Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-g8jcs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T03:52:17.210Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Episodic Memory and Verbal Fluency Tasks: Normative Data from Nine Nationally Representative Samples

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 August 2020

Elvira Lara Open the ORCID record for Elvira Lara [Opens in a new window] ,
Marta Miret ,
Albert Sanchez-Niubo ,
Josep Maria Haro ,
Seppo Koskinen ,
Matilde Leonardi ,
Beata Tobiasz-Adamczyk ,
Somnath Chatterji  and
José Luis Ayuso-Mateos
Elvira Lara*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-Princesa), Madrid, Spain Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
Marta Miret
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-Princesa), Madrid, Spain Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
Albert Sanchez-Niubo
Affiliation:
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain Research, Innovation and Teaching Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
Josep Maria Haro
Affiliation:
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain Research, Innovation and Teaching Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
Seppo Koskinen
Affiliation:
Population Health Research Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
Matilde Leonardi
Affiliation:
Neurology, Public health, Disability Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
Beata Tobiasz-Adamczyk
Affiliation:
Department of Medical Sociology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
Somnath Chatterji
Affiliation:
Department of Information, Evidence and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
José Luis Ayuso-Mateos
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-Princesa), Madrid, Spain Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
*
*Correspondence and reprint requests to: Elvira Lara, Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-Princesa), Calle de Diego de León, 62, 28006Madrid, Spain. Tel: +34 91 497 46 01. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Objective:

This study aims to generate country-specific norms for two episodic memory tasks and a verbal fluency test among middle-aged and older adults using nationally representative data from nine low-, middle-, and high-income countries.

Method:

Data from nine countries in Africa, Asia, Europe, and Latin America were analyzed (n = 42,116; aged 50 years or older). Episodic memory was assessed with the word list memory (three trials of immediate recall) and word list recall (delayed recall). Verbal fluency was measured through the animal naming task. Multiple linear regression models with country-specific adjustments for gender, age, education, and residential area were carried out.

Results:

Both age and education showed high influence on test performance (i.e. lower cognitive performance with increasing age and decreasing years of education, respectively), while the effect of sex and residential area on cognitive function was neither homogeneous across countries nor across cognitive tasks.

Conclusions:

Our study provided sex-, age-, education-, and residential area-specific regression-based norms that were obtained from one of the largest normative study worldwide on verbal recall and fluency tests to date. Findings derived from this study will be especially useful for clinicians and researchers based at countries where cognitive norms are limited.

Keywords

CognitionAssessmentNorms/Normative studiesNeuropsychologyElderly/AgingPopulation-based study
Type
Regular Research
Information
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , Volume 27 , Issue 1 , January 2021 , pp. 89 - 98
Copyright
Copyright © INS. Published by Cambridge University Press, 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Abbott, R.A., Skirrow, C., Jokisch, M., Timmers, M., Streffer, J., van Nueten, L., … Weimar, C. (2019). Normative data from linear and nonlinear quantile regression in CANTAB: Cognition in mid-to-late life in an epidemiological sample. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 11, 36–44. doi: 10.1016/j.dadm.2018.10.007 Google Scholar
Alenius, M., Koskinen, S., Hallikainen, I., Ngandu, T., Lipsanen, J., Sainio, P., … Hanninen, T. (2019). Cognitive performance among cognitively healthy adults aged 30–100 years. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra, 9(1), 11–23. doi: 10.1159/000495657 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Backman, L., Jones, S., Berger, A.K., Jonsson Laukka, E., & Small, B.J. (2005). Cognitive impairment in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease: A meta-analysis. Neuropsychology, 19(4), 12. doi: 10.1037/0894-4105.19.4.520.supp CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barnes, L.L., Yumoto, F., Capuano, A., Wilson, R.S., Bennett, D.A., & Tractenberg, R.E. (2016). Examination of the factor structure of a global cognitive function battery across race and time. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 22(1), 66–75. doi: 10.1017/S1355617715001113 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beeri, M.S., Schmeidler, J., Sano, M., Wang, J., Lally, R., Grossman, H., & Silverman, J.M. (2006). Age, gender, and education norms on the CERAD neuropsychological battery in the oldest old. Neurology, 67(6), 1006–1010. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000237548.15734.cd CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brody, D.J., Kramarow, E.A., Taylor, C.A., & McGuire, L.C. (2019). Cognitive performance in adults aged 60 and over: National health and nutrition examination survey, 2011–2014. National Health Statistics Reports, 126, 23.Google Scholar
Cavaco, S., Goncalves, A., Pinto, C., Almeida, E., Gomes, F., Moreira, I., … Teixeira-Pinto, A. (2013). Semantic fluency and phonemic fluency: Regression-based norms for the Portuguese population. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 28(3), 262–271. doi: 10.1093/arclin/act001 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Contador, I., Almondes, K., Fernandez-Calvo, B., Boycheva, E., Puertas-Martin, V., Benito-Leon, J., & Bermejo-Pareja, F. (2016). Semantic Verbal Fluency: Normative Data in Older Spanish Adults From NEDICES Population-Based Cohort. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 31, 9. doi: 10.1093/arclin/acw071 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cornelis, M.C., Wang, Y., Holland, T., Agarwal, P., Weintraub, S., & Morris, M.C. (2019). Age and cognitive decline in the UK Biobank. PLoS ONE, 14(3), e0213948. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213948 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Costa, A., Bagoj, E., Monaco, M., Zabberoni, S., De Rosa, S., Papantonio, A.M., … Carlesimo, G.A. (2014). Standardization and normative data obtained in the Italian population for a new verbal fluency instrument, the phonemic/semantic alternate fluency test. Neurological Sciences, 35(3), 365–372. doi: 10.1007/s10072-013-1520-8 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crawford, J.R., Garthwaite, P.H., Denham, A.K., & Chelune, G.J. (2012). Using regression equations built from summary data in the psychological assessment of the individual case: Extension to multiple regression. Psychological Assessment, 24(4), 4. doi: 10.1037/a0027699 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crawford, J.R., Garthwaite, P.H., & Slick, D.J. (2009). On percentile norms in neuropsychology: Proposed reporting standards and methods for quantifying the uncertainty over the percentile ranks of test scores. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 23(7), 1173–1195. doi: 10.1080/13854040902795018 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dickinson, M.D., & Hiscock, M. (2011). The Flynn effect in neuropsychological assessment. Applied Neuropsychology, 18(2), 136–142. doi: 10.1080/09084282.2010.547785 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ganguli, M., Snitz, B.E., Lee, C.W., Vanderbilt, J., Saxton, J.A., & Chang, C.C. (2010). Age and education effects and norms on a cognitive test battery from a population-based cohort: The Monongahela-Youghiogheny Healthy Aging Team. Aging & Mental Health, 14(1), 100–107. doi: 10.1080/13607860903071014 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garin, N., Koyanagi, A., Chatterji, S., Tyrovolas, S., Olaya, B., Leonardi, M., … Haro, J.M. (2016). Global multimorbidity patterns: A cross-sectional, population-based, multi-country study. The Journals of Gerontology Series A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 71(2), 205–214. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glv128 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guardia-Olmos, J., Pero-Cebollero, M., Rivera, D., & Arango-Lasprilla, J.C. (2015). Methodology for the development of normative data for ten Spanish-language neuropsychological tests in eleven Latin American countries. NeuroRehabilitation, 37(4), 493–499. doi: 10.3233/NRE-151277 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guruje, O., Unverzargt, F.W., Osuntokun, B.O., Hendrie, H.C., Baiyewu, O., Ogunniyi, A., & Hali, K.S. (1995). The CERAD neuropsychological test battery: Norms from a Yoruba-speaking Nigerian sample. West African Journal of Medicine, 14(1), 5.Google ScholarPubMed
Hankee, L.D., Preis, S.R., Piers, R.J., Beiser, A.S., Devine, S.A., Liu, Y., … Au, R. (2016). Population normative data for the CERAD word list and Victoria stroop test in younger- and middle-aged adults: Cross-sectional analyses from the Framingham heart study. Experimental Aging Research, 42(4), 315–328. doi: 10.1080/0361073X.2016.1191838 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hänninen, T., Pulliainen, V., Sotaniemi, M., Hokkanen, L., Salo, J., Hietanen, M., … Erkinjuntti, T. (2010). Early detection of cognitive changes in memory diseases: New cut-off scores for the Finnish version of CERAD neuropsychological battery. Doudecim, 126(17), 9.Google ScholarPubMed
Jones, S., Laukka, E.J., & Bäckman, L. (2006). Differential verbal fluency deficits in the preclinical stages of Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia. Cortex, 42(3), 347–355. doi: 10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70361-7 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karlsson, P., Thorvaldsson, V., Skoog, I., Gudmundsson, P., & Johansson, B. (2015). Birth cohort differences in fluid cognition in old age: Comparisons of trends in levels and change trajectories over 30 years in three population-based samples. Psychology and Aging, 30(1), 83–94. doi: 10.1037/a0038643 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kenny, R.A., Coen, R.F., Frewen, J., Donoghue, O.A., Cronin, H., & Savva, G.M. (2013). Normative values of cognitive and physical function in older adults: Findings from the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 61(Suppl 2), S279–S290. doi: 10.1111/jgs.12195 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kosmidis, M.H., Vlahou, C.H., Panagiotaki, P., & Kiosseoglou, G. (2004). The verbal fluency task in the Greek population: Normative data, and clustering and switching strategies. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 10(2), 164–172. doi: 10.1017/S1355617704102014 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kowal, P., Chatterji, S., Naidoo, N., Biritwum, R., Fan, W., Lopez Ridaura, R., … Collaborators, S. (2012). Data resource profile: The World Health Organization Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE). International Journal of Epidemiology, 41(6), 1639–1649. doi: 10.1093/ije/dys210 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larouche, E., Tremblay, M.P., Potvin, O., Laforest, S., Bergeron, D., Laforce, R., … Hudon, C. (2016). Normative data for the montreal cognitive assessment in middle-aged and elderly Quebec-French people. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 31, 8. doi: 10.1093/arclin/acw076 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luck, T., Pabst, A., Rodriguez, F.S., Schroeter, M.L., Witte, V., Hinz, A., … Riedel-Heller, S.G. (2018). Age-, sex-, and education-specific norms for an extended CERAD Neuropsychological Assessment Battery – Results from the population-based LIFE-Adult-Study. Neuropsychology, 32(4), 461–475. doi: 10.1037/neu0000440 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Machado, T.H., Charchat Fichman, H., Lucas Santos, E., Koenig, A.M., Amaral Carvalho, V., Santos Fernandes, C., … Paulo Caramelli, P. (2009). Normative data for healthy elderly on the phonemic verbal fluency task – FAS. Dementia & Neuropsychologia, 3(1), 6. doi: 10.1590/S1980-57642009DN30100011 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mejía-Arango, S., Wong, R., & Michaels-Obregón, A. (2015). Normative and standardized data for cognitive measures in the Mexican Health and Aging Study. Salud Pública de México, 57(1), 7. doi: 10.21149/spm.v57s1.7594 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Melikyan, Z.A., Corrada, M.M., Dick, M.B., Whittle, C., Paganini-Hill, A., & Kawas, C.H. (2019). Neuropsychological test norms in cognitively intact oldest-old. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 25(5), 530–545. doi: 10.1017/S1355617719000122 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mitrushina, M.N., Boone, B.B., & Razani, J. (2005). Handbook of normative data for neuropsychological assessment. Cambridge: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Morris, J., Heyman, A., & Mohs, R. (1989). The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease (CERAD). Part I: Clinical and neuropsychological assessment of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology, 39, 6.Google Scholar
Nyberg, L., & Pudas, S. (2019). Successful memory aging. Annual Review of Psychology, 70, 219–243. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-103052 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olabarrieta-Landa, L., Rivera, D., Galarza-Del-Angel, J., Garza, M.T., Saracho, C.P., Rodriguez, W., … Arango-Lasprilla, J.C. (2015). Verbal fluency tests: Normative data for the Latin American Spanish speaking adult population. NeuroRehabilitation, 37(4), 515–561. doi: 10.3233/NRE-151279 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pietschnig, J., Voracek, M., & Formann, A.K. (2010). Pervasiveness of the IQ rise: A cross-temporal meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 5(12). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014406 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prince, M., Wimo, A., Guerchet, M., Ali, G.C., Wu, Y., & Prina, M. (2015). World Alzheimer Report 2015. The global impact of dementia: An analysis of prevalence, incidence, cost and trends.Google Scholar
Ritchie, S.J., & Tucker-Drob, E.M. (2018). How much does education improve intelligence? A meta-analysis. Psychological Science, 29(8), 1358–1369. doi: 10.1177/0956797618774253 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schaie, K.W., Willis, S.L., & Pennak, S. (2005). An historical framework for cohort differences in intelligence. Research in Human Development, 2(1), 21.10.1207/s15427617rhd0201&2_3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schinka, J.A., Loewenstein, D.A., Raj, A., Schoenberg, M.R., Banko, J.L., Potter, H., & Duara, R. (2010). Defining mild cognitive impairment: Impact of varying decision criteria on neuropsychological diagnostic frequencies and correlates. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18(8), 684–691. doi: 10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181e56d5a CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seblova, D., Berggren, R., & Lovden, M. (2020). Education and age-related decline in cognitive performance: Systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal cohort studies. Ageing Research Reviews, 58, 101005. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.101005 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sosa, A.L., Albanese, E., Prince, M., Acosta, D., Ferri, C.P., Guerra, M., … Stewart, R. (2009). Population normative data for the 10/66 Dementia Research Group cognitive test battery from Latin America, India and China: A cross-sectional survey. BMC Neurology, 9, 48. doi: 10.1186/1471-2377-9-48 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stern, Y., Arenaza-Urquijo, E.M., Bartres-Faz, D., Belleville, S., Cantilon, M., Chetelat, G., … Conceptual Frameworks, W. (2018). Whitepaper: Defining and investigating cognitive reserve, brain reserve, and brain maintenance. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, S1552–S5260. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2018.07.219 Google Scholar
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, & Population Division. (2019). World population prospects 2019: Highlights.Google Scholar
Van den Berg, E., Jiskoot, L.C., Grosveld, M.J.H., van Swieten, J.C., & Papma, J.M. (2017). Qualitative assessment of verbal fluency performance in frontotemporal dementia. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 44(1–2), 35–44. doi: 10.1159/000477538 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Der Elst, W., Van Boxtel, M.P.J., Van Breukelen, G.P.J., & Jolles, J. (2006). Normative data for the animal, profession and letter M naming verbal fluency tests for Dutch speaking participants and the effects of age, education, and sex. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 12, 10. doi: 10.10170S1355617706060115 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vogel, A., Stokholm, J., & Jorgensen, K. (2019). Normative data for eight verbal fluency measures in older Danish adults. Neuropsychology, Development, and Cognition. Section B, Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 1–11. doi: 10.1080/13825585.2019.1593935 Google ScholarPubMed
Weissberger, G.H., Strong, J.V., Stefanidis, K.B., Summers, M.J., Bondi, M.W., & Stricker, N.H. (2017). Diagnostic accuracy of memory measures in Alzheimer’s dementia and mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuropsychology Review, 27(4), 354–388. doi: 10.1007/s11065-017-9360-6 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wicherts, J.M. (2016). The importance of measurement invariance in neurocognitive ability testing. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 30(7), 1006–1016. doi: 10.1080/13854046.2016.1205136 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Bank. (2011). The world by income and region. Retrieved from https://www.worldbank.org/ Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2017). Global action plan on the public health response to dementia 2017–2025. Geneva.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2019). Process of translation and adaptation of instruments. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/substance_abuse/research_tools/translation/en/ Google Scholar
Yang, L., Unverzagt, F.W., Jin, Y., Hendrie, H.C., Liang, C., Hall, K.S., … Gao, S. (2012). Normative data for neuropsychological tests in a rural elderly Chinese cohort. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 26(4), 641–653. doi: 10.1080/13854046.2012.666266 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Lara et al. supplementary material

Lara et al. supplementary material

Download Lara et al. supplementary material(File)
File 19.8 KB