Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T19:22:50.807Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Tracking consumption at Pompeii: the graffiti lists

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 December 2021

Kim Bowes*
Affiliation:
Department of Classical Studies, University of Pennsylvania

Abstract

This paper examines five graffiti expense lists from Pompeii for information on the habits of consumption in the Vesuvian cities. It is intended as a contribution to the growing literature on economic well-being in Pompeii, focusing on the diet and consumption strategies of the nonelite Roman majority. These lists provide rare quantitative evidence for a portion of a whole diet, as well as nonfood expenses. They also shed light on the place of cereals in the overall Vesuvian diet, the importance of consumer goods, and cycles of plenty and want.

Type
Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adams, J. N. 2013. Social Variation and the Latin Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allison, P. 2004. Pompeian Households. An Analysis of the Material Culture. Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andreau, J. 1974. Les affaires de Monsieur Jucundus. Rome: École française de Rome.Google Scholar
Bagnall, R. 2011. Everyday Writing in the Greco-Roman East. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Bailey, M. 2011. “To separate the act from the thing: Technologies of value in the Ancient Mediterranean.” PhD diss., Stanford Univ.Google Scholar
Bailey, M. 2013. “Roman money and numerical practice.” RBPhil 91, no. 1: 153–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Banerjee, A., and Duflo, E.. 2011. Poor Economics: A Radical Rethinking of the Way to Fight Global Poverty. New York: PublicAffairs.Google Scholar
Benefiel, R. 2011. “Dialogues of graffiti in the House of the Four Styles at Pompeii.” In Ancient Graffiti in Context, ed. Baird, J. A. and Taylor, C., 2048. New York and London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Benefiel, R. 2016. “The culture of writing graffiti within domestic spaces at Pompeii.” In Inscriptions in the Private Sphere in the Greco-Roman World, ed. Benefiel, R. and Keegan, P., 80110. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benefiel, R., ed. 2013‒21. Ancient Graffiti Project. Version 4.0.0. http://ancientgraffiti.org.Google Scholar
Bodel, J. 1989. “Missing links: Thymatulum or tomaculum?HSCP 92: 349‒66.Google Scholar
Bodel, J. 2017. “Trimalchio's cargo (Petr. 76, 6).” In Il mediterraneo e la storia II. Naviganti, popoli e culture ad Ischia e in altri luoghi della costa tirrenica, ed. Chioffi, L., Kajava, M., and Örmä, S., 7587. Rome: Institutum Romanum Finlandiae.Google Scholar
Bodel, J., Bendlin, A., Bernard, S., Bruun, C., and Edmondson, J.. 2019. “Notes on the elogium of a benefactor at Pompeii.” JRA 32: 148–82.Google Scholar
Borgongino, M. 2006. Archeobotanica: reperti vegetali da Pompei e dal territorio vesuviano. Rome: “L'Erma” di Bretschneider.Google Scholar
Bowes, K. 2021. “When Kuznets went to Rome: Roman economic well-being and the reframing of Roman history.” Capitalism: A Journal of History and Economics 2, no. 1: 740.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowman, A. 1998. Life and Letters from the Roman Frontier: Vindolanda and Its People. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breglia, L. 1950. “Circolazione monetale a Pompeii.” In Pompeiana. Raccolta di studi per il secondo centenario degli scavi di Pompeii, 4159. Naples: Gaetano Macchiaroli.Google Scholar
Capasso, L. 2002. “Bacteria in two-millennia-old cheese, and related epizoonoses in Roman populations.” Journal of Infection 45, no. 2: 122–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carter, M. 2018. “Armorum studium: Gladiatorial training and the gladiatorial ludus.” BICS 61, no. 1: 119–31.Google Scholar
Ciaraldi, M. 2007. People and Plants in Ancient Pompeii. Accordia Specialist Studies on Italy 12. London: Accordia Research Institute, University of London.Google Scholar
Cleaves, F. W. 1934. “Hxeres.” CP 29, no. 1: 68.Google Scholar
Collins, D., Morduch, J., Rutherford, S., and Ruthven, O.. 2009. Portfolios of the Poor. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Diehl, E. 1910. Pompeianische Wandinschriften und Verwandtes. Bonn: A. Marcus and E. Weber.Google Scholar
Davies, R. W. 1971. “The Roman military diet.” Britannia 2: 122–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Luca, S. 1863. “Recherches chimiques sur le pain et sur le blé découverts à Pompéi.” Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des Sciences 57: 475–79.Google Scholar
De Simone, G. F. 2017. “The agricultural economy of Pompeii: Surplus and dependence.” In The Economy of Pompeii, ed. Flohr, M. and Wilson, A., 2351. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
DeFelice, J. 2008. “Inns and taverns.” In World of Pompeii, ed. Foss, P. and Dobbins, J., 473–86. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Della Corte, M. 1959. “Le iscrizioni di Ercolano.” RendNap 33: 239308.Google Scholar
Della Corte, M. 1965. Case ed abitanti di Pompei. Naples: Fausto Fiorentino.Google Scholar
Duncan-Jones, R. 1982. The Economy of the Roman Empire. Quantitative Studies. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ellis, S. 2018. The Roman Retail Revolution: The Socio-Economic World of the Taberna. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Étienne, R. 1966. La vie quotidienne à Pompéi. Paris: Hachette.Google Scholar
Fagan, G. 2017. “The traveler's bill (CIL IX 2689 = ILS 7478 = AE 1983.329)?” ZPE 204: 246–50.Google Scholar
Ferrio, J. P., Alonso, N., Voltas, J., and Araus, J.. 2004. “Estimating grain weight in archaeological cereal crops: A quantitative approach for comparison with current conditions.” JAS 31. DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2004.04.006.Google Scholar
Fiorelli, G. 1873. Gli scavi di Pompei dal 1861 al 1872. Naples: Tipografia Italiana nel Liceo V. Emanuele.Google Scholar
Flohr, M. 2013. The World of the Fullo: Work, Economy, and Society in Roman Italy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flohr, M. 2017. “Quantifying Pompeii: Population, inequality, and the urban economy.” In The Economy of Pompeii, ed. Flohr, M. and Wilson, A., 5384. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Foxhall, L., and Forbes, H.. 1982. “Sitometreia: The role of grain as a staple food in classical antiquity.” Chiron 12: 4190.Google Scholar
Futrell, A. 2006. The Roman Games. London: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Garnsey, P. 1988. Famine and Food Supply in the Graeco-Roman World. Responses to Risk and Crisis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garnsey, P. 1999. Food and Society in Classical Antiquity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldsmith, R. 1984. “An estimate of the size and structure of the national product of the early Roman empire.” Review of Income and Wealth 30: 263–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guidobaldi, M. P. 2015. “La preparazione e il consumo del cibo nella sfera privata: spazi, tempi e modi.” In Nutrire l'impero: Storie di alimentazione da Roma e Pompei, ed. Parisi Presicce, C. and Rossini, O., 117–23. Rome: “L'Erma” di Bretschneider.Google Scholar
Harper, K. 2011. Slavery in the Late Roman World, AD 275‒425. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, W. V. 1980. “Roman terracotta lamps: The organization of an industry.” JRS 70: 126‒45.Google Scholar
Hawkins, C. 2016. Roman Artisans and the Urban Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heinrich, F. 2019. “Cereals and bread.” In The Routledge Handbook of Diet and Nutrition in the Roman World, ed. Erdkamp, P. and Holleran, C., 101–15. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Heinrich, F., and Erdkamp, P.. 2018. “The role of modern malnutrition in modelling Roman malnutrition: Aid or anachronism?” JAS Reports 19: 1016–22. DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.06.011.Google Scholar
Heinrich, F., and Hansen, A.. 2019. “Pulses.” In The Routledge Handbook of Diet and Nutrition in the Roman World, ed. Erdkamp, P. and Holleran, C., 116–28. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Hopkins, K. 1980. “Taxes and trade in the Roman empire (200 B.C.‒A.D. 400).” JRS 70: 101–25.Google Scholar
Hopkins, K. 1983. “Models, ships, and staples.” In Trade and Famine in Classical Antiquity, ed. Garnsey, P. and Whittaker, C. R., 84109. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hopkins, K. 1991. “Conquest by book.” In Literacy in the Roman World, ed. Humphrey, J., 133–58. JRA Suppl. 3. Ann Arbor, MI: JRA.Google Scholar
Jongman, W. 1988. The Economy and Society of Pompeii. Amsterdam: J. C. Gieben.Google Scholar
Jongman, W. 2007. “The early Roman empire: Consumption.” In Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World, ed. Scheidel, W., Morris, I., and Saller, R., 592618. Cambridge, UK, and New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jongman, W. 2008. “The loss of innocence: Pompeian economy and society between past and present.” In The World of Pompeii, ed. Foss, P. and Dobbins, J., 499517. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Jongman, W. 2017. “Pompeii revisited.” In The Economy of Pompeii, ed. Flohr, M. and Wilson, A., 418–28. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Keegan, P. 2016. “Graffiti as monumenta and verba: Marking territories, creating discourses in Roman Pompeii.” In Inscriptions in the Private Sphere in the Greco-Roman World, ed. Benefiel, R. and Keegan, P., 248–64. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill.Google Scholar
Kleberg, T. 1957. Hôtels, restaurants et cabarets dans l'Antiquité romaine. Uppsala, Sweden: Almquist & Wiksells.Google Scholar
Kron, G. 2004. “A deposit of carbonized hay at Oplontis and Roman forage quality.” Mouseion 3, no. 4: 275330.Google Scholar
Kron, G. 2019. “Comparative perspectives on nutrition and social inequality in the Roman world.” In The Routledge Handbook of Diet and Nutrition in the Roman World, ed. Erdkamp, P. and Holleran, C., 259–72. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Levin-Richardson, S. 2019. The Brothel of Pompeii: Sex, Class, and Gender at the Margins of Roman Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cascio, Lo, and P, E.. Malanima. 2009. “GDP in pre-modern agrarian economies (1–1820 AD).” Rivista di Storia Economica 25, no. 3: 391419.Google Scholar
MacKinnon, M. 2004. Animal Production and Consumption in Roman Italy: Integrating the Zooarchaeological and Textual Evidence. JRA Suppl. 54. Portsmouth, RI: JRA.Google Scholar
MacKinnon, M. 2019. “Meat and other animal products.” In The Routledge Handbook of Diet and Nutrition in the Roman World, ed. Erdkamp, P. and Holleran, C., 150–162. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. DOI: 10.4324/9781351107334.Google Scholar
Maddison, A. 2007. Contours of the World Economy, 1–2030 AD. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Martyn, R., Garnsey, P., Fattore, L., Petrone, P., Sperduti, A., Bondioli, L., and Craig, O.. 2018. “Capturing Roman dietary variability in the catastrophic death assemblage at Herculaneum.” JAS Reports 19: 1023–29. DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.08.008.Google Scholar
Mau, A. 1882. “Scavi di Pompeii.” BdI 6 (June), 137–48, and 7–8 (July/August), 176–84.Google Scholar
Mau, A. 1892. “Scavi di Pompei.” RM 7: 325.Google Scholar
Mayer, E. 2012. The Ancient Middle Classes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGinn, T. 2004. The Economy of Prostitution in the Roman World: A Study of Social History and the Brothel. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Monteix, N. 2010. “Pompéi, Pistrina: Recherches sur les boulangeries de l'Italie romaine.” MÉFRA 122, no. 1: 275–82.Google Scholar
Monteix, N. 2012. “Cuisiner pour les autres: Les espaces commerciaux de production alimentaire à Pompéi.” Gallia 70: 926.Google Scholar
Monteix, N. 2016. “Contextualizing the operational sequence: Pompeian bakeries as a case study.” In Urban Craftsmen and Traders in the Ancient World, ed. Wilson, A. and Flohr, M., 153–82. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Monteix, N., Aho, S., Delvigne-Ryrko, A., and Watel, A.. 2015. “Pompéi, Pistrina.” Chronique des activités archéologiques de l’École française de Rome. Les cités vésuviennes. DOI: 10.4000/tc.11393.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muldrew, C. 2011. Food, Energy, and the Creation of Industriousness: Work and Material Culture in Agrarian England, 1550–1780. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murphy, C. 2017. “Archaeobotanical remains.” In House of the Surgeon, Pompeii: Excavations in the Casa del Chirurgo (VI 1, 9–10.23), ed. Anderson, M. A., Robinson, D., Cool, H. E. M., and Jones, R., 508–15. Oxford: Oxbow.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murphy, C., Thompson, G., and Fuller, D. Q.. 2013. “Roman food refuse: Urban archaeobotany in Pompeii, Regio VI, Insula 1.” Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 22: 409–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pate, F. D., Henneberg, R., and Henneberg, M.. 2016. “Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope evidence for dietary variability at ancient Pompeii, Italy.” Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 16, no. 1: 127–33.Google Scholar
Pedroni, L. 2014. “La Casa di Mercurio a Pompei (VII, 2, 35). Contributi allo studio dell'edificio.” Vesuviana 6: 95110.Google Scholar
Peña, J. T. 2007. Roman Pottery in the Archaeological Record. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peña, J. T., and McCallum, M.. 2009. “The production and distribution of pottery at Pompeii: A review of the evidence; Part 2, the material basis for production and distribution.” AJA 113, no. 2: 165201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perassi, C. 1998. “Soldi, acquisti, spese a Pompei.” Comunicazioni. Circolare di informazione dei Soci della Società Numismatica Italiana 27: 711.Google Scholar
Petersen, L. 2003. “The baker, his tomb, his wife, and her breadbasket: The monument of Eurysaces in Rome.” ArtB 85, no. 3: 230–57.Google Scholar
Pirson, F. 1999. Mietwohnungen in Pompeji und Herkulaneum. Untersuchungen zur Architektur, zum Wohnen und zur Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte der Vesuvstädte. Munich: Verlag Dr. Freidrich Pfeil.Google Scholar
Pugliese Carratelli, G., and Baldassare, I., eds. 1990–2003. Pompei: Pitture e Mosaici: Vol. IX. Rome: Istituto della enciclopedia italiana.Google Scholar
Rathbone, D. 2009. “Earnings and costs: Living standards and the Roman economy (first through third centuries AD).” In Quantifying the Roman Economy. Methods and Problems, ed. Bowman, A. and Wilson, A., 299326. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rathbone, D. 2013. “Village markets in Roman Egypt: The case of first-century AD Tebtunis.” In Kauf, Konsum und Märkte: Wirtschaftswelten im Fokus - Von der römischen Antike bis zur Gegenwart, ed. Frass, M., 123–43. Wiesbaden, Germany: Harrassowitz Verlag.Google Scholar
Ray, N. 2017. “Consumer behaviour in Pompeii: Theory and evidence.” In The Economy of Pompeii, ed. Flohr, M. and Wilson, A., 87109. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Richardson, J. 2017. “The faunal remains.” In House of the Surgeon, Pompeii: Excavations in the Casa del Chirurgo (VI 1, 9–10.23), ed. Anderson, M. A., Robinson, D., Cool, H. E. M., and Jones, R., 501–7. Oxford: Oxbow.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riggsby, A. 2019. Mosaics of Knowledge: Representing Information in the Roman World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, M. 2019. “The archaeology of food remains from latrines at Pompeii.” In Last Supper in Pompeii, ed. Roberts, P., 244–49. Oxford: Ashmolean.Google Scholar
Rowan, E. 2016. “Bioarchaeological preservation and non-elite diet in the Bay of Naples: An analysis of the food remains from the Cardo V sewer at the Roman site of Herculaneum.” Environmental Archaeology 22, no. 3: 318–36. DOI: 10.1080/14614103.2016.1235077.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rowan, E. 2017. “Sewers, archaeobotany, and diet at Pompeii and Herculaneum.” In The Economy of Pompeii, ed. Flohr, M. and Wilson, A., 111–33. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Russo Ermolli, E., Romano, P., Ruello, M. R., and Barone Lumaga, M. R.. 2014. “The natural and cultural landscape of Naples (southern Italy) during the Graeco-Roman and Late Antique periods..” In Journal of Archaeological Science 42: 399411.Google Scholar
Santomato, E. 2014. “Per una interpretazione dei graffiti privati e dell'economia quotidiana a Pompei (con particolare riguardo alle liste di prezzi).” Ancient Society 44: 307–41.Google Scholar
Savio, A. 1975. “Sul prezzo del frumento e del pane a Pompei.” NumAntCl 3: 121–26.Google Scholar
Scheidel, W. 2005. “Mobility in Roman Italy, II: The slave population.” JRS 95: 6479.Google Scholar
Scheidel, W. 2010. “Real wages in early economies: Evidence for living standards from 1800 BCE to 1300 CE.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 53: 425–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scheidel, W. n.d. “Prices and other monetary valuations in Roman history: Ancient literary evidence.” Stanford University. Accessed March 21, 2020. https://web.stanford.edu/~scheidel/NumIntro.htm.Google Scholar
Scheidel, W., and Friesen, S.. 2009. “The size of the economy and the distribution of income in the Roman Empire.” JRS 99: 6191.Google Scholar
Schubert, P. 2018. “Who needed writing in Graeco-Roman Egypt and for what purpose? Document layout as a tool of literacy.” In Literacy in Ancient Everyday Life, ed. Kolb, A., 335–50. Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smil, V. 2019. Growth: From Microorganisms to Megacities. Boston: MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solin, H. 2013. “Zu pompejanischen Wandinschriften.” In Studia epigraphica in memoriam Géza Alföldy. Bonn: Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH.Google Scholar
Solin, H., and Caruso, P.. 2016. “Memorandum sumptuarium pompeianum. Per una nuova lettura del graffito CIV IV 5380.” Vesuviana 8: 105–27.Google Scholar
Taeuber, H. 2005. “Graffiti.” In Hanghaus 2 in Ephesos. Die Wohneinheit 4. Baubefunde, Ausstattung, Funde, ed. Thür, H., 132–43. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.Google Scholar
Taeuber, H. 2016. “Graffiti und Inschriften.” In Hanghaus 2 in Ephesos. Die Wohneinheit 7: Baubefund, Ausstattung, Funde, ed. Auinger, J., Lorenz, S., and Rathmayr, E., 233‒58. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.Google Scholar
Temin, P. 2006. “Estimating GDP in the early Roman empire.” In Innovazione tecnica e progresso economico nel mondo romano, ed. Lo Cascio, E., 3154. Bari, Italy: Edipuglia.Google Scholar
Thurmond, D. 2006. A Handbook of Food Processing in Classical Rome: For Her Bounty No Winter. Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Väänänen, V. 1966. Le latin vulgaire des inscriptions pompéiennes. 3rd ed. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.Google Scholar
Van Limbergen, D. 2018. “What Romans ate and how much they ate of it: Old and new research on eating habits and dietary proportions in classical antiquity.” RBPhil 96, no. 3: 1049–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Varone, A. 2012. Titulorum graphio exaratorum qui in C.I.L. vol. IV collecti sunt: Imagines. Studi della Soprintendenza archeologica di Pompei, 31. Rome: “L'Erma” di Bretschneider.Google Scholar
Verboven, K. 2017. “Currency and credit in the Bay of Naples in the first century AD.” In The Economy of Pompeii, ed. Flohr, M. and Wilson, A., 363–86. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wallace-Hadrill, A. 2011. “Scratching the surface: A case study of domestic graffiti at Pompeii.” In L’Écriture dans la maison romaine, ed. Corbier, M. and Guilhembet, J.-P., 401–14. Paris: De Boccard.Google Scholar
Wallace-Hadrill, A. 2013. “Trying to define and identify the Roman ‘middle classes.’” JRA 26: 605–9.Google Scholar
Wallace-Hadrill, A. 2016. “Inscriptions in private spaces.” In Inscriptions in the Private Sphere in the Greco-Roman World, ed. Benefiel, R. and Keegan, P., 112. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill.Google Scholar