Roman Britain in 1965

D. R. Wilson; R. P. Wright

doi:10.2307/300145

^{page 196 note 1} Nash-Williams, V. E., The R. Frontier in Wales (1954). 42 ff.Google Scholar

^{page 196 note 2} Information from Dr. M. G. Jarrett, who excavated for the Board of Celtic Studies. For a graffito see below, p. 223, no. 38.

^{page 196 note 3} By boys from Oswestry Modern School; the hoard has been declared Treasure Trove. Information from Mr. G. C. Boon of the National Museum of Wales.

^{page 196 note 4} For previous finds see Bull. Bd. Celt. Stud. XII (1946–8), 122.

^{page 196 note 5} Nash-Williams, o.c. (n. 1), 58, n. 1.

^{page 196 note 6} Information from Dr. Jarrett and Dr. G. D. B. Jones, who excavated for the Board of Celtic Studies.

^{page 196 note 7} The hoard was declared Treasure Trove; information from Mr. Boon.

^{page 196 note 8} Numismatic Circular (Jan. 1966), 6.

^{page 196 note 8a} Excavation for the Ministry of Public Building and Works was directed by Dr. G. J. Wainwright; summary report, ‘Archaeology in Wales’ no. 5 (1965), 7.

^{page 196 note 9} JRS XLVIII, 130; Bull. Bd. Celt. Stud, XVII (1956–8), 309 ff.

^{page 196 note 10} cf. the Hadrianic granary at South Shields : Richmond, I. A., The R. Fort at S. Shields: a guide (1954), 4.Google Scholar Information from Dr. Jones and Mr. A. R. Birley, who excavated for the Cambrian Archaeological Association and the Board of Celtic Studies.

^{page 196 note 11} JRS XLVIII, 131; XLIX, 102 f., fig. 5 ; Bull. Bd. Celt. Stud, XVII (1956–8), 293 f.

^{page 196 note 12} Excavation for the Ministry of Public Building and Works was directed by Dr. Jarrett, who sent details; interim report, Morgannwg IX (1965), 91 ff. For two possible tallies see below, p. 220, no. 15.

^{page 198 note 13} JRS XXIX, 199 f. Information from Mr. Boon.

^{page 198 note 14} Information from Mr. J. L. Davies, who excavated for the Ministry of Public Building and Works.

^{page 198 note 15} Nash-Williams, o.c. (n. 1), 80 ff.

^{page 198 note 16} Information from Mr. W. H. Manning, who excavated for the Ministry of Public Building and Works. For stamped tiles see below, p. 222, no. 27.

^{page 198 note 17} Information and photograph from Mr. Boon, who excavated for the Ministry of Public Building and Works. For an inscribed bone counter see below, p. 220, no. 12; and for stamped tiles, p. 222, no. 26 (ii).

^{page 198 note 18} Information from Mrs. L. Murray Threipland, who excavated for the same Ministry; report, Arch. Camb. 1965, 130 ff. For stamped tiles see below, p. 222, no. 26 (i).

^{page 198 note 19} Rescue-excavation was directed by Mr. C. Barnett of Newport Museum, who sent details and photographs.

^{page 198 note 20} Information and photographs from Dr. Anne Ross, who has published the head in Trans. & Proc. Perthshire Soc. of N. Science xi (1966–), 31 ff.

^{page 198 note 21} Information from Dr. J. K. St. Joseph, who did the work.

^{page 199 note 22} The excavations were directed by the late Sir Ian Richmond and by Dr. J. K. St. Joseph, who furnished this information.

^{page 199 note 23} P.S.A. Scot, XXXV (1900–01), 27, no. 4, now numbered 7 in the Gask Ridge sequence : Crawford, O. G. S., Topography of R. Scotland (1949), 51 ff.Google Scholar; J. K. St. Joseph, JRS XLV, 87; Arch. J. CXXI (1964), 196 ff.

^{page 199 note 24} Excavation for the Hunterian Museum and the Perthshire Society of Natural Science was directed by Miss A. S. Robertson; summary report, Discovery and Excavation, Scotland 1965, 31.

^{page 199 note 25} Information from Dr. J. J. Wilkes, who excavated with Mr. J. D. Leach. For five inscribed stone fragments see below, p. 219, nos. 7, 8.

^{page 199 note 26} Information from Dr. St. Joseph, who directed the work.

^{page 199 note 27} P.S.A. Scot, LXXXIX (1955–6), 252 ff. Information from Dr. K. A. Steer.

^{page 199 note 28} Information from Dr. Steer; for five inscribed blocks see below, pp. 218–19, no. 6.

^{page 199 note 29} Excavation by the Scottish Field School of Archaeology was directed by Miss A. S. Robertson; summary report, Discovery and Excavation, Scotland 1965, 16 f.

^{page 199 note 30} Excavation by the joint training course of the Universities of Durham and Newcastle-upon-Tyne was directed by Professor E. B. Birley and Mr. J. P. Gillam; information from Dr. J. C. Mann.

^{page 199 note 31} Excavation by the Whitby Naturalists' Club was directed by Dr. A. W. Riddols, who sent details.

^{page 200 note 32} Excavation for the Ministry of Public Building and Works was directed by Dr. I. M. Stead, who sent information.

^{page 200 note 33} RCHM, Eburacum : R. York (1962), 1 (Road 1).Google Scholar Information from Mr. H. G. Ramm.

^{page 200 note 34} ibid. 21 (D).

^{page 200 note 35} cf. ibid. 25 and fig. 13. Information from Mr. Ramm.

^{page 200 note 36} Information from Miss D. Charlesworth, who excavated for the Ministry of Public Building and Works. For a graffito see below, p. 224, no. 54.

^{page 200 note 37} Information from Mr. K. Wilson, who directed excavation by the Pontefract Archaeological Society; the work of conservation will be largely financed by public subscription.

^{page 200 note 38} D. Atkinson, The R. Fort at Ribchester ³ (1927).

^{page 200 note 38} Information from the excavator, the Rev. G. E. Stephens.

^{page 200 note 40} Trans. Lancs, & Cheshire A. S. LXII (1950–1), 177 ff.; LXIV (1954), 27 ff.; LXVI (1956), 29 ff.

^{page 200 note 41} cf. RIB 581.

^{page 200 note 42} Excavation by Miss J. Waring and Mr. J. Williams, who sent details.

^{page 200 note 43} Chester Arch. J. (n.s.) XXXIV (1939–40), 8 ff.; JRS LIV, 156.

^{page 200 note 44} Chester Arch. J. (n.s.) XXXIV, 7 f.

^{page 200 note 45} As seen in 1945 (JRS XXVI, 136 ff.) and in 1962 (JRS LIII, 129), but not in sections at Linenhall St. in 1963–4 (JRS LV, 204).

^{page 200 note 46} Chester Arch. J. (n.s.) XXVII (1927–8), plate VII.

^{page 200 note 47} Information and photographs were sent by Mr. D. F. Petch of the Grosvenor Museum, who directed excavations.

^{page 201 note 48} Chester Arch. J. (n.s.) XXIX (1932), 14.

^{page 201 note 49} Mr. F. H. Thompson directed excavations for the Ministry of Public Building and Works and sent the plan, photographs and information.

^{page 201 note 50} Margary, I. D., R. Roads in Britain II (1957), 36 f.Google Scholar

^{page 201 note 51} Excavation by the Warrington and District Archaeological and Historical Society in consultation with the Ordnance Survey was directed by Mr. K. E. Jermy, who sent details.

^{page 201 note 52} JRS XXIX, 206; XXX, 168; XLIX, 108; L, 216; Derbs. Arch. J. XXVI (1904), 177 ff.; LIX (1938), 53 ff.

^{page 202 note 53} JRS XXIX, pl. XXVI; Derbs. Arch. J. LIX, figs, 1 and 2.

^{page 202 note 54} Excavations for Manchester University were directed by Mr. F. H. Thompson and Dr. G. D. B. Jones, who sent information.

^{page 202 note 55} Excavations at both sites were directed for the Ministry of Public Building and Works by Dr. I. M. Stead, who sent the plan and details. For an interim report on the excavations up to 1964 see Ant. J. XLVI (1966), 72 ff.

^{page 203 note 56} Information from Mr. J. May, who directed excavations for the Dragonby Excavation Committee.

^{page 203 note 57} Ant. J. XXVII (1947), 61 ff.

^{page 203 note 58} Rescue excavation of the kilns was undertaken by Mr. K. Hunter with boys from De Aston School.

^{page 203 note 59} Excavations were directed by Mr. J. B. Whitwell for the Lincoln Archaeological Research Committee. Mr. Whitwell sent details of items (4)–(6).

^{page 203 note 60} Excavations by the Ancaster Summer School were directed by Messrs. M. W. Barley, J. May and D. R. Wilson.

^{page 203 note 61} Arch. J. CIII (1946), 18, fig. 1 (plan).

^{page 203 note 62} Information from Mr. D. G. Simpson who excavated for the Welland Valley Research Committee.

^{page 203 note 63} Toynbee, J. M. C., Art in R. Britain (1962), nos. 127, 128Google Scholar; Lewis, M. J. T., Temples in R. Britain (1966), 138.Google Scholar Four more fragments found in 1966 probably belong to the same crown. Information and a photograph were sent by Mr. K. S. Painter of the British Museum.

^{page 203 note 64} JRS XLVIII, pl. XV, 1; Joseph, J. K. St. in Wacher, J. S. (ed.), The Civitas Capitals of R. Britain (1966), 28 f.Google Scholar, with fig. 1.

^{page 203 note 65} Excavation for the Ministry of Public Building and Works was directed by Mr. J. S. Wacher, who sent the plan and details. For the W. defences of the walled town see Inskeep, R. R., Trans. Thoroton Soc. LXIX (1965), 19 ff.Google Scholar

^{page 203 note 66} Arch. J. LXXV (1918), 37.

^{page 203 note 67} Information from Miss Jean Mellor, who excavated for Leicester Museums.

^{page 205 note 68} Information from Mr. D. G. Benson who kept watch on the work for the Ministry of Public Building and Works.

^{page 205 note 69} Margary, I. D., Roman Roads in Britain II (1957). 41 ff.Google Scholar

^{page 205 note 70} Information from Professor J. M. T. Charlton, whose report will appear in JV. Staffs. J. of Field Studies VI (1966).

^{page 205 note 71} Excavation by the Lichfield and S. Staffs. Archaeological Society was directed by J. Gould; summary report, ‘W. Midlands Annual Arch. News-Sheet’ no. 8 (1965), 11.

^{page 205 note 72} Excavation by the Kidderminster Archaeological and Historical Society was directed by Mr. J. C. Hockin; summary report, ibid. 9 f.

^{page 205 note 73} Vict. Co. Hist. Shropshire I (1908), 277; Tr. Shrop. Arch. Soc., lvi (1957–60), 228 ff.

^{page 205 note 74} Excavations for the Ministry of Public Building and Works were directed by Dr. G. D. B. Jones, who sent information.

^{page 205 note 75} Excavations by the Wroxeter Training Schools were directed by Dr. G. Webster; summary report, ‘W. Midlands Annual Arch. News-Sheet’ no. 8 (1965), 16 f. For a re-used building inscription see below, p. 218, no. 3; for a graffito, p. 223, no. 32.

^{page 206 note 76} Excavations were directed for the Woolhope Naturalists' Field Club by Mr. S. C. Stanford, who sent details. The situation in an abandoned hill-fort might suggest a primitive cult-place, but nothing was found of certainly religious significance.

^{page 206 note 77} Excavations by the Archenfield Archaeological Group were directed by Mr. N. P. Bridgewater, who sent the plan and information.

^{page 206 note 78} Not Gloucestershire as stated in JRS LV, 215.

^{page 206 note 79} Excavation was directed for the Avon-Severn Valleys Research Project by Mr. A. H. Oswald; summary report, ‘W. Midlands Annual Arch. News Sheet’ no. 8 (1965), 4.

^{page 206 note 80} Excavations were directed for the Birmingham Museum by Mrs. K. F. Hartley, who sent the photograph and information.

^{page 206 note 81} Excavations for the Alcester Excavation Committee were directed by Miss C. M. Mahany; summary report on this and other work at Alcester, ‘W. Midlands Annual Arch. News-Sheet’ no. 8 (1965), 2–4, 6, 10. For a re-used milestone see below, p. 220, no. 10; for a stamped tile, p. 223, no. 30; for graffiti and a dipinto, pp. 223–4, nos 40, 46, 52, 55.

^{page 206 note 82} Excavation for the Water Newton Excavation Committee was directed by Mr. B. R. Hartley, who sent details.

^{page 207 note 83} Trans. Combs. and Hunts. Arch. Soc. VI (1938–47), 178 ff.

^{page 207 note 84} The photograph was kindly sent by Mr. C. F. Tebbutt.

^{page 207 note 85} Excavations by the Huntingdon Grammar School were directed by Dr. W. H. C. Frend, who sent information and a photograph, and Mr. J. Mills.

^{page 207 note 86} Information from Mr. W. G. Simpson, who excavated for the Welland Valley Research Committee.

^{page 207 note 87} Excavation by the Peterborough Museum Archaeological Field Section was directed by Mr. G. F. Dakin, who sent details and a photograph.

^{page 207 note 88} By Dr. R. F. Tylecote of the University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

^{page 207 note 89} Excavation for the Ministry of Public Building and Works was directed by Mr. E. Greenfield, who sent details.

^{page 207 note 90} Information from Mr. P. J. Woods, who directed excavations for Northampton Museum.

^{page 207 note 91} Information from Mr. Greenfield, who excavated for the Ministry of Public Building and Works.

^{page 208 note 92} Excavations by the Oxford University Archaeological Society were directed by Messrs. J. E. G. Sutton, J. W. Banks and M. Avery, who sent details. Professor Hawkes points out that the evidence is suggestive of a processional way and custodian's lodge for a Romano-Celtic temple inside the hill-fort.

^{page 208 note 93} Vict. Co. Hist. Oxfordshire I (1939), 309.

^{page 208 note 94} Excavation for the Ministry of Public Building and Works was directed by Mr. Greenfield, who sent a plan and information.

^{page 208 note 95} Excavation by the Chess Valley Archaeological Society was directed by Mr. K. Branigan, who sent details.

^{page 208 note 96} Information from Mr. J. Moss-Eccardt, who excavated for the Ministry of Public Building and Works and Letchworth Museum.

^{page 209 note 97} Excavation for the Hemel Hempstead Excavation Society was directed by Mr. D. S. Neal, who sent information with plan and photographs.

^{page 209 note 98} Excavation by the Watford and SW. Herts. Archaeological Society was directed by Mr. B. F. Rawlins, who sent details.

^{page 209 note 99} The upper levels were excavated in 1962 by the Archaeological Field Section of the Peterborough Museum Society under the direction of Mr. G. F. Dakin; the lower levels containing the sword were removed by mechanical digger in 1966. Information from Mr. Dakin and from Mr. R. D. Abbott of Peterborough Museum.

^{page 209 note 100} cf. Arch. J. CXX (1963), 6, fig. 2.

^{page 209 note 101} Margary, I. D., R. Roads in Britain 1 (1955), 182.Google Scholar

^{page 209 note 102} Excavations by the Cambridge and London Extra-Mural Departments' Summer School were directed by Dr. J. Alexander, Mr. R. A. H. Farrar and Dr. D. Trump, who sent full details.

^{page 209 note 103} The statuette was submitted to the British Museum by Mr. J. P. Smallwood; information and photograph from Mr. K. S. Painter.

^{page 209 note 104} Information from Mr. C. Green, who examined the kiln.

^{page 209 note 105} Information from Miss Barbara Green, who directed excavations for the Norfolk Research Committee. Circular temples of Romano-Celtic type regularly have a circular or polygonal cella (Bericht röm.-germ. Komm. XXIII, 1933, 10 ff.). If the Sawbench temple is admitted to be circular, it is the first known example with a rectangular cella. Buildings of similar plan, although apparently secular, have recently been discovered at Winterton, Lines. (JRS LV 205; above, p. 202) and at Bozeat, Northants. (JRS 210; above, p. 207).

^{page 209 note 106} See below, p. 221, no. 20. The weight of the helmet (2,280 grammes) makes it unsuitable for parade or regular service use; it may therefore be gladiatorial (cf. Boll. comm. arch, comunale di Roma LXXVI for 1956–8, 37 ff. and tav. II).

^{page 210 note 107} Details of items (2) to (5) were sent by Miss E. Owles of Ipswich Museum, who directed excavations with Mr. N. Smedley at Stonham Aspal and Haches ton.

^{page 210 note 108} Hull, M. R., R. Colchester (1958), pl. XLI (town-plan).Google Scholar

^{page 210 note 109} ibid. 245 ff., no. 48. Excavations for the Colchester Excavation Committee were directed by Miss B. R. K. Dunnett, who sent plans and information.

^{page 210 note 110} Viet. Co. Hist. Essex III (1963), 139 with fig. 33.

^{page 210 note 111} Excavation by the W. Essex Archaeological Group was directed by Dr. N. E. France and Miss B. M. Gobel; details from Miss Gobel.

^{page 210 note 112} Joseph, J. K. St., Antiquity XXXVIII (1964), 217CrossRef Google Scholar, with pl. XXXVII (b), in which the enclosure is cut by the modern road.

^{page 210 note 113} By Mrs. M. U. Jones for the Ministry of Public Building and Works; information and photograph from Mrs. Jones.

^{page 211 note 114} Excavations by the City of London Excavation Group were directed by Mr. P. R. V. Marsden; information and photographs were sent by Mr. R. Merrifield of Guildhall Museum. For stamped tiles see below, p. 222, no. 28.

^{page 211 note 115} JRS L, 230; Trans, London & Middx. Arch. Soc. XXI, part 2 (1965), 118 ff.

^{page 211 note 116} Excavations were directed by Mr. M. R. Maitland Muller of the Cuming Museum for the Southwark Excavation Committee; Mr. Muller's preliminary report was sent by Mr. G. J. Dawson.

^{page 212 note 117} Information and plan from the excavator, Mr. P. E. Gascoigne.

^{page 212 note 118} Excavation incidental to repairs for the National Trust was directed by the late Sir Ian Richmond; information from Mr. A. N. Irvine.

^{page 212 note 119} Excavation by Dr. G. Webster, who sent details and a plan.

^{page 212 note 120} Ant. J. XLIII (1963), 22; contrast the E. defences (ibid., XLIV, 67) and the W. defences (ibid. XLIV, 16), where the wall is c. 10 ft. thick.

^{page 212 note 121} Information from Mr. A. D. McWhirr, who directed excavations for the Cirencester Excavation Committee; interim report, Ant. J. XLIVI (forthcoming).

^{page 212 note 122} Information and photograph from Capt. H. S. Gracie, R.N. (ret'd), who directed the work.

^{page 212 note 123} Information from Mr. E. Greenfield who excavated for the Ministry of Public Building and Works.

^{page 212 note 124} Within the area observed in 1945–6 by MrBoon, G. C. : Trans. Bristol & Glos. Arch. Soc. (1945), 258 ff.Google Scholar

^{page 212 note 125} Information and interim plan from Mr. M. G. Hebditch, who excavated for Bristol City Museum.

^{page 212 note 126} Information from Prof. B. Cunliffe, who excavated for the University of Bristol.

^{page 213 note 127} A similar stone, with Jupiter and Hercules, was found in 1790 (V. C. H. Somerset 1, 1906, fig. 32) and another, with Apollo and possibly Hercules again, is built into Compton Dando church, 7 miles W. of Bath.

^{page 213 note 128} Information and photographs from Prof. Cunliffe, who excavated for the Bath Excavation Committee; see Antiquity xl (1966), 199 ff. For the inscribed base see below, p. 217, no. 1.

^{page 213 note 129} Information from the excavator, Lady (Aileen) Fox.

^{page 213 note 130} Viet. Co. Hist. Cornwall part 5 (1924), 4 ff.

^{page 213 note 131} Information from Lady Fox, who directed excavations with Dr. W. Ravenhill.

^{page 213 note 132} A silver assay has been carried out by Dr. R. F. Tylecote. Information from Mr. R. N. R. Peers of Dorset County Museum.

^{page 213 note 133} By Mr. C. J. Green in observation and excavation since 1963.

^{page 213 note 134} Information from Mr. R. A. H. Farrar.

^{page 213 note 135} JRS LIV, 172; Proc. Dorset N. H. & A. S. LXXXVI (1964), 103 f.

^{page 213 note 136} Information from Mrs. G. M. Aitken, who excavated for the Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society; interim report in Proc. Dorset N. H. & A. S. LXXXVII (1965), 96 f.

^{page 213 note 137} Information from Mr. K. S. Painter, who directed excavation for the British Museum, which has bought the pavement; interim report in Proc. Dorset N. H. & A. S. LXXXVII (1965), 102 f. For window-grilles see Webster, G., Antiquity XXXIII (1959), 10 ff.CrossRef Google Scholar; Harden, D. B. in Jope, E. M. (ed.), Studies in Building History (1961), 50 f.Google Scholar

^{page 213 note 138} Excavations were directed by Dr. R. M. Butler of the Royal Commission on Historical Monuments (England) and by Mr. N. H. Field; information from Mr. Farrar; report in Proc. Dorset N. H. & A. S. LXXXVII (1965), 99 f.

^{page 214 note 139} Excavations for the Salisbury Museum Research Committee were directed by Mr. J. E. D. Stratton; information from Mr. J. Musty. For the 1964 excavations see Wilts. Arch. Mag. LX, (1965), 138; for 1965, ibid., LXI (1966), forthcoming.

^{page 214 note 140} Information from Mr. S. J. Woodward of Swindon Museum, who directed excavations.

^{page 214 note 141} The photograph was sent by Mr. A. T. Morley Hewitt. For a milestone of Decius see below, pp. 219–20, no. 9.

^{page 214 note 142} Papers & Proc. Hants. F.C. III (1894-⁁7), 201 ff.

^{page 214 note 143} Information from Mr. D. E. Johnston, who excavated for the Ministry of Public Building and Works.

^{page 214 note 144} Information from the excavator, Prof. B. Cunliffe, whose interim report appears in Ant. J. XLVI (1966), 39 ff.

^{page 214 note 145} Information from Prof. B. Cunliffe, who excavated for Chichester Civic Society; interim report, Ant. J. XLVI (1966), 26 ff. For a summary of the excavations of 1961–4 see Antiquity XXXIX (1965), 177 ff.

^{page 214 note 146} Sussex. Arch. Coll. LXXX (1939), 170 ff. For a group of gaming counters see below, p. 220, no. 14.

^{page 214 note 147} Information for items (2) and (3) from Mr. A. G. Down, who excavated for the Chichester Civic Society.

^{page 214 note 148} Sussex Arch. Coll. LXXIII (1932), 12 ff. with plan; Sussex N. & Q.V (1934), 52, 90 f.

^{page 214 note 149} Excavation for the Ministry of Public Building and Works was directed by Mr. R. A. Canham, who sent details.

^{page 217 note 150} Excavation directed by Viscountess Hanworth, who sent a plan and information.

^{page 217 note 151} By the W. Kent Border Archaeological Group directed by Mr. B. J. Philp : Bromley and Kentish Times, 18 June, 1965.

^{page 217 note 152} Arch. Cant, LXXIX (1955), 208; LXXI (1957), 228.

^{page 217 note 153} By Mrs. A. Wacher for the Ministry of Public Building and Works; details from Mrs. Wacher, whose report appears in Arch. Cant. LXXX (1965), 257. For a graffito on painted wall-plaster see below, p. 222, no. 25.

^{page 217 note 154} Information from Mr. A. P. Detsicas, who directed excavations for the Eccles Excavation Committee. For the 1964 excavations see Arch. Cant, LXXX (1965), 69 ff. For a graffito see below, p. 224, no. 48.

^{page 217 note 155} The mud flats are surveyed weekly by a group from St. George's School, Gravesend; information from Mr. R. F. Hutchings.

^{page 217 note 156} By the W. Kent Border Archaeological Group directed by Mr. Philp : Beckenham Journal, 13th August, 1965.

^{page 217 note 157} By the Reculver Excavation Group directed by Mr. Philp : Kent Messenger, 17th September, 1965.

^{page 217 note 158} Arch. Cant. XIV (1882), 134 ff.; XV (1883), 351 ff.

^{page 217 note 159} Information from Mr. F. Jenkins, who directed excavations.

^{page 217 note 1} When measurements are quoted the width precedes the height. RIB means Collingwood, R. G. and Wright, R. P., The Roman Inscriptions of Britain, vol. 1 (Oxford, 1965)Google Scholar, cited by item-numbers.

^{page 217 note 2} By Mr. B. W. Cunliffe for the Bath Excavation Committee. Drawn by the present writer.

^{page 217 note 3} In 1. 3 the letters VSP were a secondary addition to the centrally placed abbreviation HAR. The task of a haruspex included the interpretation of omens and the inspection of sacrificial victims.

^{page 217 note 4} Grid ref. TL 005797. The lettering is 3⅕ in. high, carefully cut within guide-lines. Now in Northampton Central Museum; the Curator sent details, squeeze and photograph. For p(ublice) p(ositus) see CIL VIII, 8811 + 20618 (ILS 5964). For public[um] see RIB 230 (Sawtry, Hunts.). It seems reasonable to regard this stone as Roman as the letters have been carefully cut with V-shaped groove, and a quantity of Roman material indicates a settlement in the immediate vicinity.

^{page 218 note 5} Dr. G. Webster gave details and made it available. For the plan of the baths see Ministry of Public Building and Works Guide-book (1965), ed. by G. Webster.

^{page 218 note 6} Observed by the present writer. The letter S at the upper right-hand corner has been substantially worn down. The stone carries on the back the number 94 in white oilpaint. This has never been the practice in this Museum, into which the stone has been imported in unknown circumstances without the knowledge of the Hon. Curator.

^{page 218 note 7} Found by Mr. E. C. Waight of the Ordnance Survey at grid ref. NY 86137106. Presented by Mr. W. A. Benson to the Museum of Antiquities, Newcastle upon Tyne. The moulded border, 3½ in. wide, indicates an important inscription. In 1. I only the lower parts of three letters survive. The first letter with serif and part of a vertical stroke followed by a sloping tail is R. The second ends in a serif and presumably was the letter I, as the space is too narrow to fit a wider letter. The third is indeterminate, as only the deeply cut serif survives.

^{page 218 note 8} RIB 1550 (CIL VII, 620a; EE IX, p. 587; JRS XXXIV, 1944, 87); assigned by Birley, Cumb. & West. A.A.S.T.² XXXIX (1939), 214, to the governor Sextus Julius Severus (c. A.D. 130–c. 133). For Batavi at Carvoran see RIB 1823 (CIL VII, 777) and RIB 1824 (EE VII, 1065). For Hamii see RIB 1820 (JRS XXXI, 1941, 143).

^{page 218 note 9} About three ligatures would be needed in 11.1, 2; perhaps and in 1. 1 and in 1. 2. Parallels for these occur on Hadrianic slabs at Benwell (RIB 1340; JRS XXVIII, 1938, 200, pl. XXXIII), Moresby (RIB 801; CIL VN, 362) and Netherby (RIB 974; CIL vn, 961).

Two Hadrianic slabs at Great Chesters (RIB 1736; CIL VII, 730; EE IX, p. 594) and Moresby (RIB 801; CIL VII, 362) include the style p(ater)p(atriae), which Hadrian accepted in A.D. 128. It is possible that this preceded COS in 1. 3. In this case the numerals III would be needed after COS to restore the balance in the rest of the line. But COS III was not included on the Hadrianic texts from Hadrian's Wall, although it occurs on some milestones and the Forum slab at Wroxeter.

^{page 218 note 10} Grid ref. NT 521360. Dr. K. A. Steer has supplied a report on the details which could be gleaned. Mr. C. Martin and Mr. S. Willy organized a team of volunteers to retrieve any inscribed or recessed stones. Items (a) and (e) are in the National Museum of Antiquities, Edinburgh, where Mr. R.B.K. Stevenson made them available. Items (b) and (c), with several recessed stones, are at Old Gala House, Galashiels. Item (d) is in the possession of Mr. C. Martin at Kelso. For numerals or letters cut in quarrying see RIB 1393 (JRS XLIII, 1953, 129) and RIB 2031 (JRS XLII, 1952, 104).

^{page 219 note 11} Found by Mr. J. D. Leach and Dr. J. J. Wilkes, of whom the latter provided details. Now in Dundee City Museum where full access was accorded to the present writer. Items (a), (b) and (c) were in the filling of the inner ditch immediately S. of the E. gate. For the use of separate slabs see RIB 1235 (CIL VII, 1002) at Risingham; this is 18 ft. 9 in. wide and was formed of five slabs.

^{page 219 note 12} Five fragments of a moulded border were found. Three of these were not available to the writer but have been carefully reported to have the same texture and contour as the fourth example. The latter, on stone identical with items (a) and (b), is 3¾ in. wide ending in a quarter-round moulding. The border on the fifth example, cut on stone identical with item (c), is 3¼ in. wide with similar quarter-round moulding. It seems reasonable to suppose that the border on the lower margin varied slightly in width and had one moulding rounded, in contrast to that on the upper margin which is 3¼ in. wide and rectangular.

^{page 219 note 13} Item (d) formed part of the filling of the stonelined drain in the S. passage of the E. gate. As the slab was placed there in adapting the drain to carry the roadway associated with the 1964 text, it must have come from an inscription of an earlier period and have sustained substantial damage in an intermediate stage of re-use. Item (e) was found in the filling of the inner ditch S. of the E. gate.

^{page 219 note 14} Now in the museum on the site; Mr. A. T. Morley Hewitt sent details and photographs and made it available. The letters have been carefully cut and the round ones are compass-drawn; the guidelines remain clear. Troiano is a variant for Traiano, as on RIB 2263 (CIL vn, 1163; EE IX, p. 635). For a milestone to the younger Tetricus found on the same site see JRS LII (1962), 195, no. 23.

^{page 220 note 15} In 1. 6 only parts of the letters A and G of AVG survive. Miss C. M. Mahany for the Alcester Excavation Committee made it available, and also nos. 30, 40, 46, 52, 55 (below).

^{page 220 note 16} Grid ref. TF 058555. Now in Lincoln Museum. Mr. J. B. Whitwell sent it for study. No interpretation has been found for Adalma. As the nomen Loppius has been found on a wooden tablet at Pompeii (CIL IV, suppl. tab. LXXXIX) it is possible that the dedicator on the reverse was Lopi(u)s [G]allus, rather than Lopiscallus.

^{page 220 note 17} Now in the National Museum of Wales, Cardiff. Mr. G. C. Boon sent it for study.

^{page 220 note 18} Now in the British Museum. J. W. Brailsford, Hod Hill 1, Antiquities from Hod Hill in the Durden Collection (1962), 22, pl. XIV a.

^{page 220 note 19} Mr. A. G. Down sent details and submitted them for the Chichester Civic Society Excavation Committee.

^{page 220 note 20} Sent by Dr. M. G. Jarrett; for his report on the excavation see Morgannwg IX (1965), 91. The site is 4½ miles NW. of Barry; see JRS XLIX (1959), 102, fig. 5, grid ref. ST 081713.

^{page 220 note 21} It. Ant. 484, 3 records BOMIVM between Nidum (Neath) and Isca Silurum (Caerleon). As Nash Williams showed (Roman Frontier in Wales, 110) the site is not known. The emendation suggested here of BOMIVM to BOVIVM, a form already known in North Wales and with probability assigned to Holt, would be palaeographically easy. The addition of the figure X to the Roman mileage recorded in the Itinerary between Neath and Bomium would place Bomium somewhat W. of Bonvilston and make the total mileage from Neath to Caerleon approximately correct.

^{page 220 note 22} Drawn by the present writer in Perth Museum. Recorded as item 1295 in the Donation Book of the Literary and Antiquarian Society of Perth. The approximate grid ref. would be NO 188423.

^{page 221 note 23} Now in God's House Tower Museum, Southampton; drawn by the present writer. Cotton, M. A. and Gathercole, P. W., Excavations at Clausentum, Southampton, 1951–1954 (1958), 49Google Scholar, no. 29, and 47, fig. 29, in which Dr. D. B. Harden relates it to the legend ESCIPE ME PLACEBO TIBI of late-fourth to early-fifth century date, see Fremersdorf, F., Röm. Gläser aus Köln (Cologne, 1939)Google Scholar, fig. 45.

^{page 221 note 24} A. D. Curie, Treasure of Traprain, 67, no. 102, figs. 45–47. The graffito was detected in 1964 by Mr. K. S. Painter after the spoon had been cleaned. Now (no. GV 102) in the National Museum of Antiquities, Edinburgh, where the present writer drew it. Mr. R. B. K. Stevenson supplied photographs. The graffito runs towards the tip and parallel to the rim on the left-hand of the convex side.

^{page 221 note 25} Miss B. M. Gobel of the West Essex Archaeological Group provided details and made it available.

^{page 221 note 26} Found on the farm of Mr. H. H. Cawston at grid ref. TL 793545, N. of Cressland Wood, and purchased by the British Museum. Mr. K. S. Painter made it available while it was on loan to the British Museum, and by courtesy of the Trustees supplied photographs.

^{page 221 note 27} Now in the National Museum of Antiquities, Edinburgh; where Mr. R. B. K. Stevenson brought it to the writer's notice. Grid ref. NJ 189709, 6 miles N. of Elgin.

MissBenton, , Proc, Soc. Ant. Scot, LXV (1930–1931), 193Google Scholar, fig. 15, 5, giving TRES as ‘a very uncertain reading’. Sherds of second-century samian and coarse ware and fourth-century coins were also found. Some names are found beginning HISP-, but Hispilus seems to be unmatched. There seem to be no names with vowels other than I before SPILVS.

^{page 221 note 28} Now in the Holt collection, National Museum of Wales, Cardiff. Grimes, Holt, 128, no. 39. First observed in 1965 by Mr. G. C. Boon, who sent it for study.

^{page 222 note 29} Now in Guildhall Museum, where Mr. P. R. V. Marsden gave details for the City of London Excavation Group and made the following items accessible, nos. 23, 28, 37, 44, 53.

^{page 222 note 30} Now in the possession of Dr. A. R. Hands. For the site see JRS LII, 175; LIV, 166; LV, 210. Dr. C. H. Emeleus identified the rock.

^{page 222 note 31} Sent for study by Mrs. J. S. Wacher, who excavated for the Ministry of Public Building and Works : Arch. Cant, LXXX (1965), 257.

^{page 222 note 32} Now in Caerleon Museum. Mrs. M. E. Murray Threipland made them available by the agency of Mr. G. C. Boon.

^{page 222 note 33} By Mr. G. C. Boon, who provided an inventory and made them available in the National Museum of Wales, Cardiff.

^{page 222 note 34} Submitted by Mr. W. H. Manning for the Ministry of Public Building and Works. A second brick was found with item (a) with the same stamp.

^{page 222 note 35} Now in Guildhall Museum. See note 29 (above). For locating the sites see the map in R. Merrifield, The Roman City of London (1965).

^{page 222 note 36} Now in Guildhall Museum; Mr. P. R. V. Marsden was director for the City of London Excavation Group. For the Bishopsgate stamp see RCHM London m, 176; Wheeler, London in Roman times, 50, pi. xxiii B. For the Treasury Green stamps see JRS LIII (1963), 165, no. 36; LIV(1964), 184, no. 29.

^{page 223 note 37} See note 15.

^{page 223 note 38} For the Rugby Archaeological Society Dr. G. Webster made available nos. 31 and 33.

^{page 223 note 39} Dr. G. Webster made it available. For the plan of the baths see note 5 (above).

^{page 223 note 40} C. E. Stevens, Eng. Hist. Rev. LII (1937), 193, suggests twenty-four names for Gildas' total of twenty-eight. For the civitas Carvetiorum see JRS LV (1965), 224, no. 11.

^{page 223 note 41} Now in Colchester Museum; sent for study by Mr. D. T.-D. Clarke. For the excavations in and after 1954 see VCH Essex III, 164.

^{page 223 note 42} After an extensive sorting of the material stored in the National Museum of Wales, Cardiff, Mr. G. C. Boon notified various mainly unpublished items to the present writer; he gave access to nos. 35, 36, 39, 42, 45. 49, 50, 51, 59, 61, 62.

^{page 223 note 43} Taken over in 1930 from the old museum at Caerleon, but without details of provenance.

^{page 223 note 44} See note 29 (above).

^{page 223 note 45} Dr. M. G. Jarrett made it available.

^{page 223 note 46} See note 42 (above).

^{page 223 note 47} See note 15 (above).

^{page 223 note 48} Now in the National Museum of Wales, Cardiff. Mr. G. C. Boon sent details and a rubbing. For the ‘nomen’ Munius see CIL VI, 34004 (ILS 7342); CIL IX, 4274, 6310.

^{page 223 note 49} See note 42 (above).

^{page 223 note 50} Mr. G. C. Boon sent details and a rubbing. No other details of provenance have been recorded.

^{page 223 note 51} See note 29 (above).

^{page 223 note 52} See note 42 (above).

^{page 224 note 53} See note 15 (above).

^{page 224 note 54} Now in the museum of Gravesend Historical Society. Mr. E. W. Tilley sent rubbings and details. Two adjacent inhumations suggest that the sherd lay outside the area of settlement. For VAS P(ONDO) XS see T. May, Cat. of Roman Pottery in Colchester Museum, 245, fig. 9, 1.

^{page 224 note 55} Submitted by Mr. A. P. Detsicas. For the ditch see Arch. Cant, LXXX (1965), 88.

^{page 224 note 56} See note 42 (above). This emends the reading ]NAL (?) suggested by Nash Williams, Arch. Camb. LXXXVII (1932), 66 (repr. 22), fig. 15, 8.

^{page 224 note 57} See note 42 (above).

^{page 224 note 58} See note 42 (above). Evelyn White, Liverpool Committee 1908 Report, 73. For this wine see Varro, R.R. I, 25; Virgil, Georg. 11, 97; Columella, R.R. III 2, 7, III 9, 3; Pliny, N.H. XIV, 41; CIL XV, 4533.

^{page 224 note 59} See note 15 (above), (a) No interpretation has been found for CAVS, recorded also at Pompeii, CIL IV, 5989. In (6) FLOS SCOMBRI, ‘prime extract of mackerel’, is well attested, e.g. CIL IV, 2576, 5679, 9397–9; XV, 4687. The terminal mark which resembles a large T on the photograph seemed on inspection to be due to chance, (c) For the ‘nomen’ Surinus see CIL V, 483, 544. The second name seems to be Virilis although the writer of it cut III instead of ILI. It is not clear whether the genitive case marks this vessel as the product or the property ‘of Surina Virilis’.

^{page 224 note 60} See note 29 (above).

^{page 224 note 61} For the Ministry of Public Building and Works Miss D. Charlesworth made this available.

^{page 224 note 62} See note 15 (above).

^{page 224 note 63} Presented to the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, by Mr. G. D. Leyland. For Onna see EE VIII, p. 410, n. 133. Some names begin with the stem Rico-, but Ricomus seems to be unmatched. The second and third letters in it are obscured by secondary strokes.

^{page 224 note 64} Given in, or before, 1925 to Winchester Museum as item 874 in the Dale Collection. W. Dale died in 1925 but had attended excavations at Bitterne in 1901. The object was later transferred to Southampton and is now in God's House Tower Museum, where Mr. J. Pallister submitted it for study.

^{page 225 note 65} Now in the Museum on the site; submitted by Mr. A. T. Morley Hewitt. See his 3rd Interim Report (1963), fig. IXA, reading VIIA.

^{page 225 note 66} See note 42 (above).

^{page 225 note 67} See note 14 (above). 3rd Interim Report (1963), fig. IXA, reading OLX.

^{page 225 note 68} See note 42 (above).

^{page 225 note 69} See note 42 (above).

^{page 225 note 70} RCHM York I, 128, fig. 85, no. 94.

^{page 225 note 71} Dr. C. H. Emeleus, of the Department of Geology, Durham University, concluded that it was a brick after microscopic examination and a chemical test.

^{page 225 note 72} Proposed by Professor E. Birley in March, 1965, and accepted by the present writer.

^{page 225 note 73} This improvement in interpretation was proposed by Professor E. Birley in March, 1965, and amplified in a long note for which there is no space here. It is hoped that he will make it available in some journal.

^{page 225 note 74} Published from a photograph by R. G. Collingwood. After inspection of the original the present writer here accepts Mr. G. C. Boon's revised reading.

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Roman Britain in 1965

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