterson, B.S. (2013). Dissociable attentional and affective circuits in medication-naive children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry Research, 213, 24–30.Google Scholar
Power, J.D., Barnes, K.A., Snyder, A.Z., Schlaggar, B.L., & Petersen, S.E. (2012). Spurious but systematic correlations in functional connectivity MRI networks arise from subject motion. Neuroimage, 59, 2142–2154.Google Scholar
Qiu, M.G., Ye, Z., Li, Q.Y., Liu, G.J., Xie, B., & Wang, J. (2011). Changes of brain structure and function in ADHD children. Brain Topography, 24, 243–252.Google Scholar
Rorden, C., & Brett, M. (2000). Stereotaxic display of brain lesions. Behavioural Neurology, 12, 191–200.Google Scholar
Rubia, K. (2011). “Cool” inferior frontostriatal dysfunction in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder versus “hot” ventromedial orbitofrontal-limbic dysfunction in conduct disorder: A review. Biological Psychiatry, 69, e69–e87.Google Scholar
Scherf, K.S., Sweeney, J.A., & Luna, B. (2006). Brain basis of developmental change in visuospatial working memory. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18, 1045–1058.Google Scholar
Sergeant, J.A., Geurts, H., Huijbregts, S., Scheres, A., & Oosterlaan, J. (2003). The top and the bottom of ADHD: A neuropsychological perspective. Neuroscience Biobehavioral Review, 27, 583–592.Google Scholar
Shaw, P., Malek, M., Watson, B., Sharp, W., Evans, A., & Greenstein, D. (2012). Development of cortical surface area and gyrification in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 72, 191–197.Google Scholar
Shaw, P., Stringaris, A., Nigg, J., & Leibenluft, E. (2014). Emotion dysregulation in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 171, 276–293.Google Scholar
Song, X.W., Dong, Z.Y., Long, X.Y., Li, S.F., Zuo, X.N., Zhu, C.Z., & Zang, Y.F. (2011). REST: A toolkit for resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data processing. PLoS One, 6, e25031.Google Scholar
Sonuga-Barke, E.J., & Fairchild, G. (2012). Neuroeconomics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Differential influences of medial, dorsal, and ventral prefrontal brain networks on suboptimal decision making? Biological Psychiatry, 72, 126–133.Google Scholar
Spreng, R.N., Sepulcre, J., Turner, G.R., Stevens, W.D., & Schacter, D.L. (2013). Intrinsic architecture underlying the relations among the default, dorsal attention, and frontoparietal control networks of the human brain. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 25, 74–86.Google Scholar
Spreng, R.N., Stevens, W.D., Chamberlain, J.P., Gilmore, A.W., & Schacter, D.L. (2010). Default network activity, coupled with the frontoparietal control network, supports goal-directed cognition. Neuroimage, 53, 303–317.Google Scholar
Tahmasebi, A.M., Abolmaesumi, P., Zheng, Z.Z., Munhall, K.G., & Johnsrude, I.S. (2009). Reducing inter-subject anatomical variation: Effect of normalization method on sensitivity of functional magnetic resonance imaging data analysis in auditory cortex and the superior temporal region. Neuroimage, 47, 1522–1531.Google Scholar
Tian, L., Jiang, T., Wang, Y., Zang, Y., He, Y., Liang, M., & Zhuo, Y. (2006). Altered resting-state functional connectivity patterns of anterior cingulate cortex in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neuroscience Letters, 400, 39–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tzourio-Mazoyer, N., Landeau, B., Papathanassiou, D., Crivello, F., Etard, O., Delcroix, N., & Joliot, M. (2002). Automated anatomical labeling of activations in SPM using a macroscopic anatomical parcellation of the MNI MRI single-subject brain. Neuroimage, 15, 273–289.Google Scholar
Vaidya, C.J., Bunge, S.A., Dudukovic, N.M., Zalecki, C.A., Elliott, G.R., & Gabrieli, J.D. (2005). Altered neural substrates of cognitive control in childhood ADHD: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 1605–1613.Google Scholar
van den Heuvel, M.P., Stam, C.J., Kahn, R.S., & Hulshoff Pol, H.E. (2009). Efficiency of functional brain networks and intellectual performance. Journal of Neuroscience, 29, 7619–7624.Google Scholar
Van Dijk, K.R., Sabuncu, M.R., & Buckner, R.L. (2012). The influence of head motion on intrinsic functional connectivity MRI. Neuroimage, 59, 431–438.Google Scholar
van Ewijk, H., Heslenfeld, D.J., Zwiers, M.P., Buitelaar, J.K., & Oosterlaan, J. (2012). Diffusion tensor imaging in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 36, 1093–1106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vincent, J.L., Kahn, I., Snyder, A.Z., Raichle, M.E., & Buckner, R.L. (2008). Evidence for a frontoparietal control system revealed by intrinsic functional connectivity. Journal of Neurophysiology, 100, 3328–3342.Google Scholar
Volman, I., Roelofs, K., Koch, S., Verhagen, L., & Toni, I. (2011). Anterior prefrontal cortex inhibition impairs control over social emotional actions. Current Biology, 21, 1766–1770.Google Scholar
Wang, L., Zhu, C., He, Y., Zang, Y., Cao, Q., Zhang, H., & Wang, Y. (2009). Altered small-world brain functional networks in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Human Brain Mapping, 30, 638–649.Google Scholar
Wechsler, D. (1991). WISC-III: Wechsler intelligence scale for children. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.Google Scholar
Weissenbacher, A., Kasess, C., Gerstl, F., Lanzenberger, R., Moser, E., & Windischberger, C. (2009). Correlations and anticorrelations in resting-state functional connectivity MRI: A quantitative comparison of preprocessing strategies. Neuroimage, 47, 1408–1416.Google Scholar
Whitfield-Gabrieli, S., & Nieto-Castanon, A. (2012). Conn: A functional connectivity toolbox for correlated and anticorrelated brain networks. Brain Connectivity, 2, 125–141.Google Scholar
Wilke, M. (2012). An alternative approach towards assessing and accounting for individual motion in fMRI timeseries. Neuroimage, 59, 2062–2072.Google Scholar
Wilke, M., Holland, S.K., Altaye, M., & Gaser, C. (2008). Template-O-Matic: A toolbox for creating customized pediatric templates. Neuroimage, 41, 903–913.Google Scholar
Willcutt, E.G., Doyle, A.E., Nigg, J.T., Faraone, S.V., & Pennington, B.F. (2005). Validity of the executive function theory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analytic review. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 1336–1346.Google Scholar
Worsley, K.J., Marrett, S., Neelin, P., Vandal, A.C., Friston, K.J., & Evans, A.C. (1996). A unified statistical approach for determining significant signals in images of cerebral activation. Human Brain Mapping, 4, 58–73.Google Scholar
Xia, M., Wang, J., & He, Y. (2013). BrainNet Viewer: A network visualization tool for human brain connectomics. PLoS One, 8, e68910.Google Scholar
Yan, C.G., Cheung, B., Kelly, C., Colcombe, S., Craddock, R.C., Di Martino, A., & Milham, M.P. (2013). A comprehensive assessment of regional variation in the impact of head micromovements on functional connectomics. Neuroimage, 76, 183–201.Google Scholar
Yan, C.G., & Zang, Y.F. (2010). DPARSF: A MATLAB Toolbox for “pipeline” data analysis of resting-state fMRI. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience, 4, 13.Google Scholar
Yeo, B.T., Krienen, F.M., Sepulcre, J., Sabuncu, M.R., Lashkari, D., Hollinshead, M., & Buckner, R.L. (2011). The organization of the human cerebral cortex estimated by intrinsic functional connectivity. Journal of Neurophysiology, 106, 1125–1165.Google Scholar
Zang, Y.F., He, Y., Zhu, C.Z., Cao, Q.J., Sui, M.Q., Liang, M., & Wang, Y.F. (2007). Altered baseline brain activity in children with ADHD revealed by resting-state functional MRI. Brain and Development, 29, 83–91.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Lin supplementary material

Lin supplementary material 1

Download Lin supplementary material(File)
File 10.5 MB