33 Depressive Symptoms Drive the Underutilization of Cognitive Reappraisal in Veterans with PTSD

Abstract

Objective:

Adaptive emotional regulation strategies, such as cognitive reappraisal, are related to better neuropsychological functioning in the general population. Individuals with PTSD demonstrate difficulty with both emotional regulation and cognitive performance that contribute to clinical presentation (e.g., negative mood, irritability). However the extent to which neuropsychological functioning is associated with emotion regulation, alone and in concert with common comorbid symptoms like depression, remains understudied in this population. Better understanding how specific neuropsychological functions relate to cognitive reappraisal could point to novel treatment targets given preliminary evidence that certain cognitive training techniques can improves neuropsychological and affective outcomes. The present study aims to investigate the relationship between clinical symptoms of PTSD and depression, working memory capacity, and cognitive reappraisal in Veterans with PTSD. We hypothesized that clinical symptoms and working memory capacity would interact to predict cognitive reappraisal, such that elevated depression would relate to worse cognitive reappraisal, particularly for individuals with poor working memory capacity.

Participants and Methods:

Measures of working memory (symmetry span task), mental health symptomatology (Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5) and Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), and emotional regulation (Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ)) were collected in 38 Veterans. A regression analysis was conducted with total CAPS score, total BDI score, total symmetry span score, and the interaction between BDI score and symmetry span score as the independent variables and total ERQ cognitive reappraisal score as the dependent variable.

Results:

When examining each predictor independently, cognitive reappraisal was not associated with working memory (t=1.42, p=.165), but was significantly associated with PTSD (t=-3.17, p<.003) and depressive (t=-4.15, p<.001) symptom severity. The multiple regression model (F(4, 35)=4.45, p<.005, R2=.26) did not support the hypothesized relationship between working memory and depressive symptoms (t=0.56, p=.579). Depression independently predicted utilization of cognitive reappraisal in veterans with PTSD (t=2.43, p=.020) but PTSD symptom severity and working memory scores did not. However, additional investigation revealed that independently, greater PTSD symptom severity did predict less utilization of cognitive reappraisal (t=-3.17, p<.005).

Conclusions:

While depressive symptoms did not moderate the relationship between working memory and cognitive reappraisal, depressive symptoms did best predict utilization of cognitive reappraisal in a population with PTSD. Contrary to the hypothesized outcome, neither working memory nor PTSD symptoms were significant predictors of cognitive reappraisal when controlling for depressive symptoms. This suggests that the phenomenon of lower cognitive reappraisal rates in individuals with PTSD may be due to the presence of depressive symptoms rather than traumatic stress symptoms or neuropsychological ability. Due to the sample size and homogeneous diagnosis of the current study it is possible that the predicted relationship between working memory, PTSD severity, and cognitive reappraisal was not observed due to low power or a restricted range. Further investigation specifically in clinical populations on factors that predict utilization of cognitive reappraisal could expand on these findings in populations experiencing other stress-based disorders.