Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-vdxz6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T21:18:45.807Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Relations between Rome and the German ‘Kings’ on the Middle Danube in the First to Fourth Centuries A.D.*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 September 2012

Lynn F. Pitts
Lynn F. Pitts
Affiliation:
Didcot, Oxon.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

In recent years the ‘rex sociusque et amicus’ of the Roman Empire—frequently, if mistakenly, called a ‘client king’—has been the subject of much study, notably by D. Braund. Although ostensibly Braund and others are discussing the position and role of these kings on all the Roman frontiers, they concentrate in the main on those in the east. This is perhaps inevitable, since literary and epigraphic evidence abounds for the east, while it is scarce and often ambiguous for the west. Unfortunately direct comparison between east and west is meaningless: conditions which can be seen to apply to Rome's relations with her neighbours in the east cannot always be transferred to the west. Unfortunately direct comparison between east and west is meaningless: conditions which can be seen to apply to Rome's relations with her neighbours in the east cannot always be transferred to the west. In Greece and Asia Minor Rome was dealing with developed societies who could be integrated into a Roman administrative system; in the west, on the other hand, the peoples living beyond the frontiers, and indeed within them, were culturally less well-developed; here Rome had, on the whole, to negotiate with constantly changing tribal chiefs rather than with established monarchies.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Journal of Roman Studies , Volume 79 , November 1989 , pp. 45 - 58
Copyright
Copyright © Lynn F. Pitts 1989. Exclusive Licence to Publish: The Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Braund, D., Rome and the Friendly King, the Character of the Client Kingship (1984).Google Scholar

2 Will, W., ‘Römische “Klientel-Randstaaten” am Rhein? Eine Bestandsaufnahme’, Bonner Jahrbücher 187 (1987), 1–62Google Scholar.

3 Wilkes, J. J., ‘Romans, Dacians and Sarmatians in the First and Early Second Centuries’ in Hartley, B. and Wacher, J. (eds), Rome and her Northern Provinces (1983), 255–89.Google Scholar

4 Tacitus, Ann. II, 45.

5 Tacitus, Ann. II, 44–6; 62–3; Germania 42; Velleius Paterculus II, 108–9; Strabo, , Geographia VII, 1, 3Google Scholar.

6 Tacitus, Ann. II, 63.

7 Tacitus, Ann. II, 45.: ‘Maroboduum … ac mox per dona et legationes petivisse foedus, proditorem patriae, satellitem Caesaris’.

8 Velleius Paterculus II, 109.

9 Tacitus, Ann. II, 63: ‘Romanam amicitiam praetulisse’.

10 Strabo, , Geographia VII, 1, 3;Google Scholar Suetonius, Augustus 48; Res Gestae Divi Augusti 32.

11 loc. cit. (n. 9).

12 D. Braund, op. cit. (n. 1).

13 Tacitus, Ann. II, 62; ‘… nostris e provinciis lixae et negotiatores reperti, quos ius commercii, dein cupido augendi pecuniam, postremum oblivio patriae suis quemque ab sedibus hostilem in agrum transtulerant’.

14 Sakař, V., Roman Imports in Bohemia (Fontes Archaeologici Pragenses 14, 1970)Google Scholar; Motyková-Šneidrová, K., Die Anfänge der römischen Kaiserzeit in Böhmen (Fontes Archaeologici Pragenses 6, 1963)Google Scholar; ead., Weiterentviicklung und Ausklang der älteren römischen Kaiserzeit in Böhmen (1967).

15 Tacitus, Germania 41; cf. F. Schlette, Formen des römisch-germanischen Handels (1975).

16 Pliny, NH XXVII, 43: ‘(amber) affertur a Germanis in Pannoniam’.

17 Tacitus, Ann. II, 62–3.

18 Tacitus, Ann. II, 63; XII, 29–30; Pliny, NH IV, 80.

19 Kolnik, T., ‘Anfänge der germanischen Besiedlung in der Sudwestslowakei und das Regnum Vannianum‘ in Symposium: Ausklang der La Tène Zivilisation und Anfänge der germanischen Besiedlung im mittleren Donaugebiet (1977), 143–71Google Scholar; id., Römerzeitliche Gräberfelder in der Slotvakei I (1980); Teyral, J., ‘Počatky doby řimské na Moravě z hlediska hrobavých nálezǔ’, Študijné Zvesti Arch. Ústav Slovenskej Akadémie vied (1970), 107–92Google Scholar; id., ‘Zur Chronologie der älteren römischen Kaiserzeit im Lichte Mährischer und Westslowakischer Bodenfunde’, Zbornik Filozofickej fakulty University Komenského XX (1969), 27–60.

20 Ann. II, 63.

21 Braund, op. cit. (n. 1).

22 Kraskovská, L., Roman Bronze Vessels from Slovakia, BAR Int. Ser. XLIV (1978)Google Scholar; ead., ‘Roman Glass Vessels from Slovakia’, Journal Glass Studies XXIII (1981), 11–17Google Scholar; Krekovič, E., ‘Řimska Importovaná Keramika na Slovensku’, Slovenská Archeólogia XXIX, 2 (1981), 341–78;Google Scholarid., ‘Řimské importy na Slovensku’, Památky Archeologické LXXVIII, I (1987), 231–82.

23 Kolnik, T., ‘Q. Atilius Primus—Interprex Centurio und Negotiator’, Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae XXX (1978), 61–75;Google ScholarHošek, R-, Tituli Latini Pannoniae Superioris Annis 1967–82 in Slovakia Reperti (1984), 145 ffGoogle Scholar.

24 Tacitus, Ann. XII, 29–30.

25 Tacitus, Hist. III, 5; 21.

26 Cassius Dio LXVII, 6–7; Tacitus, Hist. 1, 2; Statius, , Silvae III, 3, 168–70;Google ScholarILS 9200.

27 Rufus Festus, Brev. 8; CIL X, 135; XI, 5992; ILS 9200.

28 Pelikan, O., ‘Das Vorland des pannonischen Limes in der Tschechoslowakei’, Zborník Filosofickej Fakulty Univerzity Komenského. v. Graecolatina et Orientalia (1973), 147–64Google Scholar; id., ‘Řimské Imperium a Územi ČSSR v světle nových výzkumi’, Sborník Prací Filozofické Fakulty Brněnske Univerzity (1983), 220–8.

29 Swoboda, E., ‘Rex Quadis Datus’, Carnuntum Jahrbuch II (1956), 5–12Google Scholar. Appian, praef., 7, 25–8 refers to Antoninus Pius appointing kings in order to protect the empire.

30 SHA, Antoninus Pius, 5, 4.

31 SHA, Marcus Aurelius, 14, 3.

32 Cassius Dio LXXI, 13–14.

33 SHA, Marcus Aurelius 24, 5; 27, 9–12; Cassius Dio LXXI, 33, 4.

34 Cassius Dio LXXI, II; 15–16; 18–19; LXXII, 2.

35 AE 1956, 124.

36 Kuzmová, K. and Rajtár, J., ‘Bisherige Erkenntnisse zur Befestigung des Römerkastells in Iža’, Slovenská Archeólogia XXIV, I (1986), 185–224;Google Scholarid., ‘Anfäge des Römerlagers in Iža’, Archeologické Rozhledy XXXVIII (1986), 358–77, 459–62.

37 Cassius Dio LXXI, 20; Teyral, J., ‘Neue Erkenntnisse zum römischen Stützpunkt am Burgstall bei Mošov in Südmähren’, Archeologické Rozhledy XXXVIII (1986), 395–410, 463–6;Google ScholarHošek, R., Inscriptiones Pannoniae Superiores in Slovakia Transdanubiana Asservatae (1967), no. 2.Google Scholar

38 Cassius Dio LXXII, 2.

39 Cassius Dio LXXI, II; 15.

40 Teyral, J., ‘Mähren und die Markomannenkriege’, Slovenská Archeólogia XXXI (1983), 85–120;Google ScholarTabula Imperii Romani M33 (Prague, 1986), 99Google Scholar ff.

41 Herodian II, 9, 12: διέπεμπε καὶ ἐς τὰ γειτνιῶντα ἔθνη καὶ πρὸς πάντας τοὺς ἄρχοντας τῶν ὑπ᾿ ἀρκτῳ Ῥωμαίοις δουλευόντων ἐθνῶν.

42 CIL III, 4453; ILS 856.

43 Arminius and his brother Flavius both served in the Roman army (Tacitus, Ann. I, 54–68; II, 7–20); for references to Germans from beyond the Rhine in the Roman army see Will, op. cit. (n. 2). The discovery of Roman weapons in graves in Barbaricum suggests that some of these soldiers returned to their homelands after discharge.

44 Cassius Dio LXXVII, 20, 3.

45 SHA, Elagabalus 9.

46 Ammianus Marcellinus XVII, 12, 1 ff.

47 Ammianus Marcellinus XXIX, 6, 1 ff.; XXX, 5, 11 ff.; 6, 1 ff.

48 Ammianus Marcellinus XXXI, 4, 2.

49 Kuzmova and Rajtár, op. cit. (n. 36); Kolník, T., ‘Neue Ergebnisse der Limesförschung in der ČSSR’ in Studien zu den Militargrenzen Roms III. 13 internationaler Limeskongress, Aalen 1983 (1986), 355–61Google Scholar; id., ‘Römische Stationen im slowakischen Abschnitt des nordpannonischen Limesvorlandes’, Archeologické Rozhledy XXXVIII (1986), 411–34.

50 Braund, op. cit. (n. 1).

51 Tacitus, Germania 42 f.

52 Cassius Dio LXXI, 20; Ammianus Marcellinus XXIX, 6, 1 ff.; XXX, 5, 11 ff.

53 op. cit. (n. 36).

54 Teyral, op cit. (n. 37); Pitts, L., ‘Roman Style Buildings in Barbaricum (Moravia and SW Slovakia)’, Oxford Journal of Archaeology VI, 2 (1987), 219–36Google Scholar.

55 Tacitus, Ann. XII, 30; Cassius Dio LXXI, II; 20; SHA, Marcus Aurelius 22.

56 SHA, Marcus Aurelius, 14, 2; cf. German foederati in the fourth century.

57 Gruen, E. S., The Hellenistic World and the Coming of Rome I (1984)Google Scholar, ch. 2, 54–95, ‘Φιλία-Amicitia: The Informal Connection’.

58 op. cit. (n. 1).

59 Tabula Imperil Romana M33; Sakař, op. cit. (n. 14); Motyková, K., ‘Die ältere römische Kaiserzeit in Böhmen im Lichte der neueren historisch-archäologischen Forschung’ in Aufstieg und Niedergang II, 5, 1 (1976), 143–99Google Scholar.

60 Kolnǐk, T., ‘Prehl'ad a stav Bádania o Dobe řimskej a štahovani Národov’, Slovenská Archeólogia XIX, 2 (1971), 499–558Google Scholar; id. op. cit. (n. 19).

61 Teyral, op. cit. (n. 40).

62 Bouzek, J. and Ondřejovà, I., ‘“Treti Zóna” mezi Řimem a Barbarikem pří Noricko-Pannonském Limitu’ to be published in Archeologické RozhledyGoogle Scholar.

63 Teyral, op. cit. (n. 40).

64 Tacitus, Germania 42; Cassius Dio LXXI, 15; LXXII, 2.

65 Kraskovská, op. cit. (n. 22); Krekovič, op. cit. (n. 22); Teyral, J., ‘Kotázce importu bronzových nadob na Moravu ve starši dobe římské’, Památky Archeologické LVIII (1967), 81–134;Google ScholarLomenová, J., Řimske bronzové nádoby na Slovensku (Diplomová Práce, Karlovy Univerzity, Prague, 1981)Google Scholar; Hečková, J., ‘Podial výrobných centier římskych provincú na spoločenskoekonomickam vyvoji naddunajského barbarika vo svetle římskych importov’, Slovenská Archeólogia XXX (1982), 5–77Google Scholar.

66 Sakař, op. cit. (n. 14); Teyral, J., ‘K Otázce postavení Moravy v době kolem přelomu letopočtu’, Památky Archeologické LIX (1968), 488–516;Google ScholarLamiová-Schmiedlová, M., ‘Römische Importe in der Ostslowakei’ in Concilium Eirene XVI (1983), 11 201–6Google Scholar.

67 Tacitus, Germania, 5; 7, 1.

68 Pernička, R. M., Die Keramik der älteren römischen Kaiserzeit in Mähren (1966)Google Scholar; Droberjar, E., K problematice výskytu a významu římského keramického importu v moravských nálezech (Diplomová Práce, Brno, 1986)Google Scholar; Palatovà, D., Terra sigillata v moravském nálezovem prostředi (Diplomová Práce, Brno, 1980)Google Scholar; Roth, P., Terra sigillata na Slovensku a jej význam v barbarskej spoločnosti (Diplomová Práce, Prague, 1981)Google Scholar; Krekovič (1981), op. cit. (n. 22). Kuzmová, K. and Roth, P., Terra Sigillata v Barbariku, Nálezy z Germánskych Sidlisk a Pohrebísk na Územi Slovenska (Materialia Archaeologica Slovaca IX, 1988)Google Scholar.

69 Ondrouch, V., Bohaté Hroby z doby řimskej na Slovensku (1957)Google Scholar; Kolnik, T., Řimske a Gérmanske Umenie na Slovensku (1984)Google Scholar.

70 Pitts, art. cit. (n. 54).

71 Krekovič, E., ‘Römische Lampenfunde im Slowakischen Barbaricum’, Archeologické Rozhledy XXXV (1983), 510–16Google Scholar.

72 Tacitus, Ann. XII, 30.

73 Tacitus, Germania 5; 26.

74 Tabula Imperil Romani M33; Wielowiejski, J., ‘Die Kontakte Noricums und Pannoniens mit den nördlichen Völkern im Lichte der römische Importe’ in Dolle, H.-J. (ed.), Römer und Germanen in Mitteleuropa (1975), 69–86.Google Scholar