Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T05:26:38.974Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

A Systematic Review of Controlled Trials Evaluating Interventions Following Non-Marital Relationship Separation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 March 2017

Dominique Kazan*
Affiliation:
Centre for Mental Health Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
Alison L. Calear
Affiliation:
Centre for Mental Health Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
Philip J. Batterham
Affiliation:
Centre for Mental Health Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
*
ADDRESS FOR CORRESPONDENCE: Dominique Kazan, The Australian National University, 63 Eggleston Road, Acton ACT 2601Australia. Email: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

The effect of a relationship separation on wellbeing is substantial. However, without divorce parameters, individuals in dating or cohabiting relationships may struggle to access support mechanisms. A systematic review was conducted to identify controlled trials of interventions targeting individuals who have experienced a non-marital relationship separation, to supplement the divorce literature. The aim of the review was to assess the impact of these interventions on mental health. Five articles were identified through PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES and Medline databases. Overall, two of the trials reported a significant improvement in specific mental health outcomes at post-test and/or follow-up. Of the two trials demonstrating efficacy in mental health outcomes, one used a weekly, forgiveness-based group intervention and the other was a writing-based, self-initiated intervention. A lack of trials testing theory-driven interventions for relationship separation is of particular concern. Limitations of the existing literature and corresponding directions for future research are discussed.

Type
Review Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Barney, L.J., Griffiths, K.M., Jorm, A.F., & Christensen, H. (2006). Stigma about depression and its impact on help-seeking intentions. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 40, 5154.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Batterham, P.J., Fairweather-Schmidt, A.K., Butterworth, P., Calear, A.L., Mackinnon, A.J., & Christensen, H. (2014). Temporal effects of separation on suicidal thoughts and behaviours. Social Science & Medicine, 111, 5863.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beck, A.T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R.A. (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 893897.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beck, A.T., Ward, C., & Mendelson, M. (1961). Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561571.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blekesaune, M. (2008). Partnership transitions and mental distress: Investigating temporal order. Journal of Marriage and Family, 70, 879890.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bollen, K.N., Verbeke, A.-L., & Euwema, M.C. (2014). Computers work for women: Gender differences in e-supported divorce mediation. Computers in Human Behavior, 30, 230237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonach, K., & Sales, E. (2002). Forgiveness as a mediator between post divorce cognitive processes and coparenting quality. Journal of Divorce and Remarriage, 38, 1738.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brotherson, S.E., White, J., & Masich, C. (2010). Parents forever: An assessment of the perceived value of a brief divorce education program. Journal of Divorce and Remarriage, 51, 465490.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, S.L. (2000). Fertility following marital dissolution the role of cohabitation. Journal of Family Issues, 21, 501524.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chung, M.C., Farmer, S., Grant, K., Newton, R., Payne, S., Perry, M., . . . Stone, N. (2003). Coping with post-traumatic stress symptoms following relationship dissolution. Stress and Health, 19, 2736.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Costello, C., & Comrey, A.L. (1967). Scales for measuring depression and anxiety. The Journal of Psychology, 66, 303313.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cuijpers, P., Geraedts, A.S., van Oppen, P., Andersson, G., Markowitz, J.C., & van Straten, A. (2011). Interpersonal psychotherapy for depression: A meta-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 581592.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Mello, M.F., de Jesus Mari, J., Bacaltchuk, J., Verdeli, H., & Neugebauer, R. (2005). A systematic review of research findings on the efficacy of interpersonal therapy for depressive disorders. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 255, 7582.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Effective Practice Organisation of Care (EPOC). 2015. Suggested risk of bias criteria for EPOC reviews. Oslo: Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services. Retrieved from http://epoc.cochrane.org/epoc-specific-resources-review-authors Google Scholar
Emery, R.E., Sbarra, D., & Grover, T. (2005). Divorce mediation: Research and reflections. Family Court Review, 43, 2237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Enright, R.D., & Fitzgibbons, R.P. (2000). Helping clients forgive: An empirical guide for resolving anger and restoring hope. In Enright, R.D. & Fitzgibbons, R.P. (Eds.), The process model of forgiveness therapy (pp. 6588). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Finkel, E.J., Slotter, E.B., Luchies, L.B., Walton, G.M., & Gross, J.J. (2013). A brief intervention to promote conflict reappraisal preserves marital quality over time. Psychological Science, 24, 1595–601.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fleming, C.B., White, H.R., & Catalano, R.F. (2010). Romantic relationships and substance use in early adulthood an examination of the influences of relationship type, partner substance use, and relationship quality. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 51, 153167.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frattaroli, J. (2006). Experimental disclosure and its moderators: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 823865.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gibb, S.J., Fergusson, D.M., & Horwood, L.J. (2011). Relationship duration and mental health outcomes: Findings from a 30-year longitudinal study. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 198, 2430.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gilbert, S.P., & Sifers, S.K. (2011). Bouncing back from a breakup: Attachment, time perspective, mental health, and romantic loss. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 25, 295310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gulliver, A., Griffiths, K.M., & Christensen, H. (2010). Perceived barriers and facilitators to mental health help-seeking in young people: A systematic review. BMC Psychiatry, 10, 113.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hasselmo, K., Sbarra, D.A., O'Connor, M.F., & Moreno, F.A. (2015). Psychological distress following marital separation interacts with a polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene to predict cardiac vagal control in the laboratory. Psychophysiology, 52, 736744.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heikkinen, M., Aro, H., & Lönnqvist, J. (1992a). The partners’ views on precipitant stressors in suicide. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 85, 380384.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heikkinen, M., Aro, H., & Lönnqvist, J. (1992b). Recent life events and their role in suicide as seen by the spouses. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 86, 489494.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hirai, M., Skidmore, S.T., Clum, G.A., & Dolma, S. (2012). An investigation of the efficacy of online expressive writing for trauma-related psychological distress in Hispanic individuals. Behavior Therapy, 43, 812824.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Horowitz, M., Wilner, N., & Alvarez, W. (1979). Impact of Event Scale: A measure of subjective stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 41, 209218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobs, N., & Jaffe, R. (2010). Investigating the efficacy of CoMet, a new mediation model for high-conflict separating parents. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 38, 1631.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kazan, D., Calear, A.L., & Batterham, P.J. (2016). The impact of intimate partner relationships on suicidal thoughts and behaviours: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 190, 585598.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krpan, K.M., Kross, E., Berman, M.G., Deldin, P.J., Askren, M.K., & Jonides, J. (2013). An everyday activity as a treatment for depression: The benefits of expressive writing for people diagnosed with major depressive disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 150, 11481151.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Larson, G.M., & Sbarra, D.A. (2015). Participating in research on romantic breakups promotes emotional recovery via changes in self-concept clarity. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 6, 399406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, C.M., Picard, M., & Blain, M.D. (1994). A methodological and substantive review of intervention outcome studies for families undergoing divorce. Journal of Family Psychology, 8, 315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lepore, S.J., & Greenberg, M.A. (2002). Mending broken hearts: Effects of expressive writing on mood, cognitive processing, social adjustment and health following a relationship breakup. Psychology and Health, 17, 547560.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewandowski, G.W. Jr. (2009). Promoting positive emotions following relationship dissolution through writing. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4, 2131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewandowski, G.W. Jr., & Bizzoco, N.M. (2007). Addition through subtraction: Growth following the dissolution of a low quality relationship. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 2, 4054.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liefbroer, A.C., & Dourleijn, E. (2006). Unmarried cohabitation and union stability: Testing the role of diffusion using data from 16 European countries. Demography, 43, 203221.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lipsitz, J.D., & Markowitz, J.C. (2013). Mechanisms of change in interpersonal therapy (IPT). Clinical Psychology Review, 33, 11341147.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moher, D., Jones, A., Cook, D.J., Jadad, A.R., Moher, M., Tugwell, P., & Klassen, T.P. (1998). Does quality of reports of randomised trials affect estimates of intervention efficacy reported in meta-analyses? The Lancet, 352, 609613.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morris, C.E., Reiber, C., & Roman, E. (2015). Quantitative sex differences in response to the dissolution of a romantic relationship. Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences, 9, 270282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mufson, L., Gallagher, T., Dorta, K.P., & Young, J.F. (2004). A group adaptation of interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed adolescents. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 58, 220237.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Primeau, J.E., Servaty-Seib, H.L., & Enersen, D. (2013). Type of writing task and college students’ meaning making following a romantic breakup. Journal of College Counseling, 16, 3248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rhoades, G.K., Kamp Dush, C.M., Atkins, D.C., Stanley, S.M., & Markman, H.J. (2011). Breaking up is hard to do: The impact of unmarried relationship dissolution on mental health and life satisfaction. Journal of Family Psychology, 25, 366374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rohde-Brown, J., & Rudestam, K.E. (2011). The role of forgiveness in divorce adjustment and the impact of affect. Journal of Divorce and Remarriage, 52, 109124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rye, M.S., Fleri, A.M., Moore, C.D., Worthington, E.L. Jr., Wade, N.G., Sandage, S.J., & Cook, K.M. (2012). Evaluation of an intervention designed to help divorced parents forgive their ex-spouse. Journal of Divorce and Remarriage, 53, 231245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rye, M.S., Folck, C.D., Heim, T.A., Olszewski, B.T., & Traina, E. (2004). Forgiveness of an ex-spouse: How does it relate to mental health following a divorce? Journal of Divorce and Remarriage, 41, 3151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rye, M.S., & Pargament, K.I. (2002). Forgiveness and romantic relationships in college: Can it heal the wounded heart? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58, 419441.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rye, M.S., Pargament, K.I., Pan, W., Yingling, D.W., Shogren, K.A., & Ito, M. (2005). Can group interventions facilitate forgiveness of an ex-spouse? A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 880.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Samios, C., Henson, D.F., & Simpson, H.J. (2014). Benefit finding and psychological adjustment following a non-marital relationship breakup. Journal of Relationships Research, 5, 18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sbarra, D.A., Boals, A., Mason, A.E., Larson, G.M., & Mehl, M.R. (2013). Expressive writing can impede emotional recovery following marital separation. Clinical Psychological Science, 1, 120134.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sbarra, D.A., Emery, R.E., Beam, C.R., & Ocker, B.L. (2014). Marital dissolution and major depression in midlife a propensity score analysis. Clinical Psychological Science, 2, 249257.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sbarra, D.A., Hasselmo, K., & Bourassa, K.J. (2015). Divorce and health beyond individual differences. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24, 109113.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sbarra, D.A., Law, R.W., & Portley, R.M. (2011). Divorce and death: A meta-analysis and research agenda for clinical, social, and health psychology. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6, 454474.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shacham, S. (1983). A shortened version of the Profile of Mood States. Journal of Personality Assessment, 47, 305306.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sprenkle, D.H., & Storm, C.L. (1983). Divorce therapy outcome research: A substantive and methodological review. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 9, 239258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strouse, J., & Roehrle, B. (2011). A meta-analysis of intervention outcome studies for adults undergoing separation and divorce. International Journal of Mental Health Promotion, 13, 1729.Google Scholar
Tashiro, T., & Frazier, P. (2003). ‘I'll never be in a relationship like that again’: Personal growth following romantic relationship breakups. Personal Relationships, 10, 113128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tavares, L.P., & Aassve, A. (2013). Psychological distress of marital and cohabitation breakups. Social Science Research, 42, 15991611.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vennum, A., Lindstrom, R., Monk, J.K., & Adams, R. (2014). ‘It's complicated.’ The continuity and correlates of cycling in cohabiting and marital relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 31, 410430.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weiss, D.S. (2007). The Impact of Event Scale: Revised. In Wilson, J.P. & Sokum Tang, C. (Eds.), Cross-cultural assessment of psychological trauma and PTSD (pp. 219238). New York, NY: Springer.Google Scholar
Wu, Z., & Hart, R. (2002). The effects of marital and nonmarital union transition on health. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64, 420432.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yárnoz-Yaben, S. (2015). Forgiveness, adjustment to divorce and support from the former spouse in Spain. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24, 289297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yárnoz Yaben, S. (2009). Forgiveness, attachment, and divorce. Journal of Divorce and Remarriage, 50, 282294.Google Scholar
Yeager, D.S., & Walton, G.M. (2011). Social-psychological interventions in education: They're not magic. Review of Educational Research, 81, 267301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, T., Fu, H., & Wan, Y. (2014). The application of group forgiveness intervention for courtship-hurt college students: A Chinese perspective. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 64, 298320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zimpfer, D.G. (1990). Groups for divorce separation: A review. Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 15, 5160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar