Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7fkt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T23:31:30.083Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A review of the effects of tobacco smoking on the treatment of prostate cancer

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 August 2020

Faiza Nuru ,
Ernest Osei Open the ORCID record for Ernest Osei [Opens in a new window]  and
Rahil Kassim
Faiza Nuru
Affiliation:
School of Public Health & Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada Department of Medical Physics, Grand River Regional Cancer Center, Kitchener, ON, Canada
Ernest Osei*
Affiliation:
Department of Medical Physics, Grand River Regional Cancer Center, Kitchener, ON, Canada Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
Rahil Kassim
Affiliation:
Department of Medical Physics, Grand River Regional Cancer Center, Kitchener, ON, Canada
*
Author for correspondence: Ernest Osei, Department of Medical Physics, Grand River Regional Cancer Centre, Kitchener, ON, Canada. Tel: 519 749 4300; Ext: 5407. Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background:

Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy and the third leading cause of death among Canadian men. The standard treatment modalities for prostate cancer include prostatectomy, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy and chemotherapy or any combination depending on the stage of the tumour. However, several studies have reported that tobacco smoking at the time of diagnosis and during treatment can potentially impact treatment efficacy, outcome and patients quality of life after treatment.

Materials and methods:

This narrative literature review elucidates the impacts of tobacco smoking on prostate cancer progression, treatment efficacy, including its effects on prostatectomy, radiation therapy and chemotherapy, risk of cancer recurrence and mortality and quality of life after treatment. Furthermore, we discuss the importance of integrating a smoking cessation programme into the treatment regimen for prostate cancer patients in order to yield more favourable treatment outcomes, reduce risk of recurrence and mortality and increase the quality of life after treatment for prostate cancer patients.

Conclusions:

Smoking cessation is one of the most important interventions to prevent cancer and it is also essential after the diagnosis of prostate cancer to improve clinical outcomes. All prostate cancer patients should be advised to quit tobacco use since it can potentially improve treatment response rates and survival, as well as reduce the risk of developing treatment complications and potentially improve the quality of life after treatment. There are several benefits to smoking cessation and it should become an important component of the cancer care continuum in all oncology programmes, starting from prevention of cancer through diagnosis, treatment, survivorship and palliative care. Evidence-based smoking cessation intervention should be sustainably integrated into any comprehensive cancer programme, and the information should be targeted to the specific benefits of cessation in cancer patients.

Keywords

chemotherapyprostate cancerradiotherapysmoking cessationsurgerytobacco smoking
Type
Literature Review
Information
Journal of Radiotherapy in Practice , Volume 21 , Issue 1 , March 2022 , pp. 109 - 116
Check for updates
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Canadian Cancer Society. 2020. Prostate cancer statistics. Retrieved from https://www.cancer.ca/. Accessed on 26th April 2020.Google Scholar
Brenner, D R, Weir, H K, Demers, A A et al. Projected estimates of cancer in Canada in 2020. CMAJ 2020; 192 (9): E199–E205.Google Scholar
Meyes, M, Crook, J, Morton, G, Vigneault, E, Usmani, N, Morris, W J. Treatment options for localized prostate cancer. Can Fam Physician 2013; 59: 1269–1274.Google Scholar
Mohan, R, Schellhammer, P F. Treatment options for localized prostate cancer. Am Fam Physician 2011; 84 (4): 413–420.Google ScholarPubMed
Alsadius, D, Hedelin, M, Johansson, K-A et al. Tobacco smoking and long-lasting symptoms from the bowel and the anal-sphincter region after radiotherapy for prostate cancer. Radiother Oncol 2011; 101 (3): 495–501.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baker, S D, Sparreboom, A, Verweij, J. Clinical pharmacokinetics of docetaxel: Recent developments. Clin Pharmacokinet 2006; 45 (3): 235–252.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dresler, C M. Is it more important to quit smoking than which chemotherapy is used? Lung Cancer 2003; 39 (2): 119–124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Enokida, H, Shiina, H, Urakami, S et al. Smoking influences aberrant CpG hypermethylation of multiple genes in human prostate carcinoma. Cancer 2006; 106 (1): 79–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foerster, B, Pozo, C, Abufaraj, M et al. Association of smoking status with recurrence, metastasis, and mortality among patients with localized prostate cancer undergoing prostatectomy or radiotherapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Oncol 2018; 4 (7): 953–961.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Freitas, M, Alves, V, Sarmento-Ribeiro, A, Mota-Pinto, A. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons may contribute for prostate cancer progression. J Cancer Ther 2013; 4: 37–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ganesh, V, Zaki, P, Chan, S et al. Adverse health outcomes associated with postdiagnosis smoking in prostate cancer patients: a literature review. J Med Imaging Radiat Sci 2017; 48 (1): 103–110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Giovannucci, E, Rimm, E B, Ascherio, A et al. Smoking and risk of total and fatal prostate cancer in United States health professionals. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1999; 8 (4): 277–282.Google ScholarPubMed
Gourgiotis, S, Aloizos, S, Aravosita, P et al. The effects of tobacco smoking on the incidence and risk of intraoperative and postoperative complications in adults. Surgeon 2011; 9 (4): 225–232.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gray, M A, Delahunt, B, Fowles, J R, Weinstein, P, Cooke, R R, Nacey, J N. Demographic and clinical factors as determinants of serum levels of prostate specific antigen and its derivatives. Anticancer Res 2004; 24 (3B): 2069–2072.Google ScholarPubMed
Greif, R, Akça, O, Horn, E P, Kurz, A, Sessler, D I. Supplemental perioperative oxygen to reduce the incidence of surgical-wound infection. N Engl J Med 2000; 342 (3): 161–167.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gritz, E R, Dresler, C, Smoking, Sarna L., The missing drug interaction in clinical trials: ignoring the obvious. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14 (10): 2287–2293.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hawn, M T, Houston, T K, Campagna, E J et al. The attributable risk of smoking on surgical complications. Ann Surg 2011; 254 (6): 914–920.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Health Quality Ontario. Robotic surgical system for radical prostatectomy: a health technology assessment. Ont Health Technol Assess Ser 2017; 17 (11): 1–172. Available from: http://www.hqontario.caGoogle Scholar
Hickey, K, Do, K-A, Green, A. Smoking and prostate cancer. Epidemiol Rev 2001; 23 (1): 115–125.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hrubá, E, Vondráček, J, Líbalová, H et al. Gene expression changes in human prostate carcinoma cells exposed to genotoxic and nongenotoxic aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands. Toxicol Lett 2011; 206 (2): 178–188.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huncharek, M, Haddock, K S, Reid, R, Kupelnick, B. Smoking as a risk factor for prostate cancer: A meta-analysis of 24 prospective cohort studies. Am J Public Health 2010; 100 (4): 693–701.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Islami, F, Moreira, D M, Boffetta, P, Freedland, S J. A systematic review and meta-analysis of tobacco use and prostate cancer mortality and incidence in prospective cohort studies. Eur Urol 2014: 66 (6): 1054–1064.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Israili, Z H, Dayton, P G. Human alpha-1-glycoprotein and its interactions with drugs. Drug Metab Rev 2001; 33 (2): 161–235.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jacobs, E F P, Boris, R, Masterson, T A. Advances in robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy over time. Prostate Cancer 2013; 2013: 902686.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jassem, J. Tobacco smoking after diagnosis of cancer: clinical aspects. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2019; 8 (Suppl 1): S50–S58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jorgensen, L N, Kallehave, F, Christensen, E, Siana, J E, Gottrup, F. Less collagen production in smokers. Surgery 1998; 123 (4): 450–455.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Joshu, C E, Mondul, A M, Meinhold, C L et al. Cigarette smoking and prostate cancer recurrence after prostatectomy. J Natl Cancer Inst 2011; 103 (10): 835–838.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kassim, R, Osei, E, Cronin, K A. A review of the effects of tobacco smoking on cancer treatment: smoking cessation intervention should be integrated into the cancer care continuum. J Radiother Pract 2019; 19 (1): 1–9.Google Scholar
