Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T07:34:53.669Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

From National Hierarchies to International Standardization: Modal Changes in the Governance of Telecommunications

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 November 2008

Philipp Genschel
Affiliation:
Max Planck Institute, Cologne
Raymund Werle
Affiliation:
Max Planck Institute, Cologne

Abstract

The emergence of large technical systems like railroads, telecommunication networks or power grids was closely associated with hierarchical governance. Despite the success of hierarchical structures in promoting the development of these systems they have recently come under strain. They are suspected of being too slow, too cumbersome, and too unimaginative to deal with the complexity and turbulence of modern technology. Practical people as well as academics look for functional alternatives. One of the alternatives is the decentralisation of technical control via standards. The paper investigates this alternative by analysing the role that standards have achieved in telecommunications after the hierarchical order was eroded by globalisation and deregulation. It discusses how the demise of hierarchy has boosted the ‘demand’ for standards and how the institutional infrastructure for standardisation was adapted to meet this demand.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1993

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Aronson, Jonathan D. and Cowhey, Peter F. (1988), When Countries Talk: International Trade in Telecommunications Services. Cambridge MA: Ballinger.Google Scholar
Baumol, William J., Panzar, John C. and Willig, Robert D. (1982), Contestable Markets and the Theory of Industry Structure. New York: Harcourt.Google Scholar
Besen, Stanley M. (1990), The European Telecommunications Standards Institute. Telecommunications Policy 14, 521530.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, John L., Hollingsworth, J. Rogers and Lindberg, Leon N. (1991), The Evolution of Governance Regimes. In Campbell, John L., Hollingsworth, J. Rogers and Lindberg, Leon N. (ed.) Governance of the American Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 319355.Google Scholar
Cargill, Carl F. (1989), Information Technology Standardization. Theory, Process, and Organizations. Bedford: Digital Press.Google Scholar
Chandler, Alfred D. Jr. (1977), The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.Google Scholar
Chapuis, R. (1976), The CCIF and the Development of International Telephony (1923–1956). Telecommunication Journal 43, 1742.Google Scholar
Chapuis, R. (1976a), History of Regulations Governing the International Telephone Service. Telecommunication Journal 43, 203205.Google Scholar
Cherry, Collin (1978), World Communication: Threat or Promise? A Socio-Technical Approach. Chichester: Wiley.Google Scholar
Codding, George A. and Rutkowski, Anthony M. (1982), The International Telecommunication Union in a Changing World. Dedham, MA: Artech House.Google Scholar
Collins, Hugh (1987), Conflict and Co-operation in the Establishment of Telecommunications and Data Communications Standards in Europe. In Gabel, H. Landis (ed.), Product Standardization and Competitive Strategy. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 125148.Google Scholar
Commons, J. R. (1961), Institutional Economics: Its Place in Political Economy. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Cowhey, Peter F. (1990), The International Telecommunications Regime: The Political Roots of Regimes for High Technology. International Organization 44 (2), 169199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dang Nguyen, Godefroy, Schneider, Volker and Werle, Raymund (1993), Corporate Actor Networks in European Policy Making: Harmonizing Telecommunications Policy. Köln: MPlfG Discussion Paper 93, 4.Google Scholar
David, Paul A. and Greenstein, Shane (1990), The Economics of Compatibility Standards: an Introduction to Recent Research. Economics of Innovation and New Technology 1(1), 341.Google Scholar
Dierkes, Meinolf and Hoffmann, Ute (eds.) (1992), New Technology at the Outset. Frankfurt a.M.: Campus, 1427.Google Scholar
Drake, William J. (1989), The CCITT: Time for Reform?. International Institute of Communications (ed.), Reforming the Global Network. The 1989 ITU Plenipotentiary Conference. London: mimeo: 2843.Google Scholar
Ergas, Henry and Paterson, Paul (1991), International Telecommunications Settlement Arrangements. Telecommunications Policy 15, 2948.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galambos, Louis (1988), Looking for the Boundaries of Technological Determinism: A Brief History of the U.S. Telephone System. Mayntz, Renate and Hughes, T. P. (eds.), The Development of Large Technical Systems. Frankfurt a.M.: Campus, 135154.Google Scholar
Haggard, Stephan and Simmons, Beth A. (1987), Theories of International Regimes. International Organization 41, 491517.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hughes, Thomas P. (1983), Networks of Power. Electrification in Western Society 1880–1930. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Huntington, Samuel P. (1973), Transnational Organizations in World Politics. World Politics 25, 333368.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Imai, K. and Baba, Y. (1991), Systemic Innovation and Cross-Border Networks. Technology and Productivity. Paris: OECD, 389405.Google Scholar
Irmer, Theodor (1990), The Changing Environment in Telecommunication Standardisation Opportunity or Threat for CCITT. In ETSI (ed.), The Benefits of ETSI to European Businesses ConferenceGoogle Scholar
ITU (International Telecommunication Union) (annual), Yearbook of Common Carrier Telecommunication Statistics. Geneva.Google Scholar
Keohane, Robert O. and Nye, Joseph S. (1973), Transnational Relations and World Politics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 3rd printing.Google Scholar
Komiya, Megumi (1990), Intelsat and the Debate about Satellite Competition. In Dyson, Kenneth and Humphreys, Peter (eds.), The Political Economy of Communications. International and European Dimensions. London: Routledge, 5876.Google Scholar
Krasner, Stephen D. (1991), Global Communications and National Power. World Politics 43, 336366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krasner, Stephen D. (1982), Structural Causes and Regime Consequences: Regimes as Intervening Variables. International Organization 36, 185205.Google Scholar
Levy, Steven A. (1975), Intelsat: Technology, Politics and the Transformation of a Regime. International Organization 29, 657680.Google Scholar
Lifchus, Ian M. (1985), Standards Committee T1 – Telecommunications. IEEE Communications Magazine 23, 3437.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Macpherson, Andrew (1990), International Telecommunication Standards Organizations. Boston: Artech House.Google Scholar
Mayntz, Renate and Hughes, Thomas (eds.) (1988), The Development of Large Technical Systems. Frankfurt a.M.: Campus.Google Scholar
Marin, Bernd and Mayntz, Renate (eds.) (1991), Policy Networks: Empirical Evidence and Theoretical Considerations. Frankfurt a.M.: Campus.Google Scholar
Mili, M. (1973), International Jurisdiction in Telecommunication Affairs. Telecommunication Journal 40, 286290.Google Scholar
Neu, Werner and Thomas, Schnöring (1989), The Telecommunications Equipment Industry: Recent Changes in Its International Trade Pattern. Telecommunications Policy 13, 2539.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
OECD (1988), The Telecommunications Industry. The Challenges of Structural Change. Paris.Google Scholar
OECD (ed.) (1990), Communications Outlook 1990. Paris: OECD.Google Scholar
OECD (1991), Information Technology Standards: The Economic Dimension. Paris: OECD.Google Scholar
PACE (Perspectives for Advanced Communications in Europe) (1989), Impact Assessment and Forecasts Related to Integrated Broadband Communications, Vol. III: Issue Analysis. Brussels: Commission of the European Communities.Google Scholar
Reynolds, Paul (1990), Buyers, Sellers and Standards – What Should Both Sides Do Differently? In Berg, John L. and Schumny, Harald (eds.), An Analysis of the Information Technology Standardization Process. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 431441.Google Scholar
Rutkowski, Anthony M. (1991), The ITU at the Cusp of Change. Telecommunication Policy 15, 286297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Savage, James G. (1989), The Politics of International Telecommunications Regulation. San Francisco: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Scharpf, Fritz W. (ed.) (1993), Games in Hierarchies and Networks. Frankfurt a.M.: Campus.Google Scholar
Schneider, Volker (1991), The Governance of Large Technical Systems: The Case of Telecommunications. In Porte, Todd R. L (ed.), Social Responses to Large Technical Systems: The Case of Telecommunications. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1941.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schneider, Volker and Werle, Raymund (1990), International Regime or Corporate Actor? The European Community in Telecommunications Policy. In Dyson, Kenneth and Humphreys, Peter (eds.), The Political Economy of Communications. International and European Dimensions. London: Routledge, 77106.Google Scholar
Schnöring, Thomas (1992), Entwicklungstrends auf den europäischen Telekommunikationsmärkten – Aufhalbem Wege von monopolistischen nationalen zu wettbewerblichen internationalen Telekommunikationsmärkten. Bad Honnef: WIK Diskussionsbeiträge Nr. 102.Google Scholar
Siemens, AG (1991), Internationale Fernmeldestatistik. München.Google Scholar
SPAG (ed.) (1990), The SPAG Standard. Brüssel.Google Scholar
Stalk, George and Hout, Thomas M. (1990), Competing Against Time. How Time-based Competition is Reshaping Global Markets. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Stein, Arthur A. (1982), Coordination and Collaboration: Regimes in an Anarchic World. International Organization 35, 299323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallenstein, Gerd (1990), Setting Global Telecommunication Standards. Norwood, MA: Artech House.Google Scholar
Werle, Raymund (1993), Technological Forecasting und Hochtechnologie (Beispiel Telekommunikation). In Werner, Clement, (ed) Technological Forecasting Vienna; Signum, 5976.Google Scholar
Williamson, Oliver E. (1985), The Economic Institutions of Capitalism. Firms, Markets, Relational Contracting. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Williamson, Oliver E. (1991), Comparative Economic Organization: The Analysis of Discrete Structural Alternatives. Administrative Science Quarterly 36, 269296.Google Scholar
Woodrow, R. Brian (1991), Tilting Towards a Trade Regime. Telecommunications Policy 15, 323342.Google Scholar