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Laos: The Vientiane Agreement

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 August 2009

Kenneth L. Hill
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Extract

An individual observing the varied complex course of Laotian events since the 1954 Geneva conference on Indochina can well appreciate the frustrations experienced by Alice as she watched the animals run their caucus race. From 1954 to 1957, Laos followed a generally pro-Western foreign policy but government leaders would occasionally extol the virtues of the five Panscheel principles of peaceful coexistence. From November 1957 to July 1958, Laos was governed by a coalition that included two members of the Communist Neo Lao Hak Sat (NLHS), the political arm of the Pathet Lao. The Royal army and right wing political factions opposed the coalition, removed it from power and established a new government, one that was avowedly anti-Communist. By 1961, the major cold war protagonists had become so deeply and dangerously involved in Laotian politics that some observers feared and expected a major escalation in the Laotian conflict. Instead of fighting the major powers decided to convene a second Geneva conference. They debated the issues for more than a year and then agreed to neutralize Laos and recreate the coalition government. Today Laos is officially neutral but the fighting continues as it has since 1954. The Pathet Lao have withdrawn from the coalition and they continue to rely on military means for the realization of major objectives. In Alice in Wonderland, the caucus race has a happy ending: all the animals are declared winners. In Laos there have been no winners; the struggle continues and its outcome will affect the future of mainland Southeast Asia.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Southeast Asian History , Volume 8 , Issue 2 , September 1967 , pp. 257 - 267
Copyright
Copyright © The National University of Singapore 1967

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References

1. See Dommen, Arthur J., Conflict in Laos, New York: Frederick A. Praeger 1964, pp. 39–44.Google Scholar

2. See Honey, P. J., Communism in North Vietnam, Cambridge: MIT Press 1963, p.5.Google Scholar

3. See En-lai, Chou's statement quoted in Daily News Release (Peking: Hsinhua News Agency, 07 1954), p. 171.Google Scholar

4. Ibid.

5. See Prince Souphanouvong's statement of demands quoted in Daily News Release, 22 02 1954, p 228.Google Scholar

6. The Royal Government's demands are listed in CMD. 9630. Second Interim Report of the International Commission for Supervision and Control in Lavs, London: HMSO 11 1955), pp. 9–10.Google Scholar

7. For text of Souphanouvongs statement see CMND. 314., p. 54.Google Scholar

8. For text of Joint Declarations see Ibid., pp.55–56.

9. For the November 1957 agreements see Ibid., pp. 59–63.

10. The Pathet Lao had never disputed the Royal government's sovereign power in Phongsaly and Samneua. The major question before and after the Vientiane agreement was whether the Royal government could exercise that sovereign power.