Kenfield, S A, Stampfer, M J, Chan, J M, Giovannucci, E. Smoking and prostate cancer survival and recurrence. Jama 2011; 305 (24): 2548–2555.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koc, G, Akgul, K, Yilmaz, Y, Dirik, A, Un, S. The effects of cigarette smoking on prostate-specific antigen in two different age groups. Can Urol Assoc J 2013; 7 (11–12): E704–E707.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kristal, A R, Chi, C, Tangen, C M, Goodman, P J, Etzioni, R, Thompson, I M. Associations of demographic and lifestyle characteristics with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentration and rate of PSA increase. Cancer 2006; 106 (2): 320–328.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kroon, L A. Drug interactions with smoking. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 2007; 64 (18): 1917–1921.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lepor, H. A review of surgical techniques for radical prostatectomy. Rev Urol 2005; 7 (Suppl 2): S11–17.Google ScholarPubMed
Lindström, D, Azodi, O S, Wladis, A et al. Effects of a perioperative smoking cessation intervention on postoperative complications: a randomized trial. Ann Surg 2008; 248 (5): 739–745.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Minami, H, Kawada, K, Sasaki, Y et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of protein-unbound docetaxel in cancer patients. Cancer Sci 2006; 97 (3): 235–241.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O’Malley, M, King, A N, Conte, M, Ellingrod, V L, Ramnath, N. Effects of cigarette smoking on metabolism and effectiveness of systemic therapy for lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2014; 9 (7): 917–926.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pantarotto, J, Malone, S, Dahrouge, S, Gallant, V, Eapen, L. Smoking is associated with worse outcomes in patients with prostate cancer treated by radical radiotherapy. BJU Int 2007; 99 (3): 564–569.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Petros, W P, Younis, R I, Ford, J N, Weed, S A. Effects of tobacco smoking and nicotine on cancer treatment. Pharmacotherapy 2012; 32 (10): 920–931.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prueitt, R L, Wallace, T A, Glynn, S A et al. An immune-inflammation gene expression signature in prostate tumors of smokers. Cancer Res 2015; 76 (5): 1055–1065.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salami, S S, Kavoussi, L R. Quality of life: impact of prostate cancer and its treatment. In Prostate Cancer. Academic Press 2016: 579–584.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sato, N, Shiota, M, Shiga, K-I et al. Smoking effect on oncological outcome among men with prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2017; 47 (5): 453–457.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schmidt-Hansen, M, Page, R, Hasler, E. The effect of preoperative smoking cessation or preoperative pulmonary rehabilitation on outcomes after lung cancer surgery: A systematic review. Clin Lung Cancer 2013; 14 (2): 96–102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sørensen, L T. Wound healing and infection in surgery: the clinical impact of smoking and smoking cessation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Surg 2012; 147 (4); 373–383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steinberger, E, Kollmeier, M, McBride, S et al. Cigarette smoking during external beam radiation therapy for prostate cancer is associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer-specific mortality and treatment-related toxicity. BJU Int 2015; 116 (4): 596–603.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tandara, A A, Mustoe, T A. Oxygen in wound healing-more than a nutrient. World J Surg 2004; 28 (3): 294–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomsen, T, Villebro, N, Møller, A M. Interventions for preoperative smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; 2014 (3): CD002294.Google Scholar
Tønnesen, H, Nielsen, P R, Lauritzen, J B, Møller, A M. Smoking and alcohol intervention before surgery: Evidence for best practice. Br J Anaesth 2009; 102 (3): 297–306.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wong, L S, Martins-Green, M. Firsthand cigarette smoke alters fibroblast migration and survival: implications for impaired healing. Wound Repair Regen 2004; 12 (4): 471–484.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zevin, S, Benowitz, N L. Drug interactions with tobacco smoking. An update. Clin Pharmacokinet 1999; 36 (6): 425–438.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zu, K, Giovannucci, E. Smoking and aggressive prostate cancer: a review of the epidemiologic evidence. Cancer Causes Control 2009; 20 (10): 1799–1810.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moreira, D M, Nickel, J C, Gerber, L et al. Smoking is associated with acute and chronic prostatic inflammation: Results from the REDUCE study. Cancer Prev Res 2015; 8 (4): 312–317.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Nunzio, C, Andriole, G L, Thompson, I M Jr, Freedland, S J. Smoking and prostate cancer: a systematic review. Eur Urol Focus 2015; 1 (1): 28–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prezioso, D, Denis, L J, Klocker, H et al. Estrogens and aspects of prostate disease. Int J Urol 2007; 14 (1): 1–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fowles, J, Dybing, E. Application of toxicological risk assessment principles to the chemical constituents of cigarette smoke. Tob Control 2003; 12 (4): 424–430.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moreira, D M, Aronson, W J, Terris, M K et al. Cigarette smoking is associated with an increased risk of biochemical disease recurrence, metastasis, castration-resistant prostate cancer, and mortality after radical prostatectomy: results from the SEARCH database. Cancer 2014; 120 (2): 197–204.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aizer, A A, Yu, J B, McKeon, A M, Decker, R H, Colberg, J W, Peschel, R E. Whole pelvic radiotherapy versus prostate only radiotherapy in the management of locally advanced or aggressive prostate adenocarcinoma. Intl J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009; 75 (5): 1344–1349.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ashman, J B, Zelefsky, M J, Hunt, M S, Leibel, S A, Fuks, Z. Whole pelvic radiotherapy for prostate cancer using 3D conformal and intensity-modulated radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005; 63 (3): 765–771.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Darko, J, Osei, E, Fleck, A, Rachakonda, R. Retrospective dosimetric evaluation of VMAT plans for prostate cancer treatment. J Radiother Pract 2018; 18 (02): 155–164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Osei, E, Mansoor, H, Darko, J, Osei, B, Fleming, K, Rachakonda, R. dosimetric evaluation of whole pelvis radiation therapy of prostate cancers: Clinical experience. J Radiother Pract. 2020; In the press.Google Scholar
