Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-lj6df Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T18:23:46.607Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Deleterious Impact of Expressive Suppression on Test Performance Persists at One-Year Follow-Up in Community-Dwelling Older Adults

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 October 2018

Yana Suchy Open the ORCID record for Yana Suchy [Opens in a new window] ,
Madison Amelia Niermeyer ,
Emilie Irene Franchow Open the ORCID record for Emilie Irene Franchow [Opens in a new window]  and
Rosemary Ziemnik
Yana Suchy*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
Madison Amelia Niermeyer
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
Emilie Irene Franchow
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah Behavioral Healthcare Line, New Mexico Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Albuquerque, New Mexico
Rosemary Ziemnik
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
*
Correspondence and reprint requests to: Yana Suchy, Department of Psychology, 380 S. 1530 E. Room 502, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112; E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Objectives: Expressive suppression (ES) is an emotion-regulation strategy that is associated with poorer performance on subsequently administered tests of executive functioning (EF). It is not known, however, how far into the future ES interferes with EF. This study examined whether (a) ES negatively affects performance on EF tests repeated 1 year after the initial administration (presumably through interference with learning, leading to a reduced practice effect), and (b) whether such an effect, if seen, is unique to EF or whether it also affects lower-order cognitive processes needed for EF test performance. Methods: Sixty-six non-demented community-dwelling older adults were randomly assigned to either an ES group or control group. Executive and non-executive tests were administered before and immediately following the exposure to an emotionally evocative video, and then again at 1-year follow-up. Groups were compared at 1-year follow-up on tests of EF and lower-order processes, to examine whether the previously demonstrated impact of ES on EF is evident only immediately following the experimental manipulation (Franchow & Suchy, 2017), or also at 1-year follow-up. Results: The results showed that participants who engaged in ES continued to exhibit poorer performance on EF tests 1 year later. This effect was not present for performance on tests of lower-order processes. Conclusions: These results suggest that the use of ES before an EF task can interfere with the ability to benefit from exposure to that task, thereby negatively affecting future performance. (JINS, 2019, 25, 29–38)

Keywords

Affect suppressionEmotional suppressionEmotion regulationExecutive controlDepletionCognitive aging
Type
Regular Research
Information
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , Volume 25 , Issue 1 , January 2019 , pp. 29 - 38
Copyright
Copyright © The International Neuropsychological Society 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Abeare, C.A., Cohen, J.L., Axelrod, B.N., Leisen, J.C., Mosley-Williams, A., & Lumley, M.A. (2010). Pain, executive functioning, and affect in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The Clinical Journal of Pain, 26(8), 683–689.Google Scholar
Ahn, D.-H., Lee, Y.-J., Jeong, J.-H., Kim, Y.-R., & Park, J.-B. (2015). The effect of post-stroke depression on rehabilitation outcome and the impact of caregiver type as a factor of post-stroke depression. Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine, 39(1), 74–80. https://doi.org/10.5535/arm.2015.39.1.74 Google Scholar
Allen, B., Agha, Z., Duthie, E., & Layde, P. (2004). Minor depression and rehabilitation outcome for older adults in subacute care. The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, 31(2), 189–196.Google Scholar
Baumeister, R.F., & Alquist, J. (2009). Is there a downside to good self-control? Self and Identity, 8(2), 115–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860802501474 Google Scholar
Baumeister, R.F., Bratslavsky, E., Muraven, M., & Tice, D.M. (1998). Ego depletion: Is the active self a limited resource? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(5), 1252–1265. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.5.1252 Google Scholar
Bell-McGinty, S., Podell, K., Franzen, M., Baird, A.D., & Williams, M.J. (2002). Standard measures of executive function in predicting instrumental activities of daily living in older adults. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17(9), 828–834.Google Scholar
Boyle, P.A., Paul, R.H., Moser, D.J., & Cohen, R.A. (2004). Executive impairments predict functional declines in vascular dementia. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 18(1), 75–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854040490507172 Google Scholar
Brown, G.G., Rahill, A.A., Gorell, J.M., McDonald, C., Brown, S.J., Sillanpaa, M.,& Shults, C. (1999). Validity of the Dementia Rating Scale in assessing cognitive function in Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 12(4), 180–188. https://doi.org/10.1177/089198879901200403 Google Scholar
Busch, R.M., Chelune, G.J., & Suchy, Y. (2005). Using norms in neuropsychological assessment of the elderly. In K.A. Welsh-Bohmer, D.K. Attix (Eds.), Geriatric neuropsychology: Assessment and intervention. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Cahn-Weiner, D.A., Boyle, P.A., & Malloy, P.F. (2002). Tests of executive function predict instrumental activities of daily living in community-dwelling older individuals. Applied Neuropsychology, 9. Retrieved from http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/S15324826AN0903_8#.Vyp1rxUrKRs Google Scholar
Cahn-weiner, D.A., Malloy, P.F., Boyle, P.A., Marran, M., & Salloway, S. (2000). Prediction of functional status from neuropsychological tests in community-dwelling elderly individuals. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 14, 187–195. https://doi.org/10.1076/1385-4046(200005)14:2;1-Z;FT187 Google Scholar
Calamia, M., Markon, K., & Tranel, D. (2013). The robust reliability of neuropsychological measures: Meta-analyses of test-retest correlations. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 27, 1077–1105. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2013.809795 Google Scholar
Carlson, M.C., Fried, L.P., Xue, Q.-L., Bandeen-Roche, K., Zeger, S.L., & Brandt, J. (1999). Association between executive attention and physical functional performance in community-dwelling older women. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 54B(5), S262–S270. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/54B.5.S262 Google Scholar
Cavuoto, M.G., Ong, B., Pike, K.E., Nicholas, C.L., Bei, B., & Kinsella, G.J. (2016). Objective but not subjective sleep predicts memory in community-dwelling older adults. Journal of Sleep Research, 25(4), 475–485. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.12391 Google Scholar
Chu, Y., Lai, M.H.C., Xu, Y., & Zhou, Y. (2009). Test review: Advanced clinical solutions for WAIS-IV and WMS-IV. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 30(5), 520–524. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282912442868 Google Scholar
D’Avanzato, C., Joormann, J., Siemer, M., & Gotlib, I.H. (2013). Emotion regulation in depression and anxiety: Examining diagnostic specificity and stability of strategy use. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 37(5), 968–980. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-013-9537-0 Google Scholar
Delis, D.C., Kaplan, E., & Kramer, J.H. (2001). Delis-Kaplan executive function system. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.Google Scholar
Delis, D.C., Kramer, J.H., Kaplan, E., & Holdnack, J. (2004). Reliability and validity of the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System: An update. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 10, 301–303. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617704102191 Google Scholar
Demaree, H., Schmeichel, B., Robinson, J., & Everhart, D.E. (2004). Behavioural, affective, and physiological effects of negative and positive emotional exaggeration. Cognition & Emotion, 18(8), 1079–1097. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930441000085 Google Scholar
Fischer, P., Kastenmüller, A., & Asal, K. (2012). Ego depletion increases risk-taking. Journal of Social Psychology, 152(5), 623–638. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2012.683894 Google Scholar
Franchow, E.I., & Suchy, Y. (2015). Naturally-occurring expressive suppression in daily life depletes executive functioning. Emotion, 15(1), 78–89. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000013 Google Scholar
Franchow, E.I., & Suchy, Y. (2017). Expressive suppression depletes executive functioning in older adulthood. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 23, 1–11.Google Scholar
Grigsby, J., Kaye, K., Baxter, J., Shetterly, S.M., & Hamman, R.F. (1998). Executive cognitive abilities and functional status among community-dwelling older persons in the San Luis Valley Health and Aging Study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 46(5), 590–596.Google Scholar
Gross, J.J. (1998). Antecedent- and response-focused emotion regulation: Divergent consequences for experience, expression, and physiology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(1), 224–237.Google Scholar
Gunstad, J., Spitznagel, M.B., Luyster, F., Cohen, R.A., & Paul, R.H. (2007). Handedness and cognition across the healthy lifespan. The International Journal of Neuroscience, 117(4), 477–485. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207450600773483 Google Scholar
Himle, M.B., Hayes, L.P., Suchy, Y., Thorgusen, S.R., Herbert, S., Zelaya, J., . . . Chang, S. (2012). The effects of tic suppression on current and subsequent cognitive functioning: Cognitive mechanisms of tic control. Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies. National Harbor, MD.Google Scholar
Hubert, W., Möller, M., & de Jong-Meyer, R. (1993). Film-induced amusement changes in saliva cortisol levels. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 18(4), 265–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4530(93)90023-E Google Scholar
Inzlicht, M., & Gutsell, J.N. (2007). Running on empty: Neural signals for self- control failure. Psychological Science, 18(11), 933–937. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.02004.x Google Scholar
Jurica, P., Leitten, C., & Mattis, S. (2001). Dementia Rating Scale-2: Professional manual. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.Google Scholar
Karp, J.F., Reynolds, C.F. III, Butters, M.A., Dew, M.A., Mazumdar, S., Begley, A.E., . . .Weiner, D.K. (2006). The relationship between pain and mental flexibility in older adult pain clinic patients. Pain Medicine, 7, 444–452.Google Scholar
Kovner, R., Wayne Lazar, J., Lesser, M., Perecman, E., Kaplan, M.H., Hainline, B.,& Napolitano, B. (1992). Use of the dementia rating scale as a test for neuropsychological dysfunction in HIV-positive IV drug abusers. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 9(2), 133–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/0740-5472(92)90080-8 Google Scholar
Kraybill, M.L., & Suchy, Y. (2011). Executive functioning, motor programming, and functional independence: Accounting for variance, people, and time. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 25, 210–223. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2010.542489 Google Scholar
Kraybill, M.L., Thorgusen, S.R., & Suchy, Y. (2013). The Push-Turn-Taptap task outperforms measures of executive functioning in predicting declines in functionality: Evidence-based approach to test validation. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 27, 238–255.Google Scholar
Larsen, J.K., Vermulst, A.A., Geenen, R., van Middendorp, H., English, T., Gross, J.J., . . .Engels, R.C.M.E. (2013). Emotion regulation in adolescence. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 33(2), 184–200. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431611432712 Google Scholar
Lau, K.M., Parikh, M., Harvey, D.J., Huang, C.-J., & Farias, S.T. (2015). Early cognitively based functional limitations predict loss of independence in instrumental activities of daily living in older adults. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 21(9), 688–698. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617715000818 Google Scholar
Lezak, M.D., Howieson, D.B., Bigler, E.D., & Tranel, D. (2012). Neuropsychological assessment (5th ed.). New York, New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Machulda, M.M., Hagen, C.E., Wiste, H.J., Mielke, M.M., Knopman, D.S., Roberts, R.O., . . . Petersen, R.C. (2017). Practice effects and longitudinal cognitive change in clinically normal older adults differ by Alzheimer imaging biomarker status. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 31(1), 99–117. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2016.1241303 Google Scholar
McDaniel, W.F., & McLaughlin, T. (2000). Further support for using the Dementia Rating Scale in the assessment of neuro-cognitive functions of individuals with mental retardation. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 14(1), 72–75. https://doi.org/10.1076/1385-4046(200002)14:1;1-8;FT072 Google Scholar
Mungas, D., Early, D.R., Glymour, M.M., Zeki Al Hazzouri, A., & Haan, M.N. (2017). Education, bilingualism, and cognitive trajectories: Sacramento Area Latino Aging Study (SALSA). Neuropsychology, 32, 77–88. https://doi.org/10.1037/neu0000356 Google Scholar
Muraven, M., Tice, D.M., & Baumeister, R.F. (1998). Self-control as a limited resource: Regulatory depletion patterns. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(3), 774–789. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.3.774 Google Scholar
Niermeyer, M.A., Franchow, E.I., & Suchy, Y. (2016). Reported expressive suppression in daily life is associated with slower action planning. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 22, 671–681. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617716000473 Google Scholar
Niermeyer, M.A., Ziemnik, R.E., Franchow, E.I., Barron, C., & Suchy, Y. (2018). Greater naturally occurring expressive suppression is associated with poorer executive functioning and motor-sequence learning among older adults. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, Aug. 13, 1–15. https://doi:10.1080/13803395.2018.1502257 Google Scholar
Pearson. (2009). Advanced clinical solutions for WAIS-IV and WMS-IV. San Antonio, TX: Pearson.Google Scholar
Sarapas, C., Shankman, S.A., Harrow, M., & Goldberg, J.F. (2012). Parsing trait and state effects of depression severity on neurocognition: Evidence from a 26-year longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121(4), 830–837. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028141 Google Scholar
Schmeichel, B.J. (2007). Attention control, memory updating, and emotion regulation temporarily reduce the capacity for executive control. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 136(2), 241–255.Google Scholar
Schmeichel, B.J., Vohs, K.D., & Baumeister, R.F. (2003). Intellectual performance and ego depletion: Role of the self in logical reasoning and other information processing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(1), 33–46. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.1.33 Google Scholar
Suchy, Y. (2015). Executive functioning: A comprehensive guide for clinical practice. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Suchy, Y., Kraybill, M.L., & Franchow, E.I. (2011). Practice effect and beyond: Reaction to novelty as an independent predictor of cognitive decline among older adults. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 17, 1–11.Google Scholar
Szaflarski, J.P., Binder, J.R., Possing, E.T., McKiernan, K.A., Ward, B.D., & Hammeke, T.A. (2002). Language lateralization in left-handed and ambidextrous people: fMRI data. Neurology, 59(2), 238–244. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.59.2.238 Google Scholar
Thorgusen, S.R., Suchy, Y., Chelune, G.J., & Baucom, B.R. (2016). Neuropsychological practice effects in the context of cognitive decline: Contributions from learning and task novelty. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society. 22, 453–466. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617715001332 Google Scholar
Tinajero, R., Williams, P.G., Cribbet, M.R., Rau, H.K., Bride, D.L., & Suchy, Y. (2018). Nonrestorative sleep in healthy, young adults without insomnia: Associations with executive functioning, fatigue, and pre-sleep arousal. Sleep Health. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2018.02.006 Google Scholar
van der Leeuw, G., Eggermont, L.H.P., Shi, L., Milberg, W.P., Gross, A.L., Hausdorff, J.M., …Leveille, S.G. (2016). Pain and cognitive function among older adults living in the community. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 71(3), 398–405. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glv166 Google Scholar
Yesavage, J.A. (1988). Geriatric depression scale. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 24(4), 709–711.Google Scholar