No CrossRef data available.
We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.
We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 08 November 2010
This article examines the dry crusade that brought Prohibition to the nation by tracing the early life and career of one of its chief state-level leaders. Born in Ohio and raised in Illinois, Edward S. Shumaker made a career for himself in Indiana, where he led the Indiana branch of the Anti Saloon League from the early 1900s until his death in 1929. His story demonstrates how religious and cultural influences merged in the American heartland into a moral reform movement that combined elements of traditional religion and politics with the Social Gospel and progressivism. As Shumaker saw it, the prohibition movement rested upon a fundamental argument about what it meant to be an American during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. A powerful force in Shumaker's life as in the nation overall, the dry reform transformed Shumaker from a young man seemingly destined to hold a conventional Methodist pastorate into a political activist who helped make the nation dry.
2 Clark, Norman H., Deliver Us From Evil: An Interpretation of American Prohibition (New York, 1976)Google Scholar; Kyvig, David E., Repealing National Prohibition (Kent, OH, 2000)Google Scholar; Foster, Gaines M., Moral Reconstruction: Christian Lobbyists and the Federal Legislation of Morality, 1865-1920 (Chapel Hill, NC, 2002)Google Scholar.
3 Fairfield County Chapter OGS, “Fairfield County in the Civil War,” http://www.fairfield-genealogy.org/research/faircivil.html, February 10, 2003; The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series 1, Vol. 38, Part 1, 774-76; Series 1, Vol. 38, Part 3, 358-60; Vol. 47, Part 1, 555; C.T. Develling, History of the 17th Regiment, 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, 14th Corps, Army of the Cumberland, War of the Rebellion (Zanesville, OH, 1889), 21, 64, 77–89Google Scholar. David's last name is misspelled as “Shoemaker” in the company history. Fairfield County was also the home county of Union general William Tecumseh Sherman. David Shumaker saw action as part of the Atlanta and Carolina campaigns under Sherman.
4 Bateman, Newton, ed., Effingham County (Chicago, 1910), 855Google Scholar; “Seitz Branch” notes, courtesy of Cynthia Hendee Henry, in possession of author; Karl Seitz, correspondence with author, February 22, 2004; Rev. Edward S. Shumaker to Belle Mechling, August 6,1919, courtesy of Cynthia Hendee Henry, in possession of author. Sarah's three brothers deserve mention. George and Noah Seitz both served in the Seventeenth with David Shumaker. Another brother, Enoch, was a teacher in Ohio and in Missouri, where one of his pupils was future general John Pershing.
5 1860 Census; Shumaker, Edward S.Google Scholar , The Autobiography of Edward Seitz Shumaker, unpublished typescript, 1929, 1-3, 6-10, in Edward S. Shumaker Papers, DePauw University Library. Hereafter, ESS Papers. Please note that since the completion of this project, the original papers have been deposited by the Shumaker family in the DePauw University Archives in Greencastle, Indiana. Much of the information on Shumaker's early life comes from his unpublished autobiography. Though written near the end of his life, the work provides insight into how Shumaker remembered events that otherwise would be missing.
6 , Shumaker, Autobiography, 57–58Google Scholar; Minutes and Roster of the 43rd Annual Reunion of the 17th OVI, Lancaster, Ohio, September 20, 1923Google Scholar, Box 2; “Honor to Whom Honor is Due,” May 30, 1920Google Scholar, Box 1; 1902-03 version, 1918-19 version, 1927-28 version; “The Flag,” N.D., Box 2, Edward S. Shumaker Papers, copies in possession of the author.
7 Ambrose, Stephen E., Cray Horse and Custer: The Parallel Uves of Two American Warriors (New York, 1996), 123Google Scholar; Wiebe, Robert H., The Search for Order: 1877-1920 (New York, 1999), 44–45Google Scholar.
8 Bogue, Allan G., From Prairie to Corn Belt: Farming on the Illinois and Iowa Prairies in the Nineteenth Century (Chicago, 1963), 259–87Google Scholar; , Shumaker, Autobiography, 11Google Scholar; , Bateman, Effingham County, 855–56Google Scholar; Effingham County, “History of Effingham County Townships,” <http://www.Effingham.com/kperkins/Townships.htm>, August 22, 2002; 1870 Census; 1880 Census.