Peeters, S T H, Heemsbergen, W D, Koper, P C M, et al. Dose-response in radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer: Results of the Dutch Multicenter Randomized Phase III Trial Comparing 68 Gy of Radiotherapy With 78 Gy. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24 (13): 1990–1996.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poelaert, F, Fonteyne, V, Ost, P et al. Whole pelvis radiotherapy for pathological node-positive prostate cancer. Strahlenther Onkol 2017; 193 (6): 444–451.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Widmark, A, Klepp, O, Solberg, A et al. Endocrine treatment, with or without radiotherapy, in locally advanced prostate cancer (SPCG-7/SFUO-3): An open randomised phase III trial. Lancet 2009; 373 (9660): 301–308.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yang, Y, Li, T, Yuan, L, et al. Quantitative comparison of automatic and manual IMRT optimization for prostate cancer: the benefits of DVH prediction. J Appl Clin Med Phys. 2015; 16 (2): 5204.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karlsson, J. Quit smoking and reduce surgical complications. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol, Arthrosc 2011; 19 (3): 331–332.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pierorazio, P M, Ferrucci, L, Kettermann, A, Longo, D L, Metter, E J, Carter, H B. Serum testosterone is associated with aggressive prostate cancer in older men: Results from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. BJU Int 2010; 105 (6): 824–829.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kosti, O, Goldman, L, Saha, D T et al. DNA damage phenotype and prostate cancer risk. Mutat Res 2011; 719 (1–2): 41–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
English, K M, Pugh, P J, Parry, H, Scutt, N E, Channer, K S, Jones, T H. Effect of cigarette smoking on levels of bioavailable testosterone in healthy men. Clin Sci 2001; 100 (6): 661–665.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bønaa, KH, Joakimsen, RM, Jorde, R. The association of age, lifestyle factors and chronic disease with testosterone in men: the Tromso Study. European journal of endocrinology. 2003;149:145–152.Google Scholar
Darcey, E, Boyle, T. Tobacco smoking and survival after a prostate cancer diagnosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Treat Rev 2018; 70: 30–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ngo, T C, Lee, J J, Brooks, J D, Nolley, R, Ferrari, M, Presti, J C. Smoking and adverse outcomes at radical prostatectomy. Urol Oncol 2013; 31 (6): 749–754.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oh, J J, Hong, S K, Jeong, C W, Byun, S-S, Lee, S E. Significance of smoking status regarding outcomes after radical prostatectomy. Int Urol Nephrol 2012; 44 (1): 119–124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rieken, M, Shariat, S F, Kluth, L A et al. Association of cigarette smoking and smoking cessation with biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer in patients treated with radical prostatectomy. Eur Urol 2015; 68 (6): 949–956.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gong, Z, Agalliu, I, Lin, D W, Stanford, J L, Kristal, A R. Cigarette smoking and prostate cancer-specific mortality following diagnosis in middle-aged men. Cancer Causes Control 2007; 19 (1): 25–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bastian, L A. Pain and smoking among cancer patients: The relationship is complex but the clinical implication is clear. Pain 2011; 152 (1): 10–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davis, J W, Schellhammer, P F. Quality of Life: Impact of Prostate Cancer and its Treatment. In Prostate Cancer: Science and Clinical Practice, Elsevier Ltd 2003: 461–470.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dieperink, K B, Hansen, S, Wagner, L, Johansen, C, Andersen, K K, Hansen, O. Living alone, obesity and smoking: Important factors for quality of life after radiotherapy and androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. Acta Oncol 2012; 51 (6): 722–729.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ditre, J W, Gonzalez, B D, Simmons, V N, Faul, L A, Brandon, T H, Jacobsen, P B. Associations between pain and current smoking status among cancer patients. Pain 2011; 152 (1): 60–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Phillips, K M, Jim, H S, Donovan, K A, Pinder-Schenck, M C, Jacobsen, P B. Characteristics and correlates of sleep disturbances in cancer patients. Support Care Cancer 2012; 20 (2): 357–365.10.1007/s00520-011-1106-zCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Solanki, A A, Liauw, S L. Tobacco use and external beam radiation therapy for prostate cancer: influence on biochemical control and late toxicity. Cancer 2013; 119 (15): 2807–2814.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davidson, S M, Boldt, R G, Louie, A V. How can we better help cancer patients quit smoking? The London Regional Cancer Program experience with smoking cessation. Curr Oncol 2018; 25 (3): 226–230.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Osei, E, Kassim, R, Cronin, K, Maier, B. Supporting cancer patients quit smoking: The initial evaluation of our tobacco cessation intervention program. J Radiot Pract 2020; 19 (2): 163–172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar