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In Dialogue with the World: Hugo Grotius’s Vision of Global Citizenship and Christian Unity

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 March 2015

Charles H. Parker
Charles H. Parker*
Affiliation:
Saint Louis University
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Abstract

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Type
Critical Perspective
Information
Journal of Policy History , Volume 27 , Issue 2 , April 2015 , pp. 364 - 381
Copyright
Copyright © Donald Critchlow and Cambridge University Press 2015 

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Footnotes

An earlier version of this article was presented in March 2013 at a symposium on church and state at Arizona State University. I would like to thank Don Crichlow and the participants for their useful comments and suggestions.

References

NOTES

1. One of the prevailing models constructed in the 1980s to delineate this historical process is the confessionalization thesis of Heinz Schilling and Wolfgang Reinhard. As a general schema, it has proven quite influential on research in the Holy Roman Empire. A number of studies in the past ten years have pointed out the limitations of confessionalization. These include the important roles played by nonelites in negotiating religious identities and the constraints of institutional power. See Schilling, Heinz, “Confessional Europe,” in Handbook of European History, 1400–1600, 2 vols., ed. Brady, Thomas A. Jr., Oberman, Heiko A., and Tracy, James D. (Leiden, 1994), 2:231–62Google Scholar; Forster, Marc R., Catholic Revival in the Age of the Baroque: Religious Identity in Southwest Germany, 1550–1750 (Cambridge, 2001), 152–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

2. Keene, Edward, Beyond the Anarchical Society: Grotius, Colonialism, and Order in World Politics (Cambridge, 2002), xi, 101–2CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Warren, Christopher, “Hobbes’ Thucydides and the Colonial Law of Nations,” The Seventeenth Century 24 (2009): 261–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar See also Bull, Hedley, The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics, 3rd ed. (New York, 2002), 27–42Google Scholar; Tuck, Richard, The Rights of War and Peace: Political Thought and the International Order from Grotius to Kant (Oxford, 1999), 144–80Google Scholar; Armitage, David, Foundations of Modern International Thought (Cambridge, 2012)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; van Ittersum, Martine Julia, Profit and Principle: Hugo Grotius, Natural Rights Theories, and the Rise of Dutch Power in the East Indies, 1595–1615 (Leiden, 2006), xxvii–xxxi.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

3. See Skinner, Quentin, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought: The Renaissance (Cambridge, 1978)Google Scholar; Pocock, J. G. A., The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition (Princeton, 1975).Google Scholar

4. Tuck, Richard, Natural Rights Theories: Their Origin and Development (Cambridge, 1979), 1–4, 58–81CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Tully, James, A Discourse on Property: John Locke and His Adversaries (Cambridge, 1980), 33–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

5. Baumgold, Deborah, Contract Theory in Historical Context: Essays on Grotius, Hobbes, and Locke (Leiden, 2010), ix.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

6. Ittersum, Van, Profit and Principle, xliv–lxiGoogle Scholar.

7. See Subrahmanyam, Sanjay, “Forcing the Doors of Heathendom: Ethnography, Violence, and the Dutch East India Company in Between the Middle Ages and Modernity: Individual and Community in the Early Modern World, eds. Parker, Charles H. and Bentley, Jerry H. (Lanham, Md., 2007), 148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

8. Keene, , Beyond the Anarchical Society, 2–3Google Scholar.

9. Ittersum, Van, Profit and Principle, 58Google Scholar.

10. Ibid., 1.

11. Subrahmanyam, Sanjay, The Portuguese Empire in Asia, 1500–1700, 2nd ed. (Chichester, 2012), 81–82.Google Scholar

12. Grotius, Hugo, De jure praedae commentarius. Commentary on the Law of Prize and Booty, 2 vols., ed. Williams, Gwladys L. and Zeydel, Walter H. (Oxford, 1950), 1:241–42, 255, 345–47.Google Scholar

13. Grotius, Hugo, De veritate religionis Christianae (Oxford, 1639)Google Scholar; Grotius, , Dissertatio de origine gentium Americanarum (Amsterdam, 1642).Google Scholar

14. Grotius, , On the Native Races of America (Edinburgh, 1884), 10, 12–15, 18–19.Google Scholar

15. Grotius, , De jure praedae, 1:33Google Scholar.

16. Ibid., 1:18.

17. Keene, , Beyond the Anarchical Society, 6Google Scholar.

18. Van Ittersum, Profit and Principle, 25–26; Grotius, Hugo, The Rights of War and Peace, 3 vols., ed. Campbell, A. C. (London, 1814), 3:127–28.Google