Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T17:50:40.988Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Severity of Menopausal Symptoms and Nicotine Dependence amongst Postmenopausal Women Smokers

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 June 2016

Amy L. Copeland ,
MacKenzie R. Peltier  and
Paula J. Geiselman
Amy L. Copeland*
Affiliation:
Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
MacKenzie R. Peltier
Affiliation:
Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
Paula J. Geiselman
Affiliation:
Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
*
Address for correspondence: Amy L. Copeland, Ph.D., M.P. Department of Psychology, 236 Audubon Hall, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA. Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Rationale: Cigarette smoking has antiestrogenic properties, which may worsen the symptoms and health risks associated with menopause.

Objectives: In the present study, it was hypothesised that menopausal symptoms would improve with smoking abstinence.

Methods: Postmenopausal smokers (n = 76) were assessed with the Kupperman Index (KI) of menopausal symptoms and smoking-related indices of nicotine dependence, cotinine level, cigarettes per day (CPD), and number of years smoking.

Results: Participants were 67% Caucasian, 33% African-American, 52.3(SD = 7.8) mean years of age, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) level, m = 42.6(SD = 25.7) mlU/ml, mean number of months since last menses was 145.1(SD = 118.9), and mean body mass index (BMI) was 27.4(SD = 6.2). Mean cigarettes smoked per day (CPD) was 20.3(SD = 11.5), for m = 29.4(SD = 10.7) years; m = 6.4(SD = 2.1) Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), m = 23.8(SD = 13.0) ppm carbon monoxide, and m = 19.7(SD = 12.5) KI total score. Most participants (78.9%) were currently taking hormone therapy (HT). Hierarchical linear regression analyses revealed that FTND (β = 0.48, p = 0.001) and cotinine level (β = −0.27, p = 0.02) predicted KI scores at baseline. Amongst participants (n = 65) who achieved abstinence for 2 weeks, number of years smoking predicted KI scores (β = 0.38, p = 0.01). At 8 weeks postcessation, CPD significantly predicted of KI scores (β = −0.74), p = 0.04).

Conclusions: With abstinence from smoking, the overall severity of menopausal symptoms decreased and shared variance with different smoking-related variables. The temporal and cessation-related symptom course identified in this study will be important in informing cessation interventions with this population of smokers.

Type
Original Articles
Information
Journal of Smoking Cessation , Volume 12 , Issue 3 , September 2017 , pp. 123 - 130
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allen, S. S., Brintnell, D. M., Hatsukami, D., & Reich, B. (2004). Energy intake and physical activity during short-term smoking cessation in postmenopausal women. Addictive Behaviors, 29, 947–951.Google Scholar
Allen, S. S., Hatsukami, D. K., Bade, T., & Center, B. (2004). Transdermal nicotine use in postmenopausal women: Does the treatment efficacy differ in women using and not using hormone replacement therapy? Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 6, 777–788.Google Scholar
Allen, S. S., Hatsukami, D. K., Brittnell, D. M., & Bade, T. (2005). Effect of nicotine replacement therapy on post-cessation weight gain and nutrient intake: A randomized controlled trial of postmenopausal female smokers. Addictive Behaviors, 30, 1273–1280.Google Scholar
Allen, S. S., Hatsukami, D. K., & Christianson, D. (2003). Nicotine withdrawal and depressive symptomatology during short-term smoking abstinence: A comparison of postmenopausal women using and not using hormone replacement therapy. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 5, 49–59.Google Scholar
Ben-Zaken, Cohen S., Paré, P. D., Man, S. F., & Sin, D. D. (2007). The growing burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer in women: examining sex differences in cigarette smoke metabolism. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 176 (2), 113–120.Google Scholar
Bramer, S. L., & Kallungal, B. A. (2003). Clinical considerations in study designs that use cotinine as a biomarker. Biomarkers, 8, 187–203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burger, H. G. (1994). Diagnostic role of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) measurements during the menopausal transition-an analysis of FSH, oestradiol and inhibin. European Journal of Endocrinology, 130, 38–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2014). Current cigarette smoking among adults – United States, 2005–2013. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 63 (47), 1108–1112.Google Scholar
Cepeda-Benito, A., Reynoso, J. T., & Erath, S. (2004). Meta-analysis of the efficacy of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation: differences between men and women. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72 (4), 712–722.Google Scholar
Collins, A., Landgren, B.-M. (1995). Reproductive health, use of estrogen and experience of symptoms in perimenopausal women: a population-based study. Maturitas, 20, 101–111.Google Scholar
Copeland, A. L., Martin, P. D., Geiselman, P. J., Rash, C. J., & Kendzor, D. E. (2006). Smoking cessation for weight-concerned women: Group versus individually tailored, dietary and weight control follow-up sessions. Addictive Behaviors, 31, 115–127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Copeland, A. L., McVay, M. A., Martin, P. D., Baillie, L. E., Spears, C. A., Rash, C. J. et al. (2015). Smoking cessation and weight gain prevention program for postmenopausal, weight-concerned women: A pilot study. Eating Behaviors, 18, 107–114.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cramer, D. W., Harlow, B. L., Xu, H., Fraer, C., & Barbieri, R. (1995). Cross-sectional and case controlled analysis of the association between smoking and early menopause. Maturitas, 22, 79–87.Google Scholar
Dennerstein, L., Brown, J. B., Gotts, G., Morse, C. A., Farley, T. M. M., & Pinol, A. (1993). Menstrual cycle hormonal profiles of women with and without premenstrual syndrome. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology, 14, 259–268.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hardy, R., & Kuh, D. (2002). Changes in psychological and vasomotor symptom reporting during menopause. Social Science & Medicine, 55, 1975–1988.Google Scholar
Heatherton, T. F., Kozlowski, L. T., Frecker, R. C., & Fagerström, K. O. (1991). The Fagerström test for nicotine dependence: A revision of the Fagerström tolerance questionnaire. British Journal of Addiction, 86, 1119–1127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kalogeraki, A., Tamiolakis, D., Relakis, K., Karvelas, K., Froudarakis, G., Hassan, E. et al. (1996). Cigarette smoking and vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women. In Vivo, 10, 597–600.Google Scholar
Kuller, L. H., Gutai, J. P., Meilahn, E., Matthews, K. A., & Plantinga, P. (1990). Relationship of endogenous sex steroid hormones to lipids and apoproteins in postmenopausal women. Arteriosclerosis, 10, 1058–1066.Google Scholar
Kupperman, H. S., Blatt, M. H. G., Wiesbader, H., & Filler, W. (1953). Comparative clinical evaluation of estrogenic preparations by the menopausal and amenorrheal indices. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology, 13, 688–703.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matthews, K. A., Meilahn, E., Kuller, L. H., Kelsey, S. F., Caggiula, A. W., & Wing, R. R. (1989). Menopause and risk factors for coronary heart disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 32, 641–646.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McVay, M. A. & Copeland, A. L. (2011). Smoking cessation in peri- and postmenopausal women: A review. Experimental & Clinical Psychopharmacology, 19, 192–202.Google Scholar
Michnovicz, J. J., Hershcopf, R. J., Naganuma, H., Bradlow, H. L., & Fishman, J. (1986). Increased 2-hydroxylation of estradiol as a possible mechanism for the anti-estrogenic effect of cigarette smoking. New England Journal of Medicine, 315, 1305–1309.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oncken, C., Cooney, J., Feinn, R., Lando, H., & Kranzler, H. R. (2007). Transdermal nicotine for smoking cessation in postmenopausal women. Addictive Behaviors, 32, 296–309.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Staropoli, C. A., Flaws, J. A., Bush, T. L., & Moulton, A. W. (1998). Predictors of menopausal hot flashes. Journal of Women's Health, 7, 1149–1155.Google Scholar
Tanko, L. B., & Christiansen, C. (2004). An update on the antiestrogenic effect of smoking: A literature review with implications for researchers and practitioners. Menopause, 11, 104–109.Google Scholar
Underner, M., & Peiffer, G. (2010). Interpretation of exhaled CO levels in studies on smoking. Revue des Maladies Respiratoires, 27 (4), 293–300.Google Scholar
Whiteman, M. K., Staropoli, C.A., Langenberg, P. W., McCarter, R. J., Kjerulff, K. H., & Flaws, J. A. (2003). Smoking, body mass, and hot flashes in midlife women. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 101, 264–272.Google Scholar
Zang, E. A., & Wynder, E. L. (1996) Differences in lung cancer risk between men and women: examination of the evidence. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 88, 183–192.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed