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Roman Britain in 1939

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 September 2012

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Type
Review Article
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The Journal of Roman Studies , Volume 30 , Issue 2 , 1940 , pp. 155 - 190
Copyright
Copyright © 1940. Exclusive Licence to Publish: The Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies

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References

1 Full report in Arch. Camb. xcv, 65 ff.

2 Full report by Mrs. Williams ibid. xcv, 9 ff.

2a Bulletin of Board of Celtic Studies x, 191 ff.

3 Now in charge of H.M. Office of Works.

4 Report (Arch. Camb. xcv, 101 ff.) from Lady Fox, to whom we are indebted for the illustrations in figs. 7 and 8, and pl. x, 1.

5 In PSA Scot. lxxiii, 241 ff. Sir George Macdonald recorded stray coins found in 1938 and 1939; they include a bronze of Tiberius, an imitation as of Claudius, a denarius of Trajan, 2 denarii and 2 bronze of Hadrian, and a little hoard probably buried early in the third century.

6 JRS xxviii, 171.

7 Roy, Milit. Antiq. 1793, pl. xxiv; Antiquity xiii, 1939, 285–6Google Scholar, pl. v, b.

8 Cf. JRS xxix, 201; Antiquity xiii, 1939, 280–292Google Scholar. The fortlets there conjectured at Bushel Beck and Rowantree Grains have not been confirmed by surface inspection. By kind permission of Mr. O. G. S. Crawford we are able to reproduce Mr. Alington's excellent photographs (plates vi, vii).

9 Cf. JRS xxix, 200 f. A full account of this work is to be published by the Glasgow Archaeological Society.

9a We are indebted to Mr. I. A. Richmond for the report on Meiklour and Carzield, Hadrian's Wall and Brough (Derbyshire), and the illustrations in figs. 12, 13 and plates viii, ix, x, 2, and xii, 2.

10 And with a valuable grant of labour from the British Legion.

11 Cumb. and Westm. Antiq. and Arch. Soc. Trans. NS. xxii, 410.

lla Arch. Aeliana ser. 4, xvii, 85 ff.

12 Durham Univ. Journ. NS i, 1940, 153Google Scholar.

13 H. Maclauchlan, The Watling Street sheet 1, and Arch. Journ. vi, 1849, 215 ffGoogle Scholar.

14 Information from Mr. Raine, who tells us that part of the rear wall has been preserved in the cellar of a business establishment. Two denarii and a dupondius of Trajan, and a denarius of Caracalla found in York are published in Yorks Arch. Journ. xxxv, 227. For coins of Yespasian found earlier see ibid. 80.

15 The excavation was carried out by Mr. Barley for the Hull University College Local History Committee, Mr. Philip Corder defraying the expenses.

16 Antiqs. Journ. xx, 282.

17 Information from Professor Whiting, who also kindly sent the plan.

18 The Bradford Antiquary NS xxx, 1939, 386 ffGoogle Scholar.

19 On behalf of the Chester and N. Wales Archit. Arch. and Hist. Society; see its Journ. xxxiv, 5 ff. For stamped tiles and a graffito see below, pp. 187, 189, nos. 19 and 26.

20 Lehner, , Vetera (Röm.-germ. Forschungen iv, 1930), 53 ff.Google Scholar, Abb. 38, no. 5, with reference to similar peristyles and basins with fountains in Imperial palaces and villas in Bonner Jahrbücher 124 (1917), 140 ff.Google Scholar, and Jahrbuch des Arch. Inst. x, 1895, 129 ffGoogle Scholar.

21 Wade, W. V., Numis. Chron. xix, 1939, 284 ffGoogle Scholar.

22 Arch. Journ. lxxv, 33, pl. vi.

23 JRS xvi, 223 (cf. ibid. xix, 193) and Antiqs. Journ. xx, 385; the object is now at Messrs. W. and T. Avery's foundry, Soho, Birmingham.

24 This type, though in style of the fifth century A.D., is sometimes found with Roman objects; cf. VCH Hunts i, 236, n. 4 and 248 f., and B.M. Anglo-Saxon Guide (1923), 90, fig. 108.

25 Oxoniensia i, 94.

26 Antiqs. Journ. xvii, 38 f., fig. 4. Report of 1939 discoveries, ibid. xx, 500 ff.

27 Full account by Pearce, J. W. E. in Camb. Antiq. Soc. Proc. xxxix, 85 ff.Google Scholar, with an illustration of the vessel, which is now in the Cambridge University Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, where also is a hoard of pewter vessels found close by at an earlier date.

28 The work was carried out by Mr. W. Buxton and his sister Mrs. Wathen. Information from Mr. T. Wake of the Castle Museum, Norwich.

29 The plan (fig. 15) is reproduced by kind permission of the Ipswich Museum and Suffolk Institute of Archaeology. Cf. JRS xxix, 214, for earlier discoveries.

30 Suffolk Inst. of Arch. Proc. xxiii, 236.

31 Other sections have been noted in Beverley Road, (a) on the E side, when the tombstone of M. Favonius Facilis (CIL vii, 80) was found in 1867, (b) on the W side when the Longinus tombstone was found in 1928 (JRS xviii, 212; Trans. Essex Arch. Soc. xix, 117; Germania xiii, 188), and (c) when the new boiler-room of the Essex County Hospital was excavated in 1923.

32 Where a hypocaust and pottery of the first century had been found in 1849. Hist. Mons. of Essex (RCHM) ii, 39, 43 (map).

33 JRS xix, 200; xxiv, 212; xxvi, 255 ff.

34 Information from Mr. Adrian Oswald. A structure was found on the north side of the wall here, but with less deep foundations. It was built of ragstone and yellow mortar faced with pink cement, measured some 18 ft. in diameter, and contained fragments of the sandstone plinth. This and two large piers of similar masonry farther east, one of which had been cut through the footings of the wall at an oblique angle, may form part of a double vaulted gateway flanked by towers, but the evidence was insufficient to show whether it was of Roman date or part of the later Aldersgate.

35 Bristol and Glos. Arch. Soc. Trans. lxi, 132 ff. In ibid. p. 123 Mrs. O'Neil describes a settlement on the Fosseway 1½ miles NE of Bourton-on-the-Water, where objects of the second, third, and fourth centuries have been picked up for many years past.

36 Report in Proc. of Bath Branch of Somerset Arch. & N. H. Soc. 1939, 281. Abbot Home points out that a brooch from Charter-house-on-Mendip in Bristol Museum is of the same type.

37 VCH, Somerset i, 329. The objects are in the Blake Museum, Bridgewater.

38 Full details by H. St. George Gray in the Somerset Arch. & N.H. Proc. lxxxv, 191 ff., to whom we are indebted for the blocks used in plates xiii, xiv and xv (3).

39 Mr. Collingwood Selby, who was in charge of the excavations, has been unable, owing to military necessity, to complete his report. For a report on the 1938 work, with a general account of the aqueduct by Miss K. M. Richardson, see Antiqs. Journ. xx, 435 ff.

40 Information from Lt.-Col. Drew: for another hinged coffin see Bristol & Glos. Arch. Soc. Trans. lxi, 108.

41 Wilts. Arch. Mag. xlix, 220 and plate.

42 Information from Mrs. Piggott. The excavators compare this site with the enclosure on the Downs at Lowbury Hill, near Streatley, rather than with the differently sited enclosures on the slopes of the oolite in Oxfordshire. For a full report see Antiqs. Journ. XX, 475 ff. and 481 ff.

43 Reading Mercury, 24th June, 1939.

44 Hants Observer, 26th August, 1939.

45 For H.M. Office of Works, and supported by the Haverfield Bequest Fund and the Royal Archaeological Institute.

46 We are indebted to Mrs. Cotton for a full report and for the illustrations shown on plates xv, I, xvi, xvii and fig. 16.

47 Probably from a local mould, cf. Archaeologia liii, 561, and Reading Museum.

48 These were the earlier excavations as occurring at intervals of some 200 ft. throughout the circuit of the wall. See Archaeologia lv, 215 f.

49 Mrs. Cotton draws attention to the inscribed altar to Iulia Domna found in 1732, apparently in position, on top of the ruined wall west of the north gate (CIL vii, 7; VCH Hants i, 280).

50 Where Roman burials were found on the inner and outer face (Archaeologia lxii, 330).

51 It may thus be compared with the large areas within the walls or banks at Cirencester and Wroxeter (and perhaps Chichester).

52 In 1938 at two points on the N wall streets ante-dated the Antonine rampart (‘early bank’).

53 Archaeologia lix, 346 ff., pl. lxxv.

54 Information from Mr.Muller, Maitland and Mr.Waterman, D. M.. Hants Field Club Papers & Proc. xiv, 271Google Scholar.

55 Under the direction of Messrs. A. W. G. Lowther and R. G. Goodchild. For earlier work see the latter's account in Surrey Arch. Collections xlvi, 10 ff., and Antiqs. Journ. xviii, 391 ff.

56 Mr. Yates and Mr. Mill Stephenson examined the bath-wing and photographed the apse with its lead-pipe outlet in 1915 when trench-digging was in progress (Surrey Arch. Coll. xxviii, 41 n; xxix, xi), but much has also been destroyed in subsequent development. For discoveries made in 1772, 1856, and 1882 at another site in the neighbourhood, see VCH Surrey iv, 369.

57 Archaeologia xix, 182.

58 Arch. Journ. lxvi, 50, pl. i (27) and vii.

59 VCH Kent iii, 99 f., fig. 20.

60 Information from Mr. Lowther, who kindly sent his plan.

61 A large jar found close to the oven was an almost perfect example of the Claudian type described by J. Ward Perkins in Arch. Cantiana li, 176 ff., fig. 17.

62 JRS xxiii, 208 f. A piece 40 yds. long is to be kept open permanently and handed over to the Sussex Archaeological Trust. For a full report by Mr. Margary see Sussex Arch. Coll. lxxxi, 43 ff.

63 JRS xxiii, 209. Arch. Cantiana li, 214.

64 Sydenham Gazette, 13th October, 1939.

65 Mr. Graham Webster kindly allowed us to see the full report by him and Mr. J. S. Kirkman to be published in Arch. Cantiana liii (1940). The site of the kiln suggests that in the second century at least the town of Durovernum did not extend so far to the SE as the later Canterbury; see VCH Kent iii, 65.