Roman Britain in 1967

D. R. Wilson; R. P. Wright

doi:10.2307/299706

^{page 176 note 1} Haverfield, F., Military Aspects of R. Wales (1910), 24 ffGoogle Scholar; RCAHM, Flint (1912), 55.

^{page 176 note 2} Information and plan from Mr. R. Room, who carried out the work with members of the Northern Archaeological Group.

^{page 176 note 3} Proc. Prehistoric Soc. VI (1940), 30 ffGoogle Scholar.

^{page 176 note 4} Adapted from the surviving remains of a neolithic ‘henge’ monument, cf. Antiquity xxxv (1961), pl. xxxvGoogle Scholar.

^{page 176 note 5} Rescue excavation in advance of industrial development was directed for the Ministry of Public Building and Works by Mr. C. H. Houlder, who sent details; summary report, Antiquity XLII (1968), 216 ffGoogle Scholar.

^{page 176 note 6} Nash-Williams, V. E., The R. Frontier in Wales (1954), 52 ff.Google Scholar

^{page 176 note 7} Arch. Camb. 1857, 151.

^{page 176 note 8} Excavation for the Board of Celtic Studies and the Universities of Manchester and Newcastle upon Tyne was directed by Mr. C. M. Daniels, Dr. G. D. B. Jones and Mr. W. G. Putnam; details were sent by Dr. Jones. For the 1966 excavations see Montgomery Coll. LIX, parts 1–2 (1965–66), 112 ff. For three graffiti see below, pp. 212–3, nos. 59, 60, 63.

^{page 176 note 9} For the type cf. Antiquaries J. XLVI (1966), 178 ffGoogle Scholar. (Penmaen). Excavation for the Cambrian Archaeological Association and the Board of Celtic Studies was directed by Messrs. E. Talbot and B. Field; details from Mr. Talbot.

^{page 176 note 10} Excavation for the Ministry of Public Building and Works was directed by Mr. J. L. Davies, who sent details; interim report in Morgannwg XI (1967)Google Scholar, forthcoming.

^{page 176 note 11} Information from Mr. Davies, who excavated.

^{page 177 note 12} Information from Dr. M. G. Jarrett, who directed excavation for the Ministry of Public Building and Works; interim report in Morgannwg XI (1967)Google Scholar, forthcoming.

^{page 177 note 13} Nash-Williams, V. E., The R. Frontier in Wales (1954), 81, fig. 38, ‘H.M. Prison’.Google Scholar

^{page 177 note 14} Information from Mr. W. H. Manning, who directed the excavation for the Ministry of Public Building and Works and the University College of S. Wales and Monmouthshire.

^{page 177 note 15} Information from Mr. G. C. Boon, who directed the excavations for the Ministry of Public Building and Works and the National Museum of Wales. A report is in preparation for Arch. Camb. For a plan see Boon, G. C. and Williams, C., Plan of Caerleon (1967)Google Scholar.

^{page 177 note 16} Excavation by Mr. J. J. Robertson: summary report, Discovery and Excavation in Scotland 1967, 5.

^{page 178 note 17} Excavations were directed by Mr. J. D. Leach and Dr. J. J. Wilkes, who sent details; summary report, ibid. 42.

^{page 178 note 18} Excavation by the Archaeological and Historical Section of the Perthshire Society of Natural Science was directed by Mr. J. K. Thomson; summary report, ibid. 37.

^{page 178 note 19} Emergency excavation on behalf of the Ministry of Public Building and Works was directed by Miss A. S. Robertson; summary report, ibid. 36.

^{page 178 note 20} Glasgow Arch. Soc., Antonine Wall Report (1899), 84.

^{page 178 note 21} By sixth-formers of Daniel Stewart's College with the assistance of the Hunterian Museum; summary report, Discovery and Excavation in Scotland 1967, 24.

^{page 178 note 22} ibid. 52.

^{page 178 note 23} Macdonald, G., Roman Wall in Scotland (2nd ed., 1934), 193–4.Google Scholar

^{page 178 note 24} Miss A. S. Robertson directed an emergency excavation; summary report, Discovery and Excavation in Scotland 1967, 54.

^{page 178 note 25} By the George Watson's College Archaeological Society directed by Mr. I. G. Brown; summary report, ibid. 35.

^{page 178 note 26} Miller, S. N. (ed.), The R. Occupation of SW. Scotland (1952), 172 ff.Google Scholar

^{page 178 note 27} Excavation was by Mr. G. S. Maxwell for the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland, in whose Inventory of Lanarkshire it will be published. Summary report, Discovery and Excavation in Scotland 1967, 58.

^{page 178 note 28} RCAHM, County of Dumfries (1920), 94 ff.; Trans. Dumfriess. and Galloway N.H.A.S.³ XIII (1927), 46 ff.Google Scholar

^{page 178 note 29} The evidence thus far tends to confirm the suggestion that the Roman camps were practice siege-camps, similar in purpose to the practice siege works at Woden Law, Roxburghshire. Excavation by Mr. G. Jobey; summary report, Discovery and Excavation in Scotland 1967, 23.

^{page 179 note 30} Trans. Dumfriess. and Galloway N.H.A.S. XLI (1962–1963), 146 ffGoogle Scholar.

^{page 179 note 31} Information from Miss A. S. Robertson, who directed excavation by the Scottish Field School of Archaeology. For a sandstone slab with incised animal and cursive inscription see below, p. 209, no. 28.

^{page 179 note 32} Information from Mr. J. P. Gillam, who directed the excavation for the County Borough of South Shields, the Ministry of Public Building and Works, the University of Newcastle upon Tyne and the South Shields Archaeological Society.

^{page 179 note 33} Birley, E. B., Research on Hadrian's Wall (1961), 175 ff.Google Scholar; Bruce, J. C., Handbook to the R. Wall (12th ed., 1966), 99 ff.Google Scholar

^{page 179 note 34} Information from Mr. D. J. Breeze, who carried out the work for the Durham University Excavation Committee.

^{page 179 note 35} Details from Miss D. Charlesworth, who excavated for the Ministry of Public Building and Works.

^{page 179 note 36} Information from Mr. R. L. Bellhouse, whose report will appear in Cumb. & Westm. Trans. (n.s.) LXIX (1969)Google Scholar.

^{page 179 note 37} Excavation in advance of motorway construction was directed by Mr. A. L. Pacitto for the Ministry of Public Building and Works; summary report, Archaeological Excavations Report 1967 (H.M.S.O., 1968), 17. For thirteen tombstones, an inscribed colour-coated beaker and a graffito see below, pp. 208–9, 213–4, nos. 15–27, 71, 76.

^{page 180 note 38} Excavations were directed by Mr. B. R. Hartley and Professor S. S. Frere, who sent the plan and details.

^{page 180 note 39} Doncaster Evening Post, 18 September, 1967.

^{page 180 note 40} By Dr. A. Raistrick; summary report in C.B.A. Group 4, ‘Annual News-sheet 1967’.

^{page 180 note 41} As shown on the plan in H. Eckroyd Smith, Reliquiae Isurianae (1852). Information from Miss Dorothy Charlesworth, who directed the work for the Ministry of Public Building and Works.

^{page 182 note 42} Excavations were directed by J. Radley for the Royal Commission on Historical Monuments (England); summary report in C.B.A. Group 4, ‘Annual News-sheet 1967’.

^{page 182 note 43} Discovery by Mr. W. Frost was followed by excavation directed by Dr. R. M. Butler for the Royal Commission on Historical Monuments (England); summary report, ibid.

^{page 182 note 44} The finds and records are housed in Roman Malton Museum; information from Mr. T. G. Manby.

^{page 182 note 45} By employees of Hawker Siddeley, Ltd.; reported by Mr. J. Radley in C.B.A. Group 4, ‘Annual News-sheet 1967’ For the previous excavations see Corder, P., The R. Pottery at Throlam, Holme-upon-Spalding-Moor (1930)Google Scholar.

^{page 182 note 46} Excavation by Messrs. J. Bartlett and R. Mackey of Hull Museums; summary report in C.B.A. Group 4, ‘Annual News-sheet 1967’.

^{page 182 note 47} R.C.H.M., Eburacum (1962), 16 ff.Google Scholar Summary report by Mr. Radley in C.B.A. Group 4, ‘Annual News-sheet 1967’.

^{page 182 note 48} cf. Eburacum, 38. Information from Mr. H. G. Ramm, who directed excavations in 1967–68 for the Royal Commission on Historical Monuments (England). For a fragment of a tombstone and for stamped tiles see below, pp. 208, 211, nos. 13, 43.

^{page 182 note 49} Eburacum, 101 ff.; Excavations at Trentholme (Yorks) (H.M.S.O., 1968), forthcoming. Excavations (iii) and (iv) were directed by Mr. L. P. Wenham; summary reports in C.B.A. Group 4, ‘Annual News-sheet 1967’.

^{page 182 note 50} May's excavations are conveniently summarized in Thompson, F. H., R. Cheshire (1965), 67 ff.Google Scholar, and especially fig. 17.

^{page 182 note 51} Information and plans from Mr. J. H. Williams, who directed excavation for the Ministry of Public Building and Works.

^{page 183 note 52} Annals of Arch, and Anth. XXIV (1937), 165Google Scholar.

^{page 183 note 53} Excavations were directed by Messrs. A. Brown, J. B. Leaning and J. H. Little for the Ministry of Public Building and Works; information from Mr. Leaning.

^{page 183 note 54} Similar to that excavated at Middlewich in 1960: Thompson, o.c. (n. 50), 96, fig. 27.

^{page 183 note 55} The work was carried out by the Mid-Cheshire College of Further Education and directed by Mr. J. B. Curzon; interim report, C.B.A. Group 5, ‘Archaeological Newsletter’ no. 10 (September, 1967), 5.

^{page 183 note 56} Excavations for the Grosvenor Museum, Chester, were directed by Mr. D. F. Petch, who sent details.

^{page 183 note 56a} Chester Arch. J. (n.s.) XXXIV (1939), 5 ffGoogle Scholar. Information from Mr. J. V. H. Eames, who directed excavations for the University of Liverpool.

^{page 184 note 57} Excavation for the Ministry of Public Building and Works was directed by Mr. F. H. Thompson, who sent the photographs and details. For five inscribed stones and a mortarium with graffito see below, pp. 207–8, 213, nos. 8–12, 72.

^{page 184 note 58} Excavation by Messrs. M. Brassington, A. E. Cook, K. Mann and J. Potts; information from Mr. Brassington.

^{page 184 note 59} Excavation by the Derbyshire Archaeological Society was directed by Mr. D. Reaney, who sent details.

^{page 184 note 60} Excavation for the Ministry of Public Building and Works was directed by Dr. I. M. Stead, who sent information.

^{page 184 note 61} Information from Mr. J. May, who directed excavations for the Dragonby Excavation Committee with Mr. C. D. Long.

^{page 184 note 62} Excavation for the Lincoln Archaeological Research Committee was directed by Mr. J. B. Whitwell, who sent information.

^{page 184 note 63} Arch. J. CIII (1947), 20Google Scholar, with fig. 1.

^{page 184 note 64} Excavations for the University of Nottingham were directed by Messrs M. W. Barley, J. May, M. Todd and D. R. Wilson.

^{page 184 note 65} Information from Mr. R. A. G. Carson; publication forthcoming in Num. Chron.

^{page 186 note 66} Oswald, F., The Commandant's House at Margidunum (1948), and Excavation of a Traverse at Margidunum (1952).Google Scholar

^{page 186 note 67} Emergency excavations for the Ministry of Public Building and Works were directed by Mr. M. Todd, who sent the plan and details.

^{page 186 note 68} Information from Miss J. E. Mellor, who excavated for the City of Leicester Museums.

^{page 186 note 69} Trans. Leics. A. & H.S. XL (1964–1965), 3 ffGoogle Scholar.

^{page 186 note 70} Information from Mr. E. Greenfield, who directed excavation, before road works, for the Ministry of Public Building and Works.

^{page 186 note 71} Excavation by the Keele and Newcastle Archaeological Society was directed by Mr. F. H. Goodyear; information from Prof. J. M. T. Charlton.

^{page 186 note 72} JRS LII, 168, fig. 16 (section AB); Trans. Birmingham A.S. LXXIX (1964), 13Google Scholar.

^{page 186 note 73} JRS LVII, 185; Trans. Lichfield & S. Staffs. A.H.S. VIII (1966–1967), 3fGoogle Scholar. with fig. 1 (showing outline of fort as so far known or inferred). Excavation for the Lichfield and South Staffordshire Archaeological Society was directed by Mr. A. A. Round; summary report, ‘W. Midlands Arch. News Sheet’ no. 10 (1967), 15.

^{page 187 note 74} Excavation by the Shrewsbury Archaeological Research Group was directed by Dr. A. W. J. Houghton; summary report, ‘W. Midlands Arch. News Sheet’ no. 10 (1967), 21. For the town defences see Trans. Birmingham A.S. LXXVIII (1962), 27 ffGoogle Scholar.

^{page 187 note 75} Excavation by the Wroxeter Training School was directed by Dr. G. Webster; summary report, ‘W. Midlands Arch. News Sheet’ no. 10 (1967), 25. For a recent plan of the Baths see Ant.J. XLVI (1966), 231Google Scholar, fig. 1; for two bone counters see below, p. 210, nos. 32, 34.

^{page 187 note 76} The work was directed by Mr. W. E. Jenks for the Shrewsbury Archaeological Society; summary report, ‘W. Midlands Arch. News Sheet’ no. 10 (1967), 23.

^{page 187 note 77} By Dr. G. D. B. Jones and Mr. W. G. Putnam, who sent details.

^{page 187 note 78} Excavation for the Woolhope Naturalists' Field Club was directed by Mr. S. C. Stanford; summary report, ibid. 24.

^{page 187 note 79} Observation and occasional excavations were carried out by Mr. P. A. Barker; summary report, ibid. 9.

^{page 187 note 80} Trans. Birmingham A.S. LXIV (1946), 39 ffGoogle Scholar.

^{page 187 note 81} Excavations for the Ministry of Public Building and Works were directed by Messrs. L. H. Barfield and R. A. Tomlinson; summary report, ‘W. Midlands Arch. News Sheet’ no. 10 (1967), 7.

^{page 187 note 82} Trans. Birmingham A.S. LVIII (1934), 68 ff.Google Scholar; LXXII (1954), 1 ff.

^{page 187 note 83} Emergency excavation by the Birmingham Archaeological Society Field Group was directed by Mr. R. T. Rowley; summary report, ‘W. Midlands Arch. News Sheet’ no. 10 (1967), 4 f.

^{page 188 note 84} Excavation for the Alcester Excavation Committee were directed by Mr. U. Place; summary report, ibid. 2 f.

^{page 188 note 85} Information from Mr. R. A. G. Carson; report forthcoming in Num. Chron. The antoniniani have been acquired by Warwick County Museum; the sestertii remain the property of the land-owner.

^{page 188 note 86} Work by the Coventry and District Archaeological Society was directed by Mr. Place; summary report, ‘W. Midlands Arch. News Sheet’ no. 10 (1967), 10.

^{page 188 note 87} Arch. J. CXXI (1965), 18Google Scholar, with fig. 10 (site 71).

^{page 188 note 88} Excavation in advance of gravel digging was directed by Mrs. M. Gray for the Avon-Severn Valleys' Research Project; summary report, ‘W. Midlands Arch. News Sheet’ no. 10 (1967), 6.

^{page 188 note 89} Excavation by Mr. K. Scott; summary report, ibid. 19 f.

^{page 188 note 90} Excavation for the Herbert Art Gallery and Museum, Coventry, was directed by Mr. B. Hobley, who sent the plan; summary report, ibid. 12 f.

^{page 188 note 91} Information from Mr. S. J. Taylor, who directed excavation for the Ministry of Public Building and Works.

^{page 188 note 92} Excavations by the Rugby Archaeological Society were directed by Messrs. H. Cameron and J. Lucas; summary report, ibid. 20.

^{page 188 note 93} Including the Soke of Peterborough, formerly in Northamptonshire.

^{page 188 note 94} A mosaic pavement discovered on this site is illustrated by Artis, E. T., The Durobrivae of Antoninus (1828), pl. XXIV.Google Scholar Information from Mr. G. F. Dakin.

^{page 189 note 95} Excavation for the Nene Valley Research Committee was directed by Prof. S. S. Frere, who sent the plan, and Dr. J. K. St Joseph; summary report, Excavations Annual Report 1967 (H.M.S.O., 1968), 35.

^{page 190 note 96} Excavation by the Archaeological Field Section of the Peterborough Museum Society, for whom Mr. Dakin sent details; see also ‘Bulletin of the Northants. Federation of Archaeological Societies’ no. 2 (1967), 14 ff.

^{page 191 note 97} Excavation for the Nene Valley Research Committee was directed by Mr. G. B. Dannell; summary report, ibid. 18 f.

^{page 191 note 98} Excavation for the Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology of the University of Cambridge was carried out by Miss M. Cra'ster; information from Mr. P. G. M. Dickinson.

^{page 191 note 99} Excavations by Cambridge undergraduates and senior pupils of Huntingdon Grammar School were directed by Dr. W. H. C. Frend and Mr. J. Mills; information from Dr. Frend. For a fragment of inscribed wall-plaster and a tile with graffito see below, pp. 211, 212, nos. 42, 52.

^{page 192 note 100} Excavation in 1966 for the Ministry of Public Building and Works was directed by Mr. S. J. Taylor, who sent the plan and details.

^{page 192 note 101} The site was observed by Mr. D. Jackson, who directed excavations for the Ministry of Public Building and Works with Dr. J. A. Alexander, who furnished details.

^{page 192 note 102} Information from Mr. P. J. Woods, who excavated for Northampton Museum; see also ‘Bulletin of the Northants. Federation of Archaeological Societies’ no. 2 (1967), 7 f.

^{page 192 note 103} Excavations by members of the Upper Nene Archaeological Society and the Northamptonshire Natural History Society were directed by Mr. Woods for Northamptonshire County Council; information from Mr. Woods.

^{page 192 note 104} Margary, I. D., R. Roads in Britain (2nd ed., 1967), 163 (Road 160b).Google Scholar

^{page 192 note 105} Excavation for the Ministry of Public Building and Works was directed by Mr. E. Greenfield, who sent details.

^{page 192 note 106} Information and plan from Dr. A. R. Hands, who excavated with Mr. C. Brodribb. For sites A and D see A. C. C. Brodribb, A. R. Hands and D. R. Walker, Excavations at Shakenoak I (privately printed, 1968; obtainable from Dr. Hands, Exeter College, Oxford).

^{page 192 note 107} The finds Were made by members of Bletchley Archaeological and Historical Society during observation of the trench for a gas pipeline. The coins were declared Treasure Trove; five were bought by the British Museum; the remainder, together with the tools, are in the Buckinghamshire County Museum, Aylesbury. Information from Mr. R. A. G. Carson, whose report will appear in Num. Chron., and Mr. C. N. Gowing.

^{page 193 note 108} Information from Mr. K. Branigan, who directed excavations for the Chess Valley Archaeological Society.

^{page 193 note 109} Excavation by Miss N. Tarrant for the Buckinghamshire County Museum; information from Mr. Gowing.

^{page 194 note 110} Archaeologia XXXIV (1852), 394 ff.Google Scholar; xxxv(1853), 56 ff.

^{page 194 note 111} Excavation for the Hemel Hempstead Excavation Society and the Ministry of Public Building and Works was directed by Mr. J. R. Collis; summary report, Archaeological Excavations Report 1967 (H.M.S.O., 1968), 15.

^{page 194 note 112} Excavations for the Hemel Hempstead Excavation Society were directed by Mr. D. S. Neal, who sent details and the photograph.

^{page 194 note 113} Excavations for the Ministry of Public Building and Works were directed by Dr. I. M. Stead, who sent information.

^{page 194 note 114} Excavation for Verulamium Museum was directed by Dr. I. Anthony; summary report, Excavations Annual Report 1967 (H.M.S.O., 1968), 35.

^{page 194 note 115} Antiquaries J. XVIII (1938), 339 ffGoogle Scholar. Excavations by the Lockleys Archaeological Society at (i) and (ii) were directed by Mr. A. G. Rook, who sent the plan and information. For monumental bronze letters recovered at Dicket Mead in 1966 see JRS LVII, 203.

^{page 194 note 116} Excavation by the Braughing Hundred Archaeological Group was directed by Mr. B. Barr, who sent details. The Braughing—Harlow Roman road was sectioned and a fourth-century kiln excavated on the same site in 1964 (JRS LV, 211, under Standon).

^{page 194 note 117} Excavations by the Cambridge and London Extra-Mural Departments' Summer School were directed by Dr. J. Alexander, Mr. R. A. H. Farrar and Dr. D. Trump, who sent details.

^{page 194 note 118} Excavation by Dr. A. K. Knowles. Information from Miss B. Green of the Castle Museum, Norwich.

^{page 194 note 119} Excavation by Mr. A. C. Langley, who retains one of the pieces; the remainder are in the Castle Museum, Norwich. Information from Miss Green.

^{page 194 note 120} Information from Miss E. Owles, who excavated for Ipswich Museum at both sites.

^{page 194 note 121} Margary, I. D., R. Roads in Britain (2nd ed., 1967), 266 (Road 340).Google Scholar

^{page 196 note 122} Excavations for the Colchester Excavation Committee were directed by Miss B. R. K. Dunnett, who sent information. For seven pottery counters see below, p. 210, no. 33.

^{page 196 note 123} Vict. Co. Hist. Essex III (1963), 121 fGoogle Scholar.

^{page 197 note 124} Plan and details from Miss Dunnett, who directed excavations for the Colchester Excavation Committee.

^{page 197 note 125} ibid., 186; JRS LVII, 189 f.

^{page 197 note 126} Excavations by the Colchester Archaeological Research Group were directed by Mr. J. R. D. Blyth, who sent details.

^{page 197 note 127} Information from Mr. J. Tildesley, who excavated.

^{page 197 note 128} Excavation directed by Mr. W. J. Rodwell; summary report, C.B.A. Calendar of Excavations (summaries 1967), 5.

^{page 197 note 129} Excavations for the Ministry of Public Building and Works and the Mucking Excavation Committee were directed by Mrs. M. U. Jones; summary report in Excavations annual report 1967 (H.M.S.O.' 1968), 14.

^{page 197 note 130} A similar date is suggested by the filling in of the fort ditch c. A.D. 200 (JRS LVI, 210) and by the consistent character of deposits antedating the town-wall, e.g. at Warwick Square itself (JRS, LVII, 191), from which third-century pottery is always absent.

^{page 197 note 131} Merrifield, R., The R. City of London (1965), 317, G2.Google Scholar

^{page 197 note 132} Excavations for the Guildhall Museum were directed by Mr. P. R. V. Marsden; information from Mr. R. Merrifield.

^{page 197 note 133} Excavation was carried out by Mr. A. E. Brown, who sent a photograph and details, and Mr. H. L. Sheldon.

^{page 198 note 134} Information from Mrs. H. E. O'Neil, who directed excavations for the Ministry of Public Building and Works. For the earlier discoveries see Vict. Co. Hist. Glos. VI (1965), 35Google Scholar.

^{page 198 note 135} Information from Dr. G. Webster, who directed excavation for the Departmen t of Extra Mural Studies of the University of Birmingham. The discoveries made in 1967 are shown in JRS LVII, 192, fig. 15. For an inscribed stone see below, p. 206, no. 5.

^{page 198 note 136} Antiquaries J. XLII (1962), 12Google Scholar, fig. 5. Information from Mr. P. D. C. Brown, who directed excavations for the Cirencester Excavation Committee. A silver-gilt cockerel from Insula VII is illustrated as our pl. XVII, 3; for an inscribed stone and a piece of engraved glass see below, pp. 206, 210, nos. 3, 37. For the 1966 excavations see Antiquaries J. XLVII (1967), 185 ffGoogle Scholar.

^{page 198 note 137} The excavation was directed by Capt. H. S. Gracie, R.N. (ret'd), who sent the plan and details.

^{page 198 note 138} Excavation for the Department of Classics of the University of Bristol was directed by Mr. K. Branigan, who sent details. For the excavations of 1965–66 see Proc. Univ. Bristol Spelaeological Soc. XI no. 2 (1967), 126 ffGoogle Scholar.

^{page 198 note 139} Excavations were directed for the Bath Excavation Committee (i) by Professor B. Cunliffe, who sent information; (ii) by Mr. M. Owen, reported in C.B.A. Groups 12 and 13, Archaeological Review for 1967 (1968), 16.

^{page 198 note 140} Information from Mr. L. Alcock, who directed excavations for the Camelot Research Committee. For the excavations of 1966 see Antiquaries J. XLVII (1967), 70 ff.Google Scholar; for 1967, ibid. XLVIII (1968), 6 ff.

^{page 198 note 141} Excavation for the Department of Extra-Mural Studies of the University of Bristol was directed by Mr. P. J. Fowler; summary report, C.B.A. Groups 12 and 13, Archaeological Review for 1967 (1968), 16.

^{page 199 note 142} ibid. 16 f.

^{page 199 note 143} By Mr. D. J. Tomalin for Weston-super-Mare Museum.

^{page 199 note 144} By the Banwell Society of Archaeology under the direction of Mr. I. Tabrett

^{page 199 note 145} ibid. 16.

^{page 199 note 146} Excavations by the Yeovil School Archaeological Society were directed by Mr. L. C. Hayward; summary report, ibid. 17.

^{page 200 note 147} Information from Lady (Aileen) Fox, who directed excavations with Dr. W. Ravenhill. For an inscribed bronze weight and an amphora handle with graffito see below, pp. 210, 213, nos. 36, 69.

^{page 200 note 148} Information from Mr. R. A. G. Carson; report forthcoming in Num. Chron. The hoard has been acquired by the County Museum, Truro.

^{page 200 note 149} Information from Dr. G. Webster, who directed the excavation.

^{page 200 note 150} Information from Mr. E. H. Large, by courtesy of Mr. R. A. H. Farrar, who sent this and items (3–4). For the earlier discovery see Gentleman's Magazine, 1818, pt. i, 5 f.

^{page 201 note 151} Excavation by the Wimborne Historical Society under the direction of Mr. N. H. Field; summary report, C.B.A. Groups 12 and 13, Archaeological Review for 1967 (1968), 13.

^{page 201 note 152} Information from Mr. R. N. Peers.

^{page 201 note 153} JRS XXIX, 220; Lewis, M. J. T., Temples in Roman Britain (1966), 31, 75, 84.Google Scholar

^{page 201 note 154} Excavation by the Bath and Camerton Archaeological Society was directed by Mr. J. W. Wedlake; summary report, C.B.A. Groups 12 and 13, Archaeological Review for 1967 (1968), 18.

^{page 201 note 155} Information and photograph from Mr. C. N. Moore, who recognized the bust (now in Salisbury Museum) and obtained Prof. J. M. C. Toynbee's opinion of its age. The stone is identical with that used for the Winterslow head, for which see Toynbee, J. M. C., Art in Britain under the Romans (1964), pl. XXVII.Google Scholar

^{page 201 note 156} Excavation for the Department of Extra-Mural Studies of the University of Bristol was directed by Mr. P. J. Fowler, who sent details; interim report forthcoming in Wilts. Arch. Mag.

^{page 201 note 157} Information from Mr. E. Greenfield, who directed excavations for the Ministry of Public Building and Works.

^{page 201 note 158} Information from the excavator, Mr. A. T. Morley Hewitt.

^{page 202 note 159} Excavations for the Ministry of Public Building and Works were directed by Mrs. V. G. Swan, who sent the photograph and details.

^{page 202 note 160} Information from Mr. D. E. Johnston, who directed excavation from the Ministry of Public Building and Works.

^{page 202 note 161} Excavation of (i–iii) was directed by Mr. M. Biddle for the Winchester Excavation Committee; excavation of (iv) was by Winchester College directed by Mr. G. N. Clarke; summary report, C.B.A. Groups 12 and 13, Archaeological Review for 1967 (1968), 16, 19. For the excavations of 1966 see Antiquaries J. XLVII (1967), 251 ff.Google Scholar; for 1967, ibid. XLVIII (1968), forthcoming.

^{page 202 note 162} Information from Mr. J. R. Collis, who directed excavations for the Hampshire Field Club and the Ministry of Public Building and Works; interim report, Antiquaries J. XLVIII (1968), 18 ffGoogle Scholar.

^{page 202 note 163} Excavation was directed by Prof. B. Cunliffe, who sent details.

^{page 202 note 164} Excavations for the Chichester Civic Society were directed by Mr. A. Down, who sent details of items (1–3).

^{page 202 note 165} Vict. Co. Hist. Sussex III (1935), 50Google Scholar.

^{page 203 note 166} Information from Mrs. M. H. Rule, who directed excavations for the Ministry of Public Building and Works.

^{page 203 note 167} Information from Dr. W. H. C. Frend, who excavated.

^{page 203 note 168} Information from Prof. B. Cunliffe, who directed excavations for the Chichester Civic Society; interim report, Antiquaries J. XLVIII (1968), 32 ffGoogle Scholar. For part of a column drum with graffito see below, p. 206, no. 2.

^{page 203 note 169} Information from Mr. Down, who directed the excavations for Chichester Civic Society.

^{page 203 note 170} Information from Mr. H. F. Cleere, who directed excavations.

^{page 203 note 171} Information from the Viscountess Hanworth, who directed excavations.

^{page 205 note 172} Excavation by the Nonsuch and Ewell Antiquarian Society was directed by Mr. R. Caws, who sent information.

^{page 205 note 173} Archaeologia XXXVI (1855), 120 ff.Google Scholar; Arch. Cant. LXIX (1955), 96 ffGoogle Scholar.

^{page 205 note 174} Excavation and restoration by the West Kent Archaeological Group were directed by Mr. B. J. Philp, who sent details.

^{page 205 note 175} Excavations by the Gravesend Historical Society were directed by Mr. W. S. Penn, who sent details.

^{page 205 note 176} Excavations for the Eccles Excavation Committee were directed by Mr. A. P. Detsicas, who sent the plan and information. For two graffiti see below, p. 213, nos. 74, 75.

^{page 205 note 177} As proposed in Arch. Cant. IX (1874), pp. lxxviii–lxxixGoogle Scholar; doubted, JBAA XXXI (1875), 249 ffGoogle Scholar.

^{page 205 note 178} Excavations for the Sittingbourne and Swale Archaeological Research Group were directed by Sir Eric Fletcher, Mr. D. Jackson and Lt.-Col. G. W. Meates; details from Col. Meates.

^{page 206 note 179} Emergency excavation before redevelopment was directed for the Ministry of Public Building and Works by Mr. J. H. Williams, who sent details.

^{page 206 note 180} Excavation by the Reculver Excavation Group was directed by Mr. B. J. Philp, who sent information.

^{page 206 note 181} Excavations for the Stour Valley Research Group were directed by Mr. F. Jenkins, who sent the plan and details.

^{page 206 note 1} When measurements are quoted the width precedes the height. RIB means R. G. Collingwood and R. P. Wright, The Roman Inscriptions of Britain, vol. 1 (Oxford, 1965), cited by item-numbers.

^{page 206 note 2} After the surface had been cleaned for repointing the text was noticed by the Architect to the Dean and Chapter of Winchester, Mr. W. J. Carpenter Turner, who sent details, a photograph and a squeeze; later drawn by the present writer. It is in the 4th course above the footings, 42 in. E. of the E. jamb of the walled-up doorway facing the W. walk of the Cloisters.

^{page 206 note 3} Professor B. W. Cunliffe sent details and a photograph. Not yet seen by the present writer.

^{page 206 note 4} Mr. P. D. C. Brown provided details and a squeeze.

^{page 206 note 5} For the two gauges see Brown, and McWhirr, , Ant. J. XLVII (1967), 190Google Scholar.

^{page 206 note 6} Now in Gloucester City Museum. Details and a photograph supplied by Mr. J. Rhodes, who made available to the present writer this item and nos. 41, 48, 49, 51, 54, 55, 57.

^{page 206 note 7} Dr. G. Webster sent details, squeezes and a photograph. The name Firminus is well attested, but its connection with this villa is unknown. In Arch. Review 11 (1967), 14Google Scholar it has been suggested that it was ‘possibly the name of the building contractor’.

^{page 207 note 8} Although the linguistic evidence places this inscription in the latter half of the fifth century it has seemed advisable to include it among this year's discoveries from Roman Britain because there is such a paucity of evidence from Roman sites for this transitional period. For a full discussion only summarised here see ProfessorJackson, K. and Wright, R. P., Ant. J. XLVIII (1968)Google Scholar, forthcoming.

^{page 207 note 9} Grid ref. SJ 568091, about 575 yds. NE. of the NE. angle of the Forum at Wroxeter (Arch. LXXXVIII, pl. LXVIII). The farmer, Mr. C. V. Everall, notified Dr. A. W. J. Houghton, F.S.A., who took it into safekeeping and provided details, photographs and a squeeze and made it available to the present writer for inspection.

^{page 207 note 10} Dr. G. Webster in correspondence emphasized how the latest levels have been extensively disturbed and could cite no artifacts datable to the fifth century. Mr. P. A. Barker is about to record in Medieval Archaeology XII a timber-and-wattle building excavated in 1966 in the Insula of the Baths. Whereas the pottery and coins belong to the fourth century, he considers that the plan seems to show Germanic rather than Celtic antecedents, with remarkable resemblance to later longhouses. It is to be hoped that further excavation and chance discoveries may help fill this lacuna in our knowledge of the fifth century.

^{page 207 note 11} RIB 721 (Ravenscar). Nash-Williams, Early Christian Monuments of Wales, no. 104 (Penmachno).

^{page 207 note 12} Found among rubble drawn from the churchyard at Staunton-on-Arrow, 8 miles W. of Leominster (grid ref. SO 368602). Major T. Douglas Ross sold it at Sotheby and Co's sale on 29th January, 1968, as lot 62 to Mr. Donald Nicholas. Mr. K. S. Painter provided details and photographs; for his full discussion see Woolhope Naturalists Field Club (1968), forthcoming. Mr. S. E. Ellis, of the British Museum (Natural History), identified the stone as probably one of the Cotswold freestones, almost certainly from eastern Gloucestershire or southern Worcestershire. For the cult of Mercury see Toynbee, J. M. C., Art in Britain under the Romans, 70–73Google Scholar. For horned deities in the Cotswold and Severn areas see Ross, Anne, Pagan Celtic Britain, 139–143Google Scholar.

^{page 207 note 13} Mr. F. H. Thompson conducted the excavation for the Ministry of Public Building and Works, provided details of items 8–12 and made this item and no. 72 available. Mr. D. F. Petch provided details and squeezes of nos. 9–12. In no. 8 the letters are in l. 1 ¾ in., in l. in., and l. 3 2½ in. high.

^{page 208 note 14} The stone remains in position. For Refidius see CIL III 1652, 3869; XIII, 11837. For a centurial sign resembling a Z see RIB 1709 (Chesterholm).

^{page 208 note 15} The letters are 5 in. high. The stone remains in position.

^{page 208 note 16} Now deposited in the Grosvenor Museum.

^{page 208 note 17} For the Royal Commission on Historical Monuments Mr. H. G. Ramm sent details, squeezes and a photograph. Drawn by the present writer. The left margin is broken and the upper margin is broken somewhat aslant. The right margin seems to be intact as if the rest of the text came on a second stone. The lower margin forms the original base.

For secus governing the accusative see RIB 695 (York) and 369 (Caerleon). Heres sec(undus) seldom occurs in this order and seems much less likely. For Gaudentius see CIL VIII, 9091, 20873; XII, 1273; XIII, 1880, 11880. Gaudens is much less frequent.

^{page 208 note 18} For the Ministry of Public Building and Works Mr. A. L. Pacitto excavated this area before the construction of the A 66 motorway, and Miss D. Charlesworth sent details. The present writer has drawn this group of items (nos. 15–18, 20, 23–27) at Brougham Castle. Each one is on red sandstone.

The slab had been broken up to form a cist. D ET M seem to be D(is) et m(emoriae); see CIL XIII, 11142. If M(anibus) was omitted through juxtaposition with m(emoriae) it may have been D(is Manibus) et m(emoriae); for an omission of M(anibus) see CIL XIII, 3244. Nittiunis seems to be unmatched; CIL XII, 162 has Nitiogenna. If the coniux, Talio, is masculine the name of the partner will be feminine. For Talio on a patera see EE VII, 1168.

^{page 208 note 19} Mr. A. Priestman sent details and made it available; drawn by the present writer. Retained by Mr. J. S. Slack, Brougham Castle Farm, Brougham.

^{page 209 note 20} This item and no. 22 (below) were made available for drawing by Mr. A. Priestman, Dick Close, Brougham.

^{page 209 note 21} See n. 20 (above) for details of discovery and present location.

For Tata as masculine see ILS 7884, and in Greek as feminine, Bean and Harrison, JRS LVII (1967), 41, no. 3. In 1. 2 RQ may be either pater, mater, frater or soror with enclitic q(ue).

^{page 209 note 22} The excavation for the Scottish Field School of Archaeology was directed by Miss A. S. Robertson, who sent details, photographs and a squeeze. L. Laing, in Current Archaeology no. 5 (1967), 113, interprets the carving as a dog.

^{page 209 note 23} For Locus Maponi see Richmond, and Crawford, , Arch, XCIII (1949), 39Google Scholar. Holder, Altceltischer Sprachschatz, s.v. Maponus, cites a charter of c. 1090 for the spelling Mabonus.

^{page 209 note 24} On the cult of a horned serpent on Hadrian's Wall and in the North West see A. Ross, Pagan Celtic Britain, 344–5, pl. 83b, for a crested serpent from Maryport and a serpent on the side of an altar to the Vitires from Carvoran and on an uninscribed one from Chesters.

^{page 209 note 25} Grid ref. NS 852812. Mr. G. S. Maxwell provided details, photographs and a squeeze. Found by Mr. W. Aitken; now in the Falkirk Burgh Museum.

^{page 210 note 26} Now in the Library of the Army Apprentices College, Hadrian's Camp, Carlisle, where Colonel J. M. Kneen made it available for drawing. For a second inscription from the site see JRS LIII (1963), 161Google Scholar, no. 10.

^{page 210 note 27} By contractors of the Yorkshire Ouse and Hull River Board at grid ref. SE 874257. Now in Hull Museum; Mr. J. Bartlett provided details, a photograph and a squeeze. Roman material dating c. 150–37o has been observed beside the find-spot, including samian, colour-coated ware, Dales ware, mortaria, glass and building stone: Bartlett, , Derbs. ASJ LXXXVII (1967), 167Google Scholar.

^{page 210 note 28} JRS LVII (1967), 206Google Scholar, no. 21, pl. XX, 1.

^{page 210 note 29} Dr. G. Webster submitted it. For the omission of ‘n’ in Calendae see ILCV 2572, 3572, 4455.

^{page 210 note 30} Miss R. Dunnett submitted the items for Colchester Excavation Committee and supplied details. The counters were lying loose in a small heap in the filling of a sealed rubbish pit of the late second or early third century. The pit lay in Insula 24 of the Roman town and 125 ft. E. of the town wall.

^{page 210 note 31} Dr. G. Webster made it available.

^{page 210 note 32} Now in the National Museum of Wales, Cardiff. Mr. J. M. Lewis sent it for drawing. See Lewis, Arch. Camb. (1966), 85, fig. 6A. For the symbols see Hultsch, F., Metrolog. Script. Reliquiae (Leipzig, 1866), p. xxviiGoogle Scholar.

^{page 210 note 33} Lady Fox sent the object for study. For the semi-permanent fort on Tregear Farm, Nanstallon, 2 miles W. of Bodmin, see JRS LVI (1966), 213Google Scholar, and pp. 199–200 (above), and Fox, Aileen and Ravenhill, W. L. D., Cornish Archaeology 6 (1967), 32–34Google Scholar. The block was the more northerly of the pair NE. of the headquarter's building. Found in a hearth with bits of a crucible and slag.

If the weight, which is only slightly corroded, is a fraction of the Roman ‘libra’ of 5050 gr(ains) it is 13.5 Per cent short of the norm (210.5 gr.). But on the basis of the Celtic ‘libra’ of 4770 gr. it is only 8.4 per cent short of the norm (198.75 gr.).

^{page 210 note 34} For a similar bowl from Wint Hill, Somerset, see JRS XLVII (1957), 232Google Scholar, pl. XIV, and for full discussion Harden, D. B., Journ. of Glass Studies II (1960), 45Google Scholar. Mr. P. D. C. Brown sent it for study; now in the Corinium Museum.

^{page 210 note 35} Miss D. Charlesworth submitted it from the excavation directed by Mr. J. D. Dagg for the Ministry of Public Building and Works. Dr. D. B. Harden suggests that it is part of a flask depicting a harbour scene; see Kisa, Glas im Alt., 640, fig. 244; (R. W. Smith), Glass from the Ancient World (Corning, 1957). 172, no. 353.

^{page 211 note 36} Mr. J. B. Whitwell, Keeper of the City and County Museum, Lincoln, drew attention to the inscription and carving and supplied a photograph and details to Dr. Anne Ross whose report is quoted here. Grid ref. TA 09491146. The object remains with Mr. A. W. Harrison, 16 North St., Winterton, Scunthorpe, Lincs.

^{page 211 note 37} JRS LVII (1967), 207Google Scholar, no. 25, pl. XVIII, 2.

^{page 211 note 38} Coarse sherds suggest a Hadrianic or early Antonine date for the filling of the ditch, see Gould, Lichfield and S. Staffs. Arch, and Hist. Soc. Trans. VIII (1966–7), 9, 37. Mr. J. Gould sent it for recording. Although the impression, especially for the left-hand figure, is worn, it seems to match the example from Wroxeter (Arch. Camb. 93, 1938, 265Google Scholar with fig.).

^{page 211 note 39} See n. 6 (above).

^{page 211 note 40} Mr. K. S. Painter sent details and a photograph. The excavator, Dr. W. H. C. Frend, made it available and also no. 52 (below).

^{page 211 note 41} Mr. H. G. Ramm sent details and rubbings. For the type in (a) see JRS LII (1962), 197Google Scholar, no. 36, on a ‘tegula’.

^{page 211 note 42} Found by Mr. J. C. Thompson at the SW. corner of a small covert 470 yds. SE. of the fort (grid ref. NY 863708). Mr. E. W. Sockett gave details and made it available. The die is the same as JRS LIV (1964), 182Google Scholar, no. 24a.

^{page 211 note 43} Mr. A. H. Reed supplied details and made the items available.

^{page 211 note 44} Mr. G. Brodribb sent rubbings and squeezes.

^{page 212 note 45} Mr. A. H. Reed made these items available.

^{page 212 note 46} For details see n. 6 (above); Mr. M. W. C. Hassall and Mr. J. F. Rhodes sent their detailed report and the latter a set of photographs.

^{page 212 note 47} See no. 4 (above). For the stamp see EE IX, 1288; Haverfield, , V.C.H. Som. 1, 285Google Scholar.

^{page 212 note 48} Mrs. Clifford directed excavations for the Ministry of Works; see Clifford, Elsie M., Bristol and Glos. AST LXXX (1961), 45Google Scholar, pl. IV b, fig. 4, 11. This is a variant of JRS XLV (1955), 70Google Scholar, no. 8(b).

^{page 212 note 49} See n. 40 (above).

^{page 212 note 50} Grid ref. SK 792904. Submitted by Mr. B. R. Minnitt; retained by Mr. P. J. Mason, owner of the farm.

^{page 212 note 51} See n. to no. 4 (above).

^{page 212 note 52} See n. to no. 4 (above).

^{page 212 note 53} After a sequence of owners it was given to Mr. C. M. Daniels, F.S.A., who submitted it.

^{page 212 note 54} See n. to no. 4 (above).

^{page 212 note 55} Dr. G. Webster submitted it.

^{page 212 note 56} Found in the slot of a dismantled timber building of the second period (late first to early second century). Mr. C. M. Daniels submitted it. Binio seems to be a diminutive of Binius (see RIB 1806, Carvoran).

^{page 212 note 57} It belongs to the third period, or the first in stone, dating from mid-second century or later. Mr. C. M. Daniels submitted it.

^{page 213 note 58} Now in Worthing Museum; submitted with nos. 77, 78 (below) by Mis s K. J. Evans. For the excavation see JRS LV (1965), 226Google Scholar, n. 41.

^{page 213 note 59} Now in the Staffordshire County Museum Shugborough; sent by the Curator, Mr. G Wilding. Webster, N. Staffs F. Studies Jour. 2 (1962), 43Google Scholar, fig. 4, no. 3.

^{page 213 note 60} See n. to no. 60 (above).

^{page 213 note 61} Now in Guildhall Museum. Found in area numbered 263 on R. Merrifield's plan of Roman London.

^{page 213 note 62} Now in Guildhall Museum. Found in same area as no. 64 (above).

^{page 213 note 63} For the Rugby Archaeological Society Mr. H Cameron sent details and the object. For site-plan see Pearson, , Birm. A. S. Trans. 80 (1962, publ. 1965) 81Google Scholar; grid ref. SP 5352 7955.

^{page 213 note 64} Professor S. S. Frere made it available.

^{page 213 note 65} Mr. J. S. Wacher sent rubbings and squeezes. The cognomen Capito is well attested.

^{page 213 note 66} Lady Fox sent it for study. For the site see no. 36 (above).

^{page 213 note 67} Mr. C. J. S. Green sent details and a drawing; see Dorset NHASP LXXXIX (1968)Google Scholar, forthcoming. Now in Dorchester Museum. For the proposed restoration see CIL XIII, 10018, 134.

^{page 213 note 68} For the Ministry of Public Building and Works Miss D. Charlesworth made it available. The cist also contained a samian bowl, a grey-black flagon, fragments of a glass vessel and the cremation in a black vessel.

^{page 213 note 69} Mr. F. H. Thompson made it available.

^{page 213 note 70} Mrs. J. M. Leak sent details and Mr. J. D. Bestwick provided tracings for the Middlewich Archaeological Society.

^{page 213 note 71} Sent by Mr. A. P. Detsicas with no. 75 (below). Found in a rubbish deposit of the late second to early third century.

^{page 213 note 72} See n. 71 (above). Found in a deposit associated with the late-second-century ditch.

^{page 214 note 73} Miss D. Charlesworth submitted this find made by Mr. A. L. Pacitto.

^{page 214 note 74} JRS LV (1965), 228Google Scholar, no. 53. Miss K. J. Evans sent the item from Worthing Museum.

^{page 214 note 75} See n. 58 (above).

^{page 214 note 76} Mr. D. F. Petch sent full details, photographs and a squeeze. The stone has now been placed in Nantglyn Church.

^{page 214 note 77} Information from Miss J. Kewley.

^{page 214 note 78} RIB I, p. xviii.

^{page 214 note 79} JRS LV (1965), 222Google Scholar, no. 8; Arch. Ael.⁴ XLV 1967)Google Scholar, 16, no. 7.

^{page 214 note 80} Reported in a letter to Dr. A. R. Birley.

^{page 214 note 81} Davies, R. W., Epigraphische Studien 4 (1967), 108Google Scholar, discussing JRS LVI (1966), 218Google Scholar, no. 5. For Noricum see the diploma of A.D. 129–138, CIL XVI, 174.

^{page 214 note 82} R. G. Collingwood to V. E. Nash-Williams, 5 December, 1929; JRS XIX (1929), 217Google Scholar, no. 11; Boon, A. Camb. 1966, 55; after quoting a detailed note by Mrs. K. Hartley on mortaria he proposes that the term ‘legionary ware’ previously applied to this fabric should be amended to ‘Caerleon ware’.

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Roman Britain in 1967

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