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ASYMPTOTIC ANALYSIS OF SKOLEM’S EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

Part of: Approximations and expansions Model theory Set theory Rings and algebras with additional structure Real functions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 September 2020

ALESSANDRO BERARDUCCI  and
MARCELLO MAMINO
ALESSANDRO BERARDUCCI
Affiliation:
DIPARTIMENTO DI MATEMATICA UNIVERSITÀ DI PISA LARGO BRUNO PONTECORVO 5, 56127PISA, ITALYE-mail:[email protected]
MARCELLO MAMINO
Affiliation:
DIPARTIMENTO DI MATEMATICA UNIVERSITÀ DI PISA LARGO BRUNO PONTECORVO 5, 56127PISA, ITALYE-mail:[email protected]
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Abstract

Skolem (1956) studied the germs at infinity of the smallest class of real valued functions on the positive real line containing the constant $1$ , the identity function ${\mathbf {x}}$ , and such that whenever f and g are in the set, $f+g,fg$ and $f^g$ are in the set. This set of germs is well ordered and Skolem conjectured that its order type is epsilon-zero. Van den Dries and Levitz (1984) computed the order type of the fragment below $2^{2^{\mathbf {x}}}$ . Here we prove that the set of asymptotic classes within any Archimedean class of Skolem functions has order type $\omega $ . As a consequence we obtain, for each positive integer n, an upper bound for the fragment below $2^{n^{\mathbf {x}}}$ . We deduce an epsilon-zero upper bound for the fragment below $2^{{\mathbf {x}}^{\mathbf {x}}}$ , improving the previous epsilon-omega bound by Levitz (1978). A novel feature of our approach is the use of Conway’s surreal number for asymptotic calculations.

Keywords

Skolem problemsurreal numbersexponentiationordinals

MSC classification

Primary: 03C64: Model theory of ordered structures; o-minimality
Secondary: 03E10: Ordinal and cardinal numbers 16W60: Valuations, completions, formal power series and related constructions 26A12: Rate of growth of functions, orders of infinity, slowly varying functions 41A58: Series expansions (e.g. Taylor, Lidstone series, but not Fourier series)
Type
Article
Information
The Journal of Symbolic Logic , Volume 87 , Issue 2 , June 2022 , pp. 758 - 782
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Copyright
© The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Association for Symbolic Logic

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