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Basepaths to Empire: Race and the Spalding World Baseball Tour1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 November 2010

Thomas W. Zeiler
Thomas W. Zeiler
Affiliation:
University of Colorado at Boulder
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Extract

During the Gilded Age, transnational American agents carried national values abroad, including defense of the “civilizing mission” of the white race toward people of color. This article explores race within the context of the Spalding world baseball tour of 1888-89, a transnational enterprise that marketed the national pastime abroad and, in so doing, indicated the latent, private power behind the official policies of the United States. A rather unusual segment of society to be considered for such scholarly treatment, professional baseball elites nonetheless helped generate a racist imperial ideology and thus added to the voices that set racial parameters for the American empire when it was attained in 1898. By tracing the racial attitudes of the baseball tourists, this article contributes to recent scholarly enterprises that examine foreign relations from a cultural perspective and integrate overlooked actors into the study of diplomatic history.

Type
Essays
Information
The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era , Volume 6 , Issue 2 , April 2007 , pp. 179 - 207
Copyright
Copyright © Society for Historians of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 2007

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References

2 Besides the firsthand accounts (cited in the notes below) by Harry Clay Palmer, Adrian Anson, James Ryan (in diary form), and the memoir, Spalding, Albert G., Baseball: America's National Game, 1839-1915, rev. ed. (San Francisco, 1991)Google Scholar, the world tour, or places at which it stopped, have been the subject of recent articles, book sections, or chapters. See Moore, Glenn, “The Great Baseball Tour of 1888-89: A Tale of Image-Making, Intrigue, and Labour Relations in the Gilded Age,” The International Journal of the History of Sport 11 (December 1994): 431–56CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Levine, Peter, A.G. Spalding and the Rise of Baseball: The Promise of American Sport (Oxford, 1985)Google Scholar; Levine, Peter, “Business, Missionary Motives Behind 1888-89 World Tour” SABR Baseball Research Journal 13 (1984): 60–63Google Scholar; Ardolino, Frank B., “Missionaries, Cartwright, and Spalding: The Development of Baseball in Nineteenth Century Hawaii,” Nine 10 (Spring 2002): 27–45CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Bartlett, Arthur, Baseball and Mr. Spalding: The History and Romance of Baseball (New York, 1951)Google Scholar; Carroll, Patrick, “Baseball in Graceland,” The SABR UK Examiner (May 2001): 5–7Google Scholar; Clark, Joe, The History of Australian Baseball: Time and Game (Lincoln, NE, 2003)Google Scholar; Salvatore, Bryan Di, A Clever Base-Ballist: The Life and Times of John Montgomery Ward (Baltimore, 1999)Google Scholar; Mitchell, Bruce, “Sporting Traditions: Two Tours and the Beginnings of Baseball in Australia,” Journal of the Australian Society for Sports History 7 (May 1991): 2–24.Google ScholarLamster, Mark, Spalding's World Tour: The Epic Adventure that Took Baseball Around the Globe—And Made It America's Game (New York, 2006)Google Scholar, is a sprightly, entertaining account of the figures and games of the tour.

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12 For a contemporary example of discrimination, this one in theater seating, see Dale, Elizabeth, “‘Social Equality Does Not Exist among Themselves, nor among Us’: Baylies vs. Curry and Civil Rights in Chicago, 1888,” American Historical Review 102 (April 1997): 311–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar For the 1888 refusal of white champion John Sullivan to fight black Peter Jackson, see Wiggins, David K., “Peter Jackson and the Elusive Heavyweight Championship: A Black Athlete's Struggle Against the Late Nineteenth-Century Color Line,” Journal of Sport History 12 (Spring 1985): 143–68Google Scholar.

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54 It is, actually, a dubious claim to divide the countries represented in the World Baseball Classic as white and nations of color. Included are the U.S., Australia, Italy, Canada, and the Netherlands, five “white” nations which carried several players of color on their roster. For instance, Andruw Jones, from Curacao, played for the Netherlands. The nations of color that took part were Japan, Korea, Chinese Taipei, China, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Panama, Venezuela, Mexico, South Africa, and the Dominican Republic.