Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T09:33:44.942Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

From Policy Beliefs to Policy Choices: The Resurgence of Tariff Retaliation in the U.S. Pursuit of Fair Trade

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 November 2008

H. Richard Friman
H. Richard Friman
Affiliation:
Political Science, Marquette University
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Policymakers hold and seek to act on beliefs concerning trade strategies as well as those concerning trade tactics and instruments. In contrast to prominent hypotheses in the literature, this article argues that constraints placed on specific dimensions of trade policy by societal groups and state institutions appear to play a greater role in shaping the impact of beliefs on policy choices than overall shifts in discretion accorded to policymakers. Insights into the resurgence of the retaliatory tariff in U.S. trade policy during 1985–88 are at the interaction of policy beliefs and variation in executive discretion. Although lending support to scholarship focusing on the interaction of ideas and institutions, these findings raise questions concerning prominent claims about the significance of policy beliefs.

Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Public Policy , Volume 13 , Issue 2 , April 1993 , pp. 163 - 182
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1993

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Aggarwal, V. (1985) Liberal Protectionism: The International Politics of Organized Textile Trade. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Anderson, M. (1988) Revolution. San Diego: Harcourt, Brace, and Jovanovich.Google Scholar
Bello, J. and Holmer., A. (1988) The Heart of the 1988 Trade Act: A Legislative History of the Amendments to 301. Stanford Journal of International Law 35, 1–44.Google Scholar
Bergsten, C, and Elliott, K., Schott, J., Takacs, W.. (1987) Auction Quotas and United States Trade Policy. Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics.Google Scholar
Bhagwati, J. (1990) Aggressive Unilateralism: An Overview. In Aggressive Unilateralism: America's 301 Trade Policy and the World Trading System, edited by Bhagwati, J. and Patrick, H., pp. 1–45. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bliss, J. (1989) The Amendments to Section 301: An Overview and Suggested Strategies for Foreign Response, Law and Policy in International Business 20, 501–28.Google Scholar
Congress. (1985) Nomination of Dr. Clayton K. Yeutter to be U.S. Trade Representative: Hearing Before the Senate Committee on Finance, 99th Cong., 1st Sess. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Congress. (1986) Trade Reform Legislation, Hearings before the Subcommittee on Trade of the Committee on Ways and Means, 99th Cong., 2nd Sess. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Congress. (1987a) Comprehensive Trade Legislation, Hearings on H.R. 3 before Committee on Ways and Means and its Subcommittee on Trade, 100th Cong., Ist Sess. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Congress. (1987b) Trade and International Economic Policy Reform Act of 1987, Report of the Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives, to Accompany H.R. 3, 100th Cong., Ist Sess., reprinted in 1988 U.S. Code Congressional and Administrative News.Google Scholar
Congress. (1987c) House Conference Report No. 100–576. Reprinted in 1988 U.S. Code Congressional and Administrative News.Google Scholar
Congress. (1988) Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988, Pub. L. No. 100–418. Reprinted in 1988 U.S. Code Congressional and Administrative News.Google Scholar
Curzon, G. (1965) Multilateral Commercial Diplomacy: The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and its Impact on National Commercial Policies and Techniques. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Damm, K. (1970) The GATT: Law and International Economic Organization. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Destler, I. (1986) American Trade Politics: System Under Stress. Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics.Google Scholar
Destler, I. (1992) American Trade Politics. Second Edition. Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics.Google Scholar
Evans, P. (1989) Declining Hegemony and Assertive Industrialization: U.S. – Brazil Conflicts in the Computer Industry. International Organization 43, 207–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, B. and Steinhardt, R.. (1982), Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974: Protection for U.S. Exporters of Goods, Services, and Capital. Law and Policy in International Business 14, 569–690, A1–12.Google Scholar
Friman, H. R. (1990) Patchwork Protectionism: Textile Trade Policy in the United States, Japan, and West Germany. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Friman, H. R. (1993) Side-Payments versus security cares: Domestic Bargaining Tactics in International Economic Negotiations. International Organization forthcoming.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldstein, J. (1990) Three-Way Street: Strategic Reciprocity in World Politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Goldstein, J. (1986) The Political Economy of Trade: The Institutions of Protection. American Political Science Review 80, 161–84.Google Scholar
Goldstein, J. (1988) Ideas, Institutions, and American Trade Policy. International Organisation 42, 179–219.Google Scholar
Goldstein, J. (1989) The Impact of Ideas on Trade Policy: The Origins of U.S. Agricultural and Manufacturing Policies. International Organization 43, 31–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gourevitch, P. (1986) Politics in Hard Times: Comparative Responses to International Economic Crises Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Hart, B. (1967) Strategy. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Higashi, C. and Lauter., G. (1987) The Internationalization of the Japanese Economy. Boston: Kluwer.Google Scholar
Hudec, R. (1990) Thinking About the New Section 301: Beyond Good and Evil. In Aggressive Unilateralism, edited by Bhagwati, J. and Patrick, H., pp. 113–59. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Jackson, J. (1989) The World Trading System: Law and Policy of International Relations. Cambridge: MIT Press.Google Scholar
P., Katzenstein (ed.) (1978) Between Power and Plenty: The Foreign Economic Policy of Advanced Industrial States. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
S., Krasner (ed.) (1983) International Regimes. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Krasner, S. (1978) Defending the National Interest: Raw Materials Investment and U.S. Foreign Policy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Lake, D. (1988a) Power, Protection, and Free Trade: International Sources of U.S. Commercial Strategy, 1887–1939. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Lake, D. (1988b) The State and American Trade Strategy in the Pre-Hegemonic Era. International Organization 42, 33–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luttwak, E. (1985) Strategy and History. New Brunswick: Transaction Books.Google Scholar
Mearsheimer, J. (1983) Conventional Deterrence. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Milner, H. (1990) The Political Economy of U.S. Trade Policy: A Study of the Super 301 Provision. In Aggressive Unilateralism, edited by Bhagwati, J. and Patrick, H., pp. 163–80. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Milner, H. and Yoffie, D. (1989) Between Free Trade and Protectionism. International Organization 43, 322–56.Google Scholar
Moritz, C. (1989) 1988 Current Biography Yearbook. New York: H.H. Wilson.Google Scholar
Nelson, D. (1990) Commentary. In Aggressive Unilateralism, edited by Bhagwati, J. and Patrick, H., pp. 186–90. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Niskanen, W. (1988) Reaganomics: An Insider's Account of the Policies and the People. New York and Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Nivola, P. (1988) Process Protectionism: Blame Avoidance Politics in U.S. Trade Policy. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association.Google Scholar
Odell, J. (1982) U.S. International Monetary Policy: Markets, Power, and Ideas as Sources of Change. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
OUSTR. (1984) Annual Report of the President of the United States on the Trade Agreements Program 1983. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
OUSTR. (1986) Annual Report of the President of the United States on the Trade Agreements Program, 1984–85. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
OUSTR. (1988) 1987 National Trade Estimate Report on Foreign Trade Barriers. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
OUSTR. (1989) Annual Report of the President of the United States on the Trade Agreements Program. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Pastor, R. (1983) The Cry and Sigh Syndrome: Congress and Trade Policy. In Making Economic Policy in Congress, edited by Schick, A., pp. 158–95. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute.Google Scholar
Pearson, C. (1989) Free Trade, Fair Trade? The Reagan Record. Washington, D.C.: Johns Hopkins FPI Papers in International Affairs.Google Scholar
Prestowitz, C. (1988) Trading Places: How We Allowed Japan to Take the Lead. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Prestowitz, C. (1989) Trading Places: How We are Giving our Future to Japan and How to Reclaim it. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Putnam, R. (1988) Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-Level Games. International Organization 42, 427–60.Google Scholar
Ratner, S. (1972) The Tariff in American History. New York: D. Van Norstrand.Google Scholar
Sarkesian, S. (1989) U.S. National Security Policy. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Schelling, T. (1960) The Strategy of Conflict. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Sikkink, K. (1991) Ideas and Institutions: Developmentalism in Brazil and Argentina. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Tyson, L. (1993) Who's Bashing Whom? Trade Conflict in High-Technology Industries. Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics.Google Scholar
Winham, G. (1986) International Trade and the Tokyo Round Negotiation. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar