Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-04T20:09:22.432Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Uniqueness of Philippine Nationalism

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 August 2009

R. S. Milne
Get access

Extract

This article is intended as a ‘footnote’, written from the political science point of view, to more comprehensive accounts of the subject. Its main concern is to underline some respects in which Philippine nationalism is atypical in Southeast Asia. It is not proposed to define nationalism. Many definitions seem to fall into one of two groups, the unsatisfyingly general or the (still unsatisfying)determinedly specific. An example of the former is that nationalism consists in “on one side the love of a common soil, race, language or historical culture…” This immediately prompts the question, “which soil, which race etc.”? The latter group is exemplified by the definition of Karl W. Deutsch, which is based on the existence of “complementary habits and facilities of communication.”

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Southeast Asian History , Volume 4 , Issue 1 , March 1963 , pp. 82 - 96
Copyright
Copyright © The National University of Singapore 1963

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Notably Starner, Frances A., “The Problems of Philippine Nationalism”, Philippine Social Sciences and Humanities Review, Vol. XXII, No. 3 (1959)Google Scholar; Corpuz, Onofre D., “Western Coionisation and the Filipino Response”, Journal of, Southeast Asian History. Vol. 3, No. 1 (1962)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

2. Singhal, D.P., “Nationalism and Communism in South-East Asia”, Journal of Southeast Asian History. Vol. 3, No. 1 (1962).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

3. Cf. Sir Ivor Jennings on self-determination. “On the surface it seemed reasonable: let the people decide. It was in fact ridiculous because the cannot decide until someone decides who are the people” (The Approach to Self-Government (Cambridge, 1956) p. 56).

4. Nationalism and Social Communication (New York, 1953), p. 70.Google Scholar

5. From Empire to Nation (Cambridge, Mass., 1960), p. 92.

6. The Idea of Nationalism (New York, 1951), P. 8.

7. Lipset, Seymour Martin, Political Man (London, 1959), esp.Ch. 1.Google Scholar

8. See p. 98, below.

9. Harrison, Brian, “Problems of Political Integration in Southeast Asia”, Thayer, Philip W. (ed.), Nationalism and Progress in Free Asia (Baltimore, 1956), pp. 28ff.Google Scholar

10. King, John Kerry, Southeast Asia in Perspective (N.Y. 1956), pp. 28ff.Google Scholar

11. Emerson, Rupert, “The Progress of Nationalis,” Thayer (ed.), op.cit., PP. 73 and 79.Google Scholar

12. Hall, D.G.E., “The European Impact on Southeast Asia”, Thayer Ied.), op.cit., p. 46.Google Scholar

13. “Democracy and Nationalism in Asia”, Pacific Affairs. Vol. 25 No. 2 (1952), p. 140.Google Scholar

14. Colquhoun, A.R., The Mastery of the Pacific (Macmillan, 1902), p. 122Google Scholar, quoted in Worcester, Dean C., The Philippines Past and Present (Macmillan, 1921)., p. 938.Google Scholar

15. Tutay, Pilemon, “Muntinglupa: Home of the Damned”, Philippines Free Press. 11 & 18 04, 1959.Google Scholar

16. Senator Raul Manglapus, the most able thinker in the Liberal Party, has repeatedly urged decentralization and the redistribution of power to local governments in order to restore self-reliance to the Filipino (see the Liberal Party “Reform Program”, largely drawn up by Manglapus, his book, Faith in the Filipino (Manila, n.d.) and his articles, notably “Vindication for the Filipino”, Sunday Times Magazine. 19 07, 1959Google Scholar and “The Road to Greatness”, Sunday Times Magazine. 9 09, 1962)Google Scholar.

However, there is the danger that decentralization may strengthen particularistic local interests. See Riggs, Fred W., “Economic Development and Local Administration: A Study in Circular Causation”, Philippine Journal of Public Administration, Vol.3, No. 1 (1959)Google Scholar; Milne, R. S., Comparisons and Models in Public Administration”, Political Studies. Vol. X, No. 1 (1962)Google Scholar; Hoselltz, Bert F., Nationalism, Economic Development and Democracy”, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 305, 05, 1956Google Scholar; Almond, Gabriel A. and Coleman, James S., The Politics of the Developing Areas (Princeton, 1960), p. 318.Google Scholar

17. Dr. Jose V. Pangani-ban, Director, Institute of National Language, Daily Mirror. 8 Aug., 1959.

18. Aruego, Jose M., The Framing of the Philippine Constitution (Manila, 1949), Ch. XLI.Google Scholar

19. Panganiban, Daily Mirror, op.cit.

20. Statement by President Macapagal, Philippines Herald. 28th Apr. 1962.

21. Panganiban, Jose Villa, “Language and Nationalism”, Comment, Second Quarter, 1960, p. 27.Google Scholar

22. On Philippine - Chinese tensions in the Philippines, see Constructive Channeling; of Tensions in the Philippines (Report No. 4, Institute of Economic Studies and Social Action, Araneta University, 1961), especially pp. 27–38.

23. Corpuz, , op. cit., pp. 18–21.Google Scholar

24. Myrdal, Gunnar. Economic Theory and Under-Developed Regions (London, 1959), p. 59.Google Scholar

25. U.S. Public Law 371, 79th Congress, 2nd session.

26. Op.cit., p. 58.

27. Jenkins, Shirley, American Economic Policy Toward the Philippines (Stanford, 1954, pp. 33–4.Google Scholar

28. Caaderno, Miguel, “The Bell Trade Act and the Philippine Economy”, Pacific Affairs. Vol. 25, No. 4 (1952) p. 329.Google Scholar

29. Speech to Chamber of Commerce of the Philippines, 29 April 1959, reproduced in Manila Chronicle, 30 Apr., 1, 2, 3 and May, 1959.

30. Recto, Claro M., My Crusade (Manila, 1959), p. 129.Google Scholar

31. Roxas, in 1946Google Scholar, Magsaysay, in 1953Google Scholar, Macapagal, in 1961.Google Scholar

32. Pascual, Ricardo R. and Majul, Cesar A., “The Foreign Policy of the Republic”, Philippine Social Sciences and Humanities Review, vol.XXIII, Nos. 2–4. (1958), p. 181.Google Scholar

33. By Carnell, F.G., Political Studies Association meeting, Leicester, 1961.Google Scholar

34. Pauker, Guy J., “Political Doctrines and Practical Politics in Southeast Asia”, Pacific Affairs, Vol. XXXV, No. 1 (1962).Google Scholar

35. Majul, Cesar Adib. “Mabini and the Philippine Revolution”, The Diliman Review 01–12, 1957, PP. 153–4.Google Scholar

36. Ibid., p. 159.

37. Holland, W.L. (ed.), Asian Nationalism and the West (Macmillan, 1953), P. 12Google Scholar, quoting Antonio Isidro, Philippine Nationalism and the Schools (Manila, 1950), See also Starner, , op.cit., p. 291.Google Scholar

38. And so on. See Kroef, Justus M. van der, “an Indonesian Ideological Lexicon”, Asian Survey. Vol. II. No. 5 (1962).Google Scholar

39. Lipset, S.M., op. cit., p. 80.Google Scholar

40. Phelan, John Leddy, The Hispanization of the Philippines (Madison, Wisconsin, 1959), p. 159.Google Scholar

41. Tangere, Rizal's Noli Me. translated as The Lost Eden (Indiana Univ. Press, 1961), pp. 312–3.Google Scholar

42. Speech to Manila Rotary Club, quoted Manila Bulletin, 22 June, 1956.

43. Zenoff, David, “A Few Look at Economic Nationalism”, Philippine Studies, Vol. 10, No. 2, 04, 1962, pp. 231–2.Google Scholar

44. For a fuller account of the means employed see Golay, Frank H., The Philippines: Public Policy and National Economic Development (Ithaca, 1961), Ch.XIV.Google Scholar For a case study of an important act (R.A. 1180), which will eventually restrict participation in the retail trade to Filipinos, see Agpalo, Ramigio A., The Political Process & the Nationalization of Retail Trade in the Philippines (Quezon City. 1962).Google Scholar For other references on economic protectionism see Agpalo, , pp. 85–6 and 87–8.Google Scholar

45. Goly, , op.cit., p. 345.Google Scholar

46. Roxas, Sixto K., “Reflections on Economic Nationalism in the Philippines”, Comment, Second Quarter, 1958, pp. 14–26.Google Scholar

47. Concepcion, M.V., “Nationalism and Filipino First Policy”, Comment. First Quarter, 1960, p. 44.Google Scholar

48. History of Industry & Trade of the Philippines (Manila,. 1961) P. 367.Google Scholar

49. Cf. The study of joint international business ventures in the Philippines made by a Columbia University group, quoted by Hartendorp, ibid., p. 381.

50. Manila Times. 9 Nov., 1959.

51. Before the passage of R.A. 1180 the Chinese controlled approximately 60% of Philippine retail business (Agpalo, , op.cit., p. 61).Google Scholar

52. Corpuz, , op.cit., p. 22.Google Scholar

53. Report of the Permanent Representative of the Philippines to the United Nations, 1 Feb., 1947, to the President of the Republic on the policy of the Philippine delegation to UN, quoted by Fernando, Enriue and Africa, Jose L., Chances of Survival of Democracy in the Philippines (Manila, 1950) p. 23.Google Scholar

54. Selected Documents of the Bandung Conference (New York, 1955), p. 14.

55. Starner, , op.cit., especially pp. 274–8OGoogle Scholar: Scaff, Alvin H., The Philippine Answer to Communism (Stanford), 1955.Google Scholar

56. “The Church & Nationalism”, Faith in the Filipino, , op.cit., p. 26.Google Scholar See also Phelan, op.cit., Ch. VI & Corpuz, Od., “The Cultural Foundations of Filipiho Politics”, Philippine Journal of Public Administration Vol. 4. No. 4 p. 297 (reprinted from Philippine Motif, Vol. 1, No. 1, (1960).Google Scholar

57. Lansang, Jose A., “The Philippine - American Experiment: A Filipino View”, Pacific Affairs, Vol. 25, No. 3, 1952, p. 230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

58. Sunday Chronicle, 12 Apr., 1959.

59. Jazz, , “Culture and Politics”Google Scholar, Faith in the Filipino, , op.cit. pp. 44–48.Google Scholar

60. Milne, R.S., “The Party System and Democracy in the Philippines”, Political Science (New Zealand), Vol. 13, No. 2 (1961) p. 35 (fn.).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

61. In the Ceylon election of 1956 a picture of a candidate at a ball-room dance was circulated by his opponents (Weerawardana, I.D.S., Ceylón General Election, 1956 (Colombo, 1960), p. 161)Google Scholar However, ‘Western’ does not include all portions of the United States: “…it was once alleged in a bitter primary battle that Senator Bilbo, whose strength among Mississippi's backwoods rednecks was amazing, had ‘learned how to dance and eat caviare in Washington’” (Matthews, Donald R., U.S. Senators and Their World (Chapel Hill, 1960), pp.77–9Google Scholar, quoting Current Biogiaphy (New York, H.W, Wilson, 1943), P. 50).

62. Mehta, Asoka, The Political Mind of India (Bombay, 1952), PP. 73–4.Google Scholar