9 , Shumaker, Autobiography, 4, 12–15.Google Scholar
10 , Shumaker, Autobiography, 16–17Google Scholar; West Township, Effingham County, Illinois, 1880 Census; Effingham County. “Early Effingham County,” <http://www.effingham.com/kperkins/early.htm>, February 18, 2002; Travel Account of L.F. Dick, 1868, Conner Prairie Archives, Conner Prairie Living History Museum, Fishers, Indiana.
11 , Shumaker, Autobiography, 18.Google Scholar
12 , Shumaker, Autobiography, 18–23Google Scholar; Mason Public High School Report Card, April 7, 1886, Box 2, ESS Papers.
13 , Shumaker, Autobiography, 24.Google Scholar
14 Jensen, Richard, The Winningof the Midwest: Social and PoliticalConflict, 1888-1896 (Chicago, 1971)Google Scholar; , Shumaker, Autobiography, 24Google Scholar.
15 Goodwyn, Lawrence, Democratic Promise: The Populist Moment in America (New York, 1976)Google Scholar; Pollack, Norman, ed., The Populist Mind (Indianapolis, 1967), xixGoogle Scholar; McMath, Robert C. Jr, American Populism: A Social History, 1877-1898 (New York, 1993), 41Google Scholar, 52, 170-71; Nugent, Walter T.K., The Tolerant Populists: Kansas Populism and Nativism (Chicago, 1963)Google Scholar.
16 , Shumaker, Autobiography, 25–27.Google Scholar
17 , Shumaker, Autobiography, 27–29.Google Scholar
18 , Shumaker, Autobiography, 30–31Google Scholar; McGerr, Michael, A Fierce Discontent: The Rise and Fall of the Progressive Movement in America: 1870-1920 (New York, 2003), 26Google Scholar.
19 Blocker, Jack S. Jr, Retreat From Reform: The Prohibition Movement in the United States, 1890-1913 (Westport, CT, 1976), 8Google Scholar, 12-14; Atherton, Lewis, Mainstreet on the Middle Boarder (Bloomington, 1984), xviGoogle Scholar; Cayton, Andrew R.L. and Onuf, Peter S., The Midwest and the Nation: Rethinking the History of an American Region (Indianapolis, 1990), 85Google Scholar, 88, 109, 111-15, 118. The contrast between these interpretations, especially in the nature of dry culture with that of Richard Hofstadter's is quite stark. See Hofstadter, Richard, The Age of Reform (New York, 1955), 288–93Google Scholar.
20 Bordin, Ruth, Frances Willard: A Biography (Chapel Hill, 1986), 27–29Google Scholar; Blumhofer, Edith L., Aimee Semple McPherson: Everybody's Sister (Grand Rapids, MI, 10–11)Google Scholar; Grace, Fran, Carry A. Nation: Retelling the Life (Indianapolis, 2001), 75, 142–45Google Scholar.
21 , Shumaker, Autobiography, 9, 27–28Google Scholar, 31-32.
22 , Shumaker, Autobiography, 32–33.Google Scholar
23 James, William, The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature (repr. New York, 1958), 67, 98-99, 162, 184Google Scholar; Taves, Ann, Fits, Trances, and Visions: Experiencing Religion and Explaining Experience from Wesley to James (Princeton, NJ, 1999)Google Scholar.
24 Western Christian Advocate, September 8, 15, 1880Google Scholar, May 17 and June 14, 1893; Noblesville Independent, November 6, 1880Google Scholar; Handy, Robert T., “The Protestant Quest for a Christian America: 1830-1930,” Church History 22 (March 1953): 12–14CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Bell, Marion L., Crusade in the City: Revivalism in Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia (Lewisburg, PA, 1977), 20Google Scholar; Johnson, Paul E., A Shopkeeper's Millennium: Society and Revivals in Rochester, New York 1815-1837 (New York, 1978)Google Scholar; Foster, Charles I., An Errand of Mercy: The Evangelical United Front, 1790-1837 (Chapel Hill, 1960), viii, 132–35Google Scholar, 167-77, 210-11; Sweet, William Warren, The Methodist Episcopal Church and the Civil War (Cincinnati, 1912)Google Scholar; Jones, Donald G., The SectionalCrisis and Northern Methodism: A Study in Piety, Political Ethics and Civil Religion (Metuchen, NJ, 1979)Google Scholar; Corn, Kevin J., ‘“Forward Be Our Watchword:’ Indiana Methodism and the Modern Middle Class,” (MA Thesis, Indiana University, 1996)Google Scholar; Smith, Timothy L., Revivalism and Social Reform: American Protestantism on the Eve of the Civil War (Baltimore, 1980)Google Scholar; Morrow, Ralph E., “Northern Methodism in the South during Reconstruction,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review 41 (September 1954): 197–218CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Newsome, David, The Victorian World Picture: Perceptions and Introspections in an Age of Change (New Brunswick, NJ, 1997), 134Google Scholar, 192; Lawson, Melinda, Patriot Fires: Forging a New American Nationalism in the Civil War North (Lawrence, KS, 2002)Google Scholar; O'Leary, Cecilia Elizabeth, To Die For: The Paradox of American Patriotism (Princeton, NJ, 1999)Google Scholar.
25 McLoughlin, William G. Jr, Modern Revivalism: Charles Grandison Finney to Billy Graham (New York, 1959), 150–51Google Scholar, 166-67, 342; Schmidt, Leigh Eric, Hearing Things: Religion, Illusion, and the American Enlightenment (Cambridge, MA, 2000)Google Scholar; Timberlake, James H., Prohibition and the Progressive Movement, 1900-1920 (Cambridge, MA, 1963), 10CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 16; Bruce, Dickson D., And They All Sang Hallelujah: Plain-Folk Camp-Meeting Religion, 1800-1845 (Knoxville, 1974)Google Scholar; Robins, Roger, “Vernacular American Landscape: Methodists, Camp Meetings, and Social Respectability,” Religion and American Culture 4 (Summer 1994): 169CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 172; Lears, T.J. Jackson, No Place of Grace: Antimodernism and the Transformation of American Culture, 1880-1920 (Chicago, 1994), 24; Arthur Shumaker, interview with author, March 24, 2000Google Scholar; Catton, Bruce, Waitingfor the Morning Train: An American Boyhood (Detroit, 1987), 29Google Scholar.
26 Cannon, James Jr, Bishop Cannon's Own Story: Life as I Have Seen It (Durham, NC, 1955)Google Scholar; Hohner, Robert A., Prohibition and Politics: The Life of Bishop James Cannon, Jr. (Columbia, 1999), 2–5Google Scholar.
27 Dorsett, Lyle W, Billy Sunday and the Redemption of Urban America (Grand Rapids, MI, 1991).Google Scholar
28 , Shumaker, Autobiography, 33–36Google Scholar. The seeming contradiction in how he remembered being called to preach (his discussions versus his surprise) is probably an example of over forty years between the event and the writing.
29 , Shumaker, Autobiography, 37–39Google Scholar. Shumaker did not comment in his autobiography on his father's reaction to his decision.
30 Rorabaugh, W.J., The Alcoholic Republic: An American Tradition (New York, 1981)Google Scholar; Beecher, Lyman, Six Sermons on the Nature, Occasions, Signs, Evils, and Remedy of Intemperance (New York, 1827)Google Scholar; Flynn, Clarence E., ed., The Indianapolis Area of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 1924-1928: A Record and History (Anderson, IN, 1928), 41Google Scholar.
31 Douglas, Ann, The Feminization of American Culture (New York, 1979), 97–100Google Scholar, 154; , Shumaker, Autobiography, 40–41Google Scholar; “Edward Seitz Shumaker” in Cherrington, Ernest Hurst, ed., Standard Encyclopedia of the Alcohol Problem, Volume V (Westerville, OH, 1929), 2436Google Scholar; Blocker, Jack S. Jr, American Temperance Movements: Cycles of Reform (Boston, 1989), 61–94Google Scholar. While the women of the WCTU, like Murphy, were very influential during the late nineteenth century in the dry crusade, they would see their position challenged and eventually replaced by the men of Shumaker's generation, who were increasingly worried about the “feminization” of Christianity. See, for example, Putney, Clifford, Muscular Christianity: Manhood and Sports in Protestant America, 1880-1920 (Cambridge, MA, 2003)Google Scholar. In 1880, the Western Christian Advocate advertised over one hundred books for Sunday school libraries from the National Temperance Society. See Western Christian Advocate, July 7, 1880Google Scholar. Though the record is scant, it is possible that Murphy represented yet another branch of dry culture. During the late nineteenth century there was a strong, if small, movement centered among mostly Irish Catholics, to fight demon rum. The Catholic Total Abstinence Union thrived in Indiana and there was a small group of Irish immigrants living in Switzerland County. See Gibbs, Joseph C., History of the Catholic Total Abstinence Union of America (Philadelphia, 1905)Google Scholar; Bland, Joan, Hibernian Crusade: The Story of the Catholic Total Abstinence Union of America (Washington, DC, 1951)Google Scholar; Quinn, John F., Father Mathew's Crusade: Temperance in Nineteenth Century Ireland and Irish America (Boston, 2002)Google Scholar; 1870 Census, 1880 Census.
32 Indianapolis News, October 26, 1929Google Scholar; , Shumaker, Autobiography, 42–46Google Scholar.
33 , Blocker, American Temperance Movements, 98–99.Google Scholar
34 , Shumaker, Autobiography, 47–55.Google Scholar
35 , Shumaker, Autobiography, 61–62Google Scholar; , Hohner, Use of Bishop James Cannon, 33Google Scholar.
36 McKendree College, “Then and Now,” <http://www.mckendree.edu/A_03/Welcome/then_now.htm>, August 28, 2003;, Shumaker, Autobiography, 62–63Google Scholar; Kirby, James E., “Dearest Ellen: Correspondence Between Bishop Matthew Simpson and His Wife,” Methodist History 42 (April 2004): 139Google Scholar, 147; Braeman, John, Albert J. Beveridge: American Nationalist (Chicago, 1971), 6–13Google Scholar; Pulliam, Russell, Publisher: Gene Pulliam, hast of the Newspaper Titans (Ottawa, IL, 1984), 8–21Google Scholar; Manhart, George B., DePauw Through the Years: Volume I, 1837-1919 (Greencastle, IN, 1962), 4, 208Google Scholar, 263, 290-93, 297; Greencastle Banner, January 17, 1878Google Scholar, January 22, 1880, June 6, 1889; Greencastle Banner Times, May 17, 1895Google Scholar.
31 Greencastle Banner, January 28, March 11, August 12, 1875Google Scholar, June 14, 1877, August 27, 1885, March 4, May 20, July 22, July 29, August 5, 1886, September 22, 1887; 1890 Census; 1900 Census.
38 Milkman, Howard Louis Jr, “Thomas Dewitt Talmage: An Evangelical Nineteenth Century Voice on Technology, Urbanization, and Labor-Management Conflicts,” (PhD diss., New York University, 1979)Google Scholar; , Shumaker, Autobiography, 76Google Scholar; Greencastle Banner, October 11, 1883Google Scholar, May 7, May 21, 1885, May 19, July 28, 1887, August 9, 1888, July 31, 1890, April 16, 1891.
39 , Shumaker, Autobiography, 64–68.Google Scholar
40 Greencastk Banner and Times, June 11, 1891Google Scholar; , Shumaker, Autobiography, 69–70Google Scholar; The Keystone Notebook 601; E.S. Shumaker Notebook, Essay Book, E.S. Shumaker Essay Book, Box 1; “German and French History” notebook; “Ancient Greek” notebook, Box 2, ESS Papers.
41 Shumaker, Arthur, interview with author, March 24, 2000Google Scholar; , Shumaker, Autobiography, 69–73Google Scholar, 76; Indianapolis News, October 26, 1929Google Scholar.
42 E.S. Shumaker Essay Book, Box 1, ESS Papers.
43 , Shumaker, Autobiography, 76–81.Google Scholar
44 , Shumaker, Autobiography, 81–83.Google Scholar
45 , Shumaker, Autobiography, 84–86Google Scholar, 89; Clay County Enterprise, October 20, 1892Google Scholar, 14 January, April 14, 1892, August 3, 1893; 1900 Census.
46 Arthur Shumaker, interview with author, March 24, 2000.
47 , Shumaker, Autobiography, 87–88.Google Scholar
48 Clay County Enterprise, June 15, 1893.Google Scholar
49 Commencement book, courtesy of Cynthia Hendee Henry, in possession of author;, Shumaker, Autobiography, 73–75Google Scholar; DePauw University Commencement Program, June 12, 1895, Box 2, ESS Papers; Greencastk Banner Times, June 14, 1895Google Scholar.
50 , Shumaker, Autobiography, 90–92.Google Scholar
51 Plainfield Pastorate Book, Box 2, ESS Papers; , Shumaker, Autobiography, 93–95Google Scholar.
52 Indiana Yearly Meeting of Friends Pamphlet, “An Appeal to Christians and Especially Friends for More Diligent, Consecrated and Consistent Effort to Overthrow the Modern Abomination of Desolations' the Liquor Traffic,” 1891, Indiana Historical Society, Indianapolis, Indiana; Hamm, Thomas D., The Transformation of American Quakerism: Orthodox Friends, 1800-1907 (Indianapolis, 1992)Google Scholar; , Shumaker, Autobiography, 96Google Scholar.
53 Terre Haute Express, July 15, September 14, 1898Google Scholar, March 23, 1902; 1900 Census; Boyer, Paul, Urban Masses andMoral Order in America, 1820-1920 (repr. Cambridge, MA, 1997), viiiGoogle Scholar; Salvatore, Nick, Eugene V. Debs: Citizen and Socialist (Chicago, 1982)Google Scholar; , Blocker, Retreat From Reform, 8Google Scholar.
54 Rauschenbusch, Walter, A Gospel for the Social Awakening (New York, 1950), 31, 81Google Scholar; Hudson, Winthrop S., ed., Walter Rauschenbusch: Selected Writings (New York, 1984), 4, 28, 33–34Google Scholar; Smucker, Donovan E., The Origins of Walter Rauschenbusch's Social Ethics (Montreal, 1994), 3–4Google Scholar; Western Christian Advocate, August 20, 1890Google Scholar, July 14, 1920; “The Christian Objective” by S.E. Nicholson, Undated, S. Edgar Nicholson Papers, Archives of Earlham College Library, Richmond, Indiana.
55 Dayton, Donald W., “The Holiness Churches: A Significant Ethical Tradition,” <http://www.religion-online.org/showarticle.asp?title=1862>, March 6, 2005,+March+6,+2005>Google Scholar; Williams, Philip, Walls that Human Hands Have Raised: A History of Central Avenue United Methodist Church (Indianapolis, 2000), 7Google Scholar; First Quarterly Conference, December 10, 1917, Minutes and Board Meetings, 1864-1918 book, Archives of Meridian Street United Methodist Church, Indianapolis, Indiana. Hereafter, MSUMC Archives.
56 Hopkins, Charles Howard, The Rise of the Social Gospel in American 'Protestantism, 1865-1915 (New Haven, 1967), 12Google Scholar, 280-317; Sanford, Elias B., Origin and History of the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America (Hartford, CT, 1916), 259–60Google Scholar; Sanford, Elias B., ed., Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America: Report of the First Meeting of the Federal Council, Philadelphia, 1908 (New York, 1909), 267–73Google Scholar; Gorrell, Donald K., The Age of Social Responsibility: The Social Gospel in the Progressive Era, 1900-1920 (Macon, GA, 1988)Google Scholar; Jacobson, Douglas and Trollinger, William Vance Jr, ed., Re-Forming the Center: American Protestantism, 1900 to the Present (Grand Rapids, MI, 1998), 1-14, 317Google Scholar; Marty, Martin E., Pilgrims in Their Own Land: 500 Years of Religion in America (Boston, 1984), 375–77Google Scholar; Magnuson, Norris, Salvation in the Slums: Evangelical Social Work, 1865-1920 (Metuchen, NJ, 1977), 132–33Google Scholar, 140-42; , Bordin, Frances Willard, 6Google Scholar; McAllister, Lester G. and Tucker, William E., Journey in Faith: A History of the Christian Church {Disciples of Christ) (St. Louis, 1989), 291–93Google Scholar; Carter, Paul A., The Decline and Revival of the Social Gospel: Social and Political Liberalism in American Protestant Churches, 1920-1940 (Ithaca, NY, 1956), 12–13Google Scholar; MacFarland, Charles S., ed., Christian Unity at Work: The Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America in Quadrennial Session at Chicago, Illinois, 1912 (New York, 1913), 253Google Scholar; Wiebe, Robert H., Businessmen and Reform: A Study of the Progressive Movement (Cambridge, MA, 1962), 17Google Scholar; Second Quarterly Conference, February 5, 1908, Minutes and Board Meetings, 1864-1918 book, MSUMC Archives.
57 Miller, Timothy, Following in his Steps: A Biography of Charles M. Sheldon (Knoxville, 1987), 159, 164–172.Google Scholar
58 Crunden, Robert M., Ministers of Reform: The Progressives Achievement in American Civilisation, 1889-1920 (Chicago, 1984), ixGoogle Scholar; Filene, Peter G., “An Obituary for the ‘Progressive Movement’,” American Quarterly 22 (Spring 1970): 20–34CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Graham, Otis L. Jr, An Encore for Reform: The Old Progressives and the New Deal (New York, 1967), 9, 15, 92Google Scholar; , McGerr, A Fierce Discontent, xiv-xvi, 65–80Google Scholar; Dumenil, Lynn, In the Modern Temper: American Culture and Society in the 1920s (New York, 1995), 18Google Scholar; Barker, John Marshall, The Saloon Problem and Social Reform (Boston, 1905), vGoogle Scholar; Western Christian Advocate, April 11, 1855Google Scholar, December 8, 1880; Noblesville Ledger, August 12, December 12, 1887Google Scholar; , Wiebe, The Search for Order, 62–63Google Scholar; , Kyvig, Repealing National Prohibition, 8–10Google Scholar; , Hofstadter, Age of Reform, 204, 289–90Google Scholar; , Wiebe, Businessmen and Reform, 7Google Scholar; Kyvig, David E., ed., Law, Alcohol, and Order: Perspectives on National Prohibition (Westport, CT, 1985), 68–69Google Scholar; Dumenil, Lynn, ‘“The Insatiable Maw of Bureaucracy’: Antistatism and Education Reform in the 1920s,” Journal of American History 11 (September 1990): 502–03Google Scholar; , Timberlake, Prohibition and the Progressive Movement, 1–3Google Scholar; Chambers, John Whiteclay II, The Tyranny of Change: America in the Progressive “Era, 1890-1920, 2nd. ed., updated (New Brunswick, NJ, 2000), 144Google Scholar, 164; Boyer, Paul, Urban Masses and Moral Order in America, 1820-1920, 195–99Google Scholar; Bates, J. Leonard, Senator Thomas J. Walsh of Montana: Law and Public Affairs from TR to FDR (Chicago, 1999), 261Google Scholar; Lower, Richard Coke, A Bloc of One: The Political Career of Hiram W. Johnson (Stanford, CA, 1993), 40–42Google Scholar; Thelen, David P., Robert M. LaFollette and the Insurgent Spirit (Boston, 1976), 139Google Scholar.
59 Terre Haute Express, December 10, 1899Google Scholar; “Recent Christian Socialism and the Laboring Classes,” N.D., Box 2, ESS Papers; Spann, Glenn, “Theological Transition Within Methodism: The Rise of Liberalism and the Conservative Response,” Methodist History 43 (April 2005): 198–212Google Scholar.
60 “History of Maple Avenue Methodist Episcopal Church,” N.D., Box 2, ESS Papers; Shumaker, Autobiography, 98-103; Terre Haute Express, October 9, 1898Google Scholar, January 29, February 26, March 5, April 23, June 4, September 24, 1899, April 28, 1901.
61 Terre Haute Express, February 19, March 5, May 21, November 20, November 24, November 25, November 26, November 28, 1899Google Scholar, February 15, February 18, April 10, June 12, 1900, June 24, 1901; Shumaker, Autobiography, 104.
62 Terre Haute Express, January 15, 1900Google Scholar; , Shumaker, Autobiography, 104Google Scholar.
62 Noblesville Independent, June 14, 1879Google Scholar; Western Christian Advocate, July 26, 1893Google Scholar , July 4, 1900.
64 Terre Haute Express, June 11, 1900Google Scholar; “Dangerous Tendencies of American Life,” 3 versions, N.D., Box 2, ESS Papers.
65 “That Ye Might Believe,” N.D.; Easter Missionary Sermon: The Open Door, April 12, 1903Google Scholar; “life More Abundant,” N.D.; “Salvation,” April 26, 1903, “The Heavenly Vision,” May 10, 1903; “Making of the New Testament,” N.D.; “Paul the Letter Writer,” N.D., “Paul the Prisoner,” N.D.; “Facing Jerusalem,” N.D.; “Closing Days,” N.D.; “The Last Hours,” N.D.; “Arrest Trial and Crucifixion,” N.D.; “The Jerusalem Church,” N.D.; “Paul and the Church of the Empire,” N.D.; “Our Riches,” N.D. 1902; “Love,” N.D.; “The life With Men,” N.D., Box 2, ESS Papers; Storey, John W., Texas Baptist Leadership and Social Christianity, 1900-1980 (College Station, 1986), 4Google Scholar; , Spann, “Theological Transition Within Methodism,” 198–212Google Scholar.
66 “The Value of God's House or Advantages of Being a Christian,” September 21, December 5, 1902Google Scholar, ESS Papers, Box 2.
67 Detzler, Jack J., The History of the Northwest Indiana Conference of the Methodist Church, 1852-1951 (Nashville, TN, 1953), 95Google Scholar; Heller, Herbert L., Indiana Conference of the Methodist Church, 1832-1956 (Indianapolis, 1957), 130Google Scholar; Bulletin, December 26, 1920Google Scholar; Bulletins 1871-1922 book, MSUMC Archives.
68 Indianapolis Star, January 23, 1905Google Scholar; Kokomo Daily Tribune, August 28, 1907Google Scholar; Fort Wayne Journal Gazette, February 29, 1908Google Scholar; Terre Haute Tribune, March 1, 1908Google Scholar; Marion Chronicle, March 24, April 7, 1911Google Scholar; Tate, Cassandra, Cigarette Wars: The Triumph of “the Little White Slaver” (New York, 1999), 39–64Google Scholar; Feldman, Egal, “Prostitution, the Alien Woman and the Progressive Imagination, 1910-1915,” American Quarterly 19 (Summer 1967): 192–206CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Riegel, Robert E., “Changing American Attitudes Toward Prostitution (1800-1920),” Journal of the History of Ideas 29 (July-September, 1968): 437–52CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Shryock, Richard H., “Sylvester Graham and the Popular Health Movement, 1830-1870,” The Mississippi Valley Historical'Review 18 (September 1931): 172–83CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Graham, who is perhaps most remembered as the developer of the graham cracker, started out as temperance reformer before expanding his concern beyond alcohol.
69 , Shumaker, Autobiography, 105–06Google Scholar; Terre Haute Express, March 27, 1901Google Scholar.
70 , Shumaker, Autobiography, 107–11.Google Scholar
71 , Shumaker, Autobiography, 112–115Google Scholar; Sermon on Hell, November 16, 1902Google Scholar, Box 2, ESS Papers.
72 , Shumaker, Autobiography, 115–121.Google Scholar
73 Western Christian Advocate, September 5, 1900Google Scholar; Kingsdale, Jon M., “The Poor Man's Club': Social Functions of the Urban Working-Class Saloon,” American Quarterly 25 (October 1973): 481–87CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Bederman, Gail, ‘“The Women Have Had Charge of the Church Work Long Enough’: The Men and Religion Forward Movement of 1911-1912 and the Masculinization of Middle-class Protestantism,” American Quarterly 41 (September 1989): 432–65CrossRefGoogle Scholar; , Shumaker, Autobiography, 107Google Scholar; Arthur Shumaker, interview with author, March 14, March 24, 2000; C. Wendell Martin, correspondence with author, March 22, 2003.
74 , Shumaker, Autobiography, 118.Google Scholar
75 South Bend Tribune, September 1, September 2, September 3, September 4, September 5, September 8, 1903Google Scholar; Evansvilk journal, January 20, 1929Google Scholar; , Shumaker, Autobiography, 123BGoogle Scholar. Shumaker's narrative ends with his mentioning of the 1903 conference. After his death, his wife Flora attempted to finish the story, beginning further down the page, hence the desig-nation of 123B.
76 , Shumaker, Autobiography, 123B–124.Google Scholar