Roman Britain in 1966

D. R. Wilson; R. P. Wright

doi:10.2307/299353

^{page 174 note 1} V. E. Nash-Williams, The R. Frontier in Wales (1954). 52 ff.

^{page 174 note 2} Information from Dr. G. D. B. Jones and Messrs. C. M. Daniels and W. G. Putnam, who excavated for the Board of Celtic Studies and the Universities of Manchester and Newcastle upon Tyne.

^{page 174 note 3} The camp was discovered by Mr. A. H. A. Hogg and surveyed by Dr. Jones; a joint report will appear in Bull. Bd. Celtic Studies XXI, pt. 3 (1967)Google Scholar.

^{page 174 note 4} Nash-Williams, o.c. (n. 1), 77.

^{page 174 note 5} Information from Mr. D. W. Crossley, who excavated for the Board of Celtic Studies and the Cambrian Archaeological Society.

^{page 174 note 6} Information from Mr. G. C. Boon of the National Museum of Wales; cf. ‘Archaeology in Wales’ no. 6 (1966), 13.

^{page 174 note 7} Information from Mr. J. L. Davies, who excavated for the Ministry of Public Building and Works; interim report, Morgannwg X (1966)Google Scholar, forthcoming.

^{page 174 note 8} Information from Mr. Davies.

^{page 174 note 9} Information from Dr. M. G. Jarrett, who directed excavations for the Ministry of Public Building and Works; interim report, Morgannwg X (1966)Google Scholar, forthcoming.

^{page 175 note 10} Information from Mr. J. L. Davies on behalf of the Abergavenny Archaeological Group.

^{page 175 note 11} Information from Mr. S. H. Clarke, who did the work.

^{page 175 note 12} Part of the portico was seen in 1957: JRS XLVIII, 132; Arch. Comb., 1964, 20 ff.

^{page 175 note 13} Information from Mr. G. C. Boon, who directed excavations for the Ministry of Public Building and Works.

^{page 175 note 14} Information from Mrs. L. Murray-Threipland, who directed excavations for the Ministry of Public Building and Works.

^{page 175 note 15} Information from Mr. J. J. Robertson, by courtesy of Dr. J. K. St Joseph.

^{page 175 note 16} Information from Miss A. S. Robertson, who conducted the excavation for the Hunterian Museum, the Smith Art Gallery and Museum and the Perthshire Society of Natural Science (Archaeology Section).

^{page 175 note 17} Excavation for the Ministry of Public Building and Works was directed by Miss Robertson, who sent details.

^{page 175 note 18} Excavation directed by Dr. J. J. Wilkes, who sent details.

^{page 175 note 19} Excavation in advance of quarrying was directed for the Ministry of Public Building and Works by Dr. Wilkes, who sent information.

^{page 176 note 20} Examination of the samian by Mr. B. R. Hartley has corrected the view that Flavian pieces were present (JRS LIV, 155).

^{page 176 note 21} Information from Dr. J. K. St Joseph, who excavated.

^{page 176 note 22} Information from Mr. G. S. Maxwell, who excavated for the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland.

^{page 177 note 23} Information from Miss A. S. Robertson, who directed excavation by the Scottish Field School of Archaeology.

^{page 177 note 24} E. B. Birley, Research on Hadrian's Wall (1961), III. Excavation for the Ministry of Public Building and Works was directed by Miss D. Charlesworth, who sent information.

^{page 177 note 25} I. A. Richmond, The R. Fort at S. Shields, a guide (1953), 4 (Granary II).

^{page 177 note 26} Information from Mr. J. P. Gillam, who directed the excavation for the County Borough of South Shields, the Ministry of Public Building and Works, the University of Newcastle upon Tyne and the South Shields Archaeological Society.

^{page 177 note 27} Cumb. & Westm. Trans. (n.s.) XXXVI (1936), 85 ff.Google Scholar; LVIII (1958), 63 ff. Information from Drs. A. R. Birley and M. G. Jarrett, who directed excavations for the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society. For a third-century tombstone, re-used in the paving of Period III, see below pp. 204–5, no. 14.

^{page 177 note 28} RCHM (England), Westmorland (1936), 54 f.

^{page 177 note 29} Information from Miss D. Charlesworth, who excavated for the Ministry of Public Building and Works. For five tombstone fragments and for a graffito see below, pp. 204, 210, nos. 9–13, 48.

^{page 179 note 30} Information from Mr. A. H. Whitaker, who directed excavations in 1963–6; report, Ryedale Historian III (1967)Google Scholar, forthcoming.

^{page 179 note 31} Information from Dr. I. M. Stead, who directed the excavation with Mr. A. Pacitto for the Ministry of Public Building and Works.

^{page 179 note 32} Excavation by boys of Bootham School; information from Mr. H. G. Ramm.

^{page 179 note 33} RCHM (England), Eburacum: R. York (1962), 3 (road 10); YAJ XLI (1965), 524 ffGoogle Scholar.

^{page 179 note 34} Excavation by the York Excavation Group was directed by Mr. D. S. Stewart, who sent details. For inscribed fragment of an amphora see below, p. 209, no. 44.

^{page 179 note 35} Excavation by the York Excavation Group was directed by Mr. H. Bowes; information from Mr. L. P. Wenham. For fragments of a ‘tegula’ see below, p. 208, no. 28.

^{page 179 note 36} Information from Mr. Ramm.

^{page 179 note 37} Information from Dr. I. M. Stead, who directed excavations with Mr. A. Pacitto for the Ministry of Public Building and Works.

^{page 179 note 38} The excavation was directed by the Rev. G. E. Stephens: Pateley Bridge Herald, 20th August, 1966.

^{page 179 note 39} Information from Mr. S. Jackson of Cartwright Hall Museum, Bradford. For carved stone heads in Roman Britain see Ross, A., Pagan Celtic Britain (1967), 73 ff.Google Scholar

^{page 179 note 40} Information from Dr. R. M. Butler, who excavated with Mr. J. Radley, both of the Royal Commission on Historical Monuments (England).

^{page 179 note 41} F. H. Thompson, R. Cheshire (1965), 67 ff.

^{page 179 note 42} Information from Mr. J. H. Williams, who excavated.

^{page 180 note 43} Information from Mr. D. F. Petch of the Grosvenor Museum, who did the work.

^{page 180 note 44} Chester Arch. J. (n.s.) XXIX (1932), 11–12Google Scholar; JRS LI, 166.

^{page 180 note 45} Excavation for the Ministry of Public Building and Works was directed by Mr. F. H. Thompson, who sent information and photographs. For the altar see below, p. 203, no. 5, and for two inscribed coping-stones from the arena-wall, pp. 203–4, nos. 6–7.

^{page 180 note 46} Thompson, o.c. (n. 41), 60 ff.

^{page 181 note 47} Excavation for the Chester Archaeological Society and the Grosvenor Museum was directed by Mr. R. A. Rutland; details by courtesy of Mr. Petch.

^{page 181 note 48} Thompson, o.c. (n. 41), 91 ff.

^{page 181 note 49} Excavation by Mr. J. D. Bestwick; details by courtesy of Mr. Petch.

^{page 181 note 50} Derbys. Arch. J. LXXXIII (1963), 1 ffGoogle Scholar.

^{page 181 note 51} Information from Mr. P. V. Webster, who excavated for the Ministry of Public Building and Works. For the plan of the mansio cf. Arch. Ael.^{page 181 note 4} V (1928), p. XIVGoogle Scholar (Benwell).

^{page 181 note 52} cf. Derbys. Arch. J. LIX (1938), 53 ff.Google Scholar; JRS XXX, 168.

^{page 181 note 53} cf. RIB 283 (c. A.D. 158).

^{page 181 note 54} Excavations for Manchester University were directed by Dr. G. D. B. Jones and Messrs. F. H. Thompson and J. P. Wild, who sent details; see Derbys. Arch. J. LXXXVI (1966), 99 ff.Google Scholar, and for the 1965 excavations ibid, LXXXV (1965), 123 ff.

^{page 181 note 55} ibid. LXXXI (1961), 85 ff.

^{page 181 note 56} Information from Mr. M. Todd, who excavated for the Ministry of Public Building and Works. See also below, p. 209, no. 45.

^{page 181 note 57} Information from Mr. J. May, who directed excavations for the Dragonby Excavation Committee.

^{page 181 note 58} Ant. J. XL (1960), 165–6Google Scholar and fig. 3 (site U).

^{page 181 note 59} By Mr. T. Richards; information from Mr. J. B. Whitwell.

^{page 181 note 60} Information from Mr. Whitwell, who directed excavations for the Lincoln Archaeological Research Committee.

^{page 181 note 61} Excavation by Mr. M. W. Ponsford, who sent details.

^{page 182 note 62} Excavations for the University of Nottingham were directed by Messrs. M. W. Barley, M. W. Ponsford, M. Todd and D. R. Wilson; information from Mr. J. May and Mr. Ponsford.

^{page 183 note 63} Information from Mr. M. W. Ponsford, who directed excavations for the Ministry of Public Building and Works.

^{page 183 note 64} Excavation by the RAF Syerston Archaeological Society; information from Mr. M. Todd.

^{page 183 note 65} Here actually in Car Colston parish.

^{page 183 note 66} cf. Oswald, F., Excavation of a Traverse of Margidunum (1952), 13 f.Google Scholar (‘South Outer Ditches III and IV’).

^{page 183 note 67} ibid. plates I–III.

^{page 183 note 68} Information from Mr. Todd, who directed excavations for the Ministry of Public Building and Works.

^{page 183 note 69} Information from Miss J. E. Mellor, who directed excavations for the City of Leicester Museums.

^{page 185 note 70} Corder, P. (ed.), The R. Town and Villa at Great Casterton III (1961), 50 ffGoogle Scholar.

^{page 185 note 71} Excavations for the Stamford Archaeological Research Committee and the Ministry of Public Building and Works were directed by Miss C. M. Mahany, who sent details.

^{page 185 note 72} Trans. N. Staffs. F.C. LXIII (1929), 98 ffGoogle Scholar. Excavations by the Keele and Newcastle Archaeological Society were directed by Mr. F. Goodyear; summary report, ‘W. Midlands Arch. News-Sheet’ no. 9 (1966), 8.

^{page 185 note 73} Excavations by the Lichfield and S. Staffs. Archaeological Society were directed by Messrs. J. Gould and A. A. Round; summary report, ibid. 9. For a mortar stamp see below, p. 209, no. 46.

^{page 185 note 74} Excavations for the Ministry of Public Building and Works were directed by Dr. G. D. B. Jones, who sent information.

^{page 185 note 75} Information from Dr. G. Webster, who directed work for the Ministry of Public Building and Works. For a graffito see below, p. 209, no. 41.

^{page 185 note 76} Information and photographs sent by Dr. A. W. J. Houghton.

^{page 185 note 77} Work by the Worcester City Archaeological Research Group was directed by Mr. P. A. Barker, who sent details. The 1961 excavation S. of the King's School (JRS LIII, 131) was done by the Severn Valley Research Group.

^{page 185 note 78} Excavations for the Alcester Excavation Committee were directed by Mr. U. Place; summary report, ‘W. Midlands Arch. News-Sheet’ no. 9 (1966), 2.

^{page 185 note 79} ibid. 2–3.

^{page 185 note 80} Proc. Coventry N.H.S. II (1951), 144 ffGoogle Scholar.

^{page 186 note 81} Excavation for Coventry Museum was directed by Mr. B. Hobley; summary report, ‘W. Midlands Arch. News-Sheet’ no. 9 (1966), 6 f.

^{page 186 note 82} Excavations by the Rugby Archaeological Society were directed by Messrs. H. Cameron and J. Lucas; summary report, ibid. 12, For a lead pig see below, p. 206, no. 21.

^{page 186 note 83} Excavation for the Nene Valley Research Committee was directed by Messrs. G. B. Danwell and J. P. Wild; information from Mr. G. F. Dakin.

^{page 186 note 84} Information from Mr. H. J. M. Green, who directed the excavations for the Ministry of Public Building and Works.

^{page 186 note 85} Vict. Co. Hist. Northants. I (1902), 197Google Scholar.

^{page 186 note 86} Information from Mrs. G. Brown, who directed excavations for Northampton County Council.

^{page 186 note 87} By Mr. P. J. Woods, who sent details; preliminary report, J. Northampton Museums and Art Gallery I (1967), 5Google Scholar.

^{page 186 note 88} Information from Mr. E. Greenfield, who directed excavations in 1965 and 1966 for the Ministry of Public Building and Works.

^{page 186 note 89} Information from Mr. Greenfield, who directed the excavation for the Ministry of Public Building and Works.

^{page 186 note 90} Information from Dr. A. R. Hands, who excavated with Mr. C. Brodribb.

^{page 188 note 91} Excavations for the Ministry of Public Building and Works were directed by Mr. K. Branigan.

^{page 188 note 92} Arch. XXXIV (1852), 394 ff.Google Scholar; XXXV (1853), 56 ff.

^{page 188 note 93} R. E. M. and T. V. Wheeler, Verulamium (1936), 105, no. 6.

^{page 188 note 94} Excavations at (1)–(3) for the Hemel Hempstead Excavation Society and the Ministry of Public Building and Works were directed by Mr. D. S. Neal, who sent information, plans and photographs.

^{page 188 note 95} Information from Dr. I. M. Stead, who directed excavations for the Ministry of Public Building and Works.

^{page 189 note 96} A similar fragment, bearing a tragic mask in place of a rosette, was found in 1965.

^{page 189 note 97} Excavations by the Cambridge and London Extra-Mural Departments' Summer School were directed by Dr. J. Alexander, Mr. R. A. H. Farrar and Dr. D. Trump, who sent details.

^{page 189 note 98} Information from Miss A. S. Mottram of King's Lynn Museum.

^{page 189 note 99} Excavation by Dr. A. K. Knowles.

^{page 189 note 100} Antiquity XLI (1967), 139 ff.Google Scholar, plate XVII b.

^{page 189 note 101} Details of items (2)–(4) were sent by Miss B. Green of Norwich Castle Museum.

^{page 189 note 102} cf. PPS XXXI (1965), 335Google Scholar, fig. 12, no. 101. Excavation by Dr. J. A. R. Debenham; information from Miss E. Owles of Ipswich Museum.

^{page 189 note 103} Excavations for the Colchester Excavation Committee were directed by Miss B. R. K. Dunnett, who sent details.

^{page 189 note 104} By the Colchester Archaeological Group; information from Miss Dunnett.

^{page 190 note 105} Excavation by the Colchester Archaeological Group was directed by Mr. J. Blyth; information from Miss Dunnett.

^{page 190 note 106} Information from Mrs. M. U. Jones, who directed excavations for the Ministry of Public Building and Works.

^{page 191 note 107} Information from Professor W. F. Grimes.

^{page 192 note 108} Excavation by the City of London Archaeological Society at sites (2), (3) and (5) were directed by Mr. P. R. V. Marsden; site (4) was observed by Mr. Marsden; information from Mr. R. Merrifield of Guildhall Museum. For a tile-stamp and a graffito from the Cannon St. site see below, pp. 208, 210, nos. 32, 51.

^{page 192 note 109} Information and plan from Dr. G. Webster, who excavated for the Department of Extra-Mural Studies of the University of Birmingham.

^{page 192 note 110} Ant. J. XLIII (1963), 22Google Scholar.

^{page 192 note 111} Ant. J. XLVI (1966), 244Google Scholar; with this tower cf. that in the Abbey grounds, ibid. 241 ff.

^{page 192 note 112} As was the Verulamium Gate: Ant. J. XLI (1961), 64Google Scholar.

^{page 194 note 113} Ant. J. XLIII (1963), 22Google Scholar, where, however, this feature was thought to be connected with drainage.

^{page 194 note 114} Information from Messrs. P. D. C. Brown and A. D. McWhirr, who directed excavations for the Cirencester Excavation Committee; interim report, Ant. J. XLVII (1967)Google Scholar, forthcoming. For a probable tombstone found on the Abbey site see below, p. 203, no. 1.

^{page 194 note 115} Details and drawing sent by Mr. E. Greenfield, who directed excavations for the Ministry of Public Building and Works.

^{page 195 note 116} RIC 315: this would seem to exclude construction under Ostorius Scapula.

^{page 195 note 117} Excavation and observation of (i) and (ii) for Gloucester City Museum and the Ministry of Public Building and Works were undertaken by Mrs. H. E. O'Neil and Messrs. M. W. C. Hassall, A. P. Garrod and J. F. Rhodes; of (iii) for Gloucester City Museum, by Messrs. B. Rawes and J. F. Rhodes. Information and photographs from Mr. Rhodes.

^{page 195 note 118} Details from Mr. M. G. Hebditch, who directed excavations for Bristol City Museum.

^{page 195 note 119} Information from Professor B. Cunliffe, who directed the excavations at Gatcombe for the University of Bristol and those at Bath for the Bath Excavation Committee.

^{page 195 note 120} R. E. M. Wheeler, Maiden Castle, Dorset (1943), 231 ff. fig. 72.

^{page 195 note 121} M. J. T. Lewis, Temples in R. Britain (1966), 127; for votive letters, ibid. 47; see also below, p. 203, no. 2. Excavation for the Camelot Research Committee was directed by Mr. L. Alcock, whose interim report is in Ant. J. XLVII (1967), 70 ffGoogle Scholar.

^{page 195 note 122} Excavation for the Wincanton Archaeological Group directed by Mr. J. Laidlaw; information from Mr. Alcock.

^{page 195 note 123} Information from Mr. P. J. Fowler, who directed the work for the Department of Extra-Mural Studies of the University of Bristol and the Bristol Archaeological Research Group.

^{page 196 note 124} Information from Lady (Aileen) Fox, who directed the work with Dr. W. Ravenhill.

^{page 196 note 125} Information from Dr. G. Webster, who directed the work; photograph by courtesy of Mr. R. N. R. Peers.

^{page 196 note 126} Directed by Mr. C. J. Bailey for the Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society; interim report and plan, Proc. Dorset N.H. & A.S. LXXXVIII (1966), 107–8Google Scholar.

^{page 196 note 127} Excavations by Mr. C. J. S. Green, who also reports seven inhumations found further E. in 1964, of which three were packed in gypsum inside coffins of lead or Ham Hill stone.

^{page 196 note 128} Excavation directed by Mrs. G. M. Aitken for the Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society.

^{page 196 note 129} Excavation by Mr. G. S. G. Toms. Notes on sites (2)–(5) were supplied through Mr. R. A. H. Farrar.

^{page 196 note 130} C. Thomas (ed.), Rural Settlement in R. Britain (1966), 58, fig. 7 (plan based on ground survey of E. edge of this settlement).

^{page 196 note 131} Details from Mr. P. J. Fowler, who directed excavations for the Department of Extra-Mural Studies of the University of Bristol; interim report in Wilts. Arch. Mag.

^{page 196 note 132} ibid. XLI (1921), 272 ff.

^{page 196 note 133} Information from Mr. E. Greenfield, who excavated for the Ministry of Public Building and Works.

^{page 196 note 134} Information from the excavator, Mr. A. T. Morley Hewitt.

^{page 198 note 135} Information, photograph and sketch-plan from Mr. D. E. Johnston, who directed excavations for the Ministry of Public Building and Works.

^{page 198 note 136} Information from Mr. M. Biddle, who directed the work for the Winchester Excavations Committee; interim report in Ant. J. XLVII (1967)Google Scholar, forthcoming. For the 1965 excavations, which yielded a fragment of Belgic coin-mould at the Cathedral Green, see ibid., XLVI (1966), 308 ff.

^{page 198 note 137} Information from Mr. J. R. Collis, who directed excavations with Mr. F. A. Aberg for the Hampshire Field Club and the Department of Extra-Mural Studies of the University of Southampton.

^{page 198 note 138} Information from Professor B. Cunliffe, who directed the work.

^{page 198 note 139} Information from Mr. G. Thomas, who excavated for Reading Museum.

^{page 198 note 140} Excavations (1)–(2) were directed for the Chichester Civic Society by Mr. A. Down, who sen the photograph and information.

^{page 198 note 141} Ant. J. XLV (1965), 2Google Scholar, with plate 1; JRS LV, 219.

^{page 198 note 142} Information from Professor B. Cunliffe, who directed excavations for the Chichester Civic Society; interim report, Ant. J. XLVII (1967), 51 ffGoogle Scholar.

^{page 198 note 143} Excavations for the Chichester Civic Society were directed by Mrs. M. H. Rule and Mr. A. Down; details and photograph from Mr. Down.

^{page 200 note 144} Vict. Co. Hist. Sussex III (1935), 13Google Scholar.

^{page 200 note 145} Excavation by the Tonbridge Historical Society Archaeological Group was directed by Mr. J. H. Money: Kent Archaeological Review no. 8 (May, 1967), 6.

^{page 200 note 146} JRS LII, 151, where the direction should read ‘SW.’

^{page 200 note 147} Excavation by the Viscountess Hanworth, who sent a plan and details.

^{page 200 note 148} Surrey Arch. Coll. XXXVII (1927), 144 ff.Google Scholar; XXXVIII (1929), 1 ff., 132 ff.

^{page 200 note 149} Information from Mr. J. N. Hampton.

^{page 200 note 150} Information from Mr. E. V. Ritson, who excavated for the Dartford Borough Museum.

^{page 200 note 151} The plan is described in detail in Arch. Cant. LXXX (1965), 107 ffGoogle Scholar. For two graffiti see below, p. 209, no. 39.

^{page 202 note 152} Information and plan from Mr. W. S. Penn, who directed excavations for the Gravesend Historical Society.

^{page 202 note 153} Excavations for the Eccles Excavation Committee were directed by Mr. A. P. Detsicas, who sent the plan and information; an interim report will appear in Arch. Cant. LXXXII (1967)Google Scholar. For the 1965 excavations see Arch. Cant. LXXXI (1966)Google Scholar, ff.; for three graffiti see below, pp. 209, 210, nos. 40, 52, 53.

^{page 202 note 154} Excavations by the Reculver Excavation Group were directed by Mr. B. J. Philp, who sent details.

^{page 202 note 155} Arch. Cant. XV (1883), 351 ffGoogle Scholar.

^{page 202 note 156} Information from Mr. F. Jenkins, who directed excavations for the Stour Valley Research Group. For a clay die from the bath-house see below, p. 207, no. 23.

^{page 203 note 1} When measurements are quoted the width precedes the height. RIB means R. G. Collingwood and R. P. Wright, The Roman Inscriptions of Britain, vol. 1 (Oxford, 1965), cited by item-numbers.

^{page 203 note 2} Mr. P. D. C. Brown, for the Cirencester Excavation Committee, made this available for drawing and provided details.

^{page 203 note 3} Mr. L. Alcock, for the Camelot Research Committee, made it available and provided details. For his interim report see Ant. J. XLVII (1967), 70 ffGoogle Scholar.

^{page 203 note 4} Mr. A. G. Rook provided details and photographs. The letters lay among the remains of a wooden floor over which a partition wall of rammed chalk had collapsed. The latest date for the associated coins is A.D. 275. For an interim description of the Dicket Mead site (grid ref. TL 235161) see JRS LIV (1964), 180, n. 18Google Scholar, and A. G. Rook's report in Wright, Ant. J. XLIV (1964), 143Google Scholar.

^{page 203 note 5} Mr. B. F. Rawlins submitted the fragment for the Watford and SW. Herts Archaeological Society. Grid ref. TL 142012, 4 miles SSW. of Verulamium. The item lay on top of the wall of a fourth-century corridor with Roman tile debris.

^{page 203 note 6} For a plan see JRS LVI (1966), 201, fig. 8.Google Scholar Mr. F. H. Thompson and Mr. D. F. Petch provided photographs, squeezes and details for the Ministry of Public Building and Works for this item and nos. 6 and 7.

For dedications to Nemesis in amphitheatres see RIB 323, a defixio (Caerleon); CIL V, 17 (Pola); CIL III, 10439, 10442, 10446 (Aquincum); 11121 (Carnuntum). For ex visu in this cult see CIL III, 813; Pais 167 (both at Aquileia). For the cult of Nemesis see Pascal, C. B., The Cults of Cisalpine Gaul (Collection Latomus LXXV), 38Google Scholar.

^{page 203 note 7} This stone and others of similar shape found on the site must have capped the wall of the arena.

^{page 204 note 8} See n. 6 (above). There are several instances of the cognomen Seranus in CIL XII, XIII. ‘Loca’ were assigned to the Fratres Arvales in the Flavian Amphitheatre in A.D. 80 (CIL VI, 32363; ILS 5049). For Aries see CIL XII, 714, 3; for Nîmes CIL XII, 3316 (ILS 5656); for Pola CIL V, 86; for Syracuse CIL X, 7130.

^{page 204 note 9} In JRS L (1960), 218, pl. XXV, 3Google Scholar, the site is Insula III, 5. The stone is in private hands and has now been drawn by the present writer. The lettering is excellent and averages 4½ in. in height. For D·M· et memoriae see JRS XLVII (1957), 227Google Scholar, no. 8 (York), and RIB 373 (Caerleon) with the references to Gallic examples. For the rare nomen Similinius see CIL XIII, 8492 = ILS 4630 (Deutz), and in the feminine CIL XIII, 3983 (Arlon).

^{page 204 note 10} Grid ref. NY 546290. Miss D. Charlesworth, for the Ministry of Public Building and Works, supplied details and photographs. The stones have been drawn by the present writer. The base of a substantial monument was located, but without further evidence it is impossible to associate any of the inscribed fragments with it. It seems likely that the sculptured relief formed part of it. The relief is 19 by 10 by 4 in. and portrays the deceased's right fore-arm clad in a long-sleeved tunic with his right hand clasping the folds of the cloak.

^{page 204 note 11} Found during excavations for the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society by Dr. M. G. Jarrett and Dr. A. R. Birley, who in turn provided details and discussed the problems. Drawn by the present writer. The upper part is fragmentary, being represented by four conjoining portions, three small inscribed fragments and two fragments of the border. The lower part, broken vertically, is in two portions. The sides taper upwards. In the photograph it should be noted that the small fragment reading. M∣IVS has not been put in a position related to either part of the text. It cannot be determined how many lines have been lost between the two parts of the text.

^{page 205 note 12} The scribe of the Notitia Dignitatum (Occ. XL, 49) placed Uxellodunum at Maryport (Alauna) and omitted ‘III Nerviorum Alaunae’ from its correct place. When he reached Watercrook (XL, 53), called Alone in It. Ant., he mistakenly inserted ‘III Nerviorum Alione’, thus omitting the place-name Alauna and transposing III Nerviorum to Watercrook. It should be remembered that the unit recorded on this tombstone need not have been stationed there.

^{page 205 note 13} Found in farming by Mr. G. Greggains; grid ref. NY 041374. In 1957 Mr. H. Horsman reported the discovery but was unable, after he had left the district, to provide a squeeze and detailed photograph. The object is now in Netherhall Museum where it was examined in 1966 by the present writer. As Dr. Jocelyn M. C. Toynbee indicated, in discussing the symbolism, Cupids occur on sepulchral reliefs as symbols of mourning; see Cumont, F., Recherches sur le symbolisme funéraire des Romains (Paris, 1942) 347, 407, pl. XLIV, 4Google Scholar; JRS XLVII (1957), 227, pl. XIII, 3 (York)Google Scholar; Germania Romano, (ed. 2) III, pls. XXVI, XLVIII.

^{page 205 note 14} Mr. J. V. Hodgson, Piercebridge Farm, Piercebridge, granted access and gave details of the findspot, grid ref. NZ 211157. It was found at a point 20 yds. E. of the W. wall of Tofts field and 44 yds. SE. of the SE. angle of Piercebridge churchyard. Most, if not all, of the stops took the form of leaves, but weathering has removed the traces of some of the stalks because they had been lightly cut.

^{page 205 note 15} RIB 1022, and restored in 1023. For a discussion of the need for reinforcements in Britain in the sole reign of Caracalla see Professor E. Birley, Epigraphische Studien (Beihefte der Bonner Jahrbücher), forthcoming.

^{page 205 note 16} Drawn by the present writer. Found in conservation by the Ministry of Public Building and Works; Mr. C. Anderson provided photographs and made it available. It is broken along all its margins; the face has suffered burning. The letters are 3 in. high and carefully cut.

^{page 206 note 17} Analogous texts have been found at Bowes (RIB 740) and Greta Bridge (RIB 746). The form of the letters here bears a close resemblance to those on RIB 1612, the Severan text from Housesteads. As the fragments of it came from the Headquarters Building, from outside the S. gate and from block XV (JRS LII, 1962, 194, no. 16Google Scholar), they have with good reason been interpreted as recording the Headquarters Building. The new text cannot be identified with it because the citation of praetorium leaves no space for mentioning any other structure. It would seem that in the Severan restoration there were two and presumably more dedication slabs. The date will have been under Senecio, A.D. 205–8.

^{page 206 note 18} Found in conservation by the Ministry of Public Building and Works. Mr. C. Croser provided details and Mr. R. Hogg sent a squeeze. Drawn by the present writer.

^{page 206 note 19} This centurion, belonging to cohort V, is already known from sector 45a–45b (Walltown Crags) where the full form of his name can be amended from Valens to Valenus (RIB 1774), unless the latter form, which is clear on the stone, represents VALEN(T)I(S). Found in conservation in the Cumberland portion of Hadrian's Wall. Drawn by the present writer.

^{page 206 note 20} Found by Mr. J. Baxter, who has presented it to the Ministry. Mr. C. Anderson provided a photograph and full details. Drawn by the present writer. For the comparable stone see JRS XLVIII (1958), 152, no. 10 (b)Google Scholar.

^{page 206 note 21} Found by Mr. R. Davies at a depth of about 3 feet in digging in his garden. Grid ref. SP 536795. Mr. J. Lucas sent a cast, details, and a photograph. Now stored by Dr. J. A. Reynolds, of Associated Engineering Ltd. Group Research Centre, Cawston, Rugby, for the Rugby Archaeological Society. It is not clear whether there was a stop after EX. For the same legend (slightly emended) on a pig found at Belby, near Howden, Yorks E.R., and soon lost, see JRS XXXI (1941), 146Google Scholar.

^{page 206 note 22} Mr. W. J. Wedlake for the Bath and Camerton Archaeological Society sent it for study.

^{page 207 note 23} Sent by Mr. F. Jenkins. The interpretation is due to Professor S. S. Frere.

^{page 207 note 24} Miss C. M. Mahany, for the Stamford Archaeological Research Committee, sent details; Miss D. Charlesworth made it available and provided a drawing. Examined by the present writer. It is not matched in CIL XIII, 10025.

^{page 207 note 25} Now in Norwich Castle Museum; Miss E. B. Green provided details of the find-spot, to W. of the Roman town at grid ref. TG 22790350.

^{page 207 note 26} The present writer thanks Dr. Anne Ross for permission to summarize her detailed article on the intaglio, forthcoming.

^{page 207 note 27} Klumbach, H., Aus Bayerns Frühzeit LXII (1962), 193Google Scholar. Now in the Corstopitum Museum, Corbridge, where Mr. W. Buhner made it available. For the rare nomen see in masculine or feminine Larsidius (CIL XI, 5242), Larsinius (CIL III, 12663; VI, 29027), or Larsius (CIL IX, 5874).

^{page 207 note 28} Found in an early deposit in Insula XIII; Mr. A. D. McWhirr provided details and a drawing.

^{page 208 note 29} Mr. L. P. Wenham sent details.

^{page 208 note 30} Excavated by Miss R. Cramp. Early-second-century pottery and fourth-century coins were also found. For the same legend in a retrograde stamp found at York see JRS LII (1962), 197, no. 36 (b)Google Scholar.

^{page 208 note 31} Mr. A. H. Reed has placed these on loan in the Department of Archaeology, the University, Durham. Drawn by the present writer.

^{page 208 note 32} For the plan of the 1959–60 site see Lemmon, and Hill, , Suss. AC CIV (1966), 90, fig. 1Google Scholar. Grid ref. TQ 783250; Mr. H. Wadsworth conducted the excavation for the Battle and District Historical Society. Lt.-Col. C. H. Lemmon sent items (a)–(c) for drawing. Mr. G. Brodribb sent (e) and details of (d). For a discussion of ‘terra mammata’ see Pliny, NH 35, § 159, and Lemmon and Hill, op. cit. 98. For the Pevensey type of rectangular stamp see EE IX, 1276 b; Suss. AC LI (1908), 112Google Scholar.

^{page 208 note 33} See the plan by Mr. P. R. V. Marsden, fig. 14, p. 191 (above). Now in Guildhall Museum; Mr. P. R. V. Marsden made available this item and nos. 37, 38, and 51 (below).

^{page 208 note 34} Mr. P. D. C. Brown for the Cirencester Excavation Committee made it and items 34 and 35 available. See the plan in Brown, and McWhirr, , Ant. J. XLVI (1966), 242, fig. 1Google Scholar.

^{page 208 note 35} See n. 34 (above).

^{page 208 note 36} See n. 34 (above).

^{page 208 note 37} Excavated by Mr. and Mrs. P. E. Gascoigne, of Farmington, 2 miles E. of Northleach. Grid ref. SP 133158. Mr. J. Real sent details and a squeeze. For a partial example of this stamp see JRS XLV (1955), 72, no. 21, fig. 4Google Scholar; for a complete example JRS LIV (1964), 183, no. 28Google Scholar.

^{page 208 note 38} Once in Norwich Castle Museum, now transferred to Guildhall Museum.

^{page 208 note 39} Now in Guildhall Museum. See n. 33 (above).

^{page 209 note 40} Sent by Mr. E. W. Tilley for the Gravesend Historical Society.

^{page 209 note 41} Sent by Mr. A. P. Detsicas, with items 52 and 53 (below). He suggests that this may represent [BELL]ICI as a silver spoon inscribed BEL(LICI) IANVARIS was found on this site, see JRS LV (1965), 224, no. 18Google Scholar.

^{page 209 note 42} Dr. G. Webster sent the object. For Liciniana see Ptol. II, 5, 8.

^{page 209 note 43} Professor S. S. Frere made this and item 43 available.

^{page 209 note 44} Mr. L. P. Wenham sent a rubbing and details.

^{page 209 note 45} Mr. M. Brassington provided a detailed plan, sent the object for study and then deposited it in Derby Museum. It was found in laying a water-pipe near the SE. corner of the building marked on the 25 in. O.S. map as 98, Old Chester Road, and now used as a store by the Parks Department, grid ref. SK 354376. The trenches were about 2 ft. deep and cut into the later Roman levels; they contained miscellaneous pottery of the later third to mid-fourth century.

^{page 209 note 46} Mr. J. T. Gould sent the object and full details. Grid ref. SK 099066. For the cognomen Arabus see CIL XII, 4872; XIII, 966 (ILS 5756).

^{page 209 note 47} Now in Northampton Central Museum where Mr. W. N. Terry made them available. The wall of the jar seems to have broken vertically; the upper fragment does not quite join but in text, colour, and thickness would fit best to the right of the vertical fracture.

^{page 210 note 48} Miss D. Charlesworth for the Ministry of Public Building and Works sent the sherd.

^{page 210 note 49} Now in Hertford Museum; the Curator sent it for study, with full details. See Andrews, R. T., Antiquary XLVII (1911), 58, fig. 4, no. 92Google Scholar, reading IVIIΛII.

^{page 210 note 50} Sent by Mr. M. J. E. Syddell for the Cliffe Marshes Archaeological Excavations Committee. For Metrius see Schulze, Lat. Eigennamen 591, add. for 297.

^{page 210 note 51} See n. 33 (above).

^{page 210 note 52} See n. 41 (above).

^{page 210 note 53} See n. 41 (above).

^{page 210 note 54} By the Northumberland County Council.

^{page 210 note 55} Mr. R. Hogg supplied a detailed list.

^{page 210 note 56} Correctly recorded in RCHM York I, 130 b, pl. 56, no. 108. Noted for a corrigendum by R.P.W. and later by Birley, E., JRS LVI (1966), 228Google Scholar.

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Roman Britain in 1966

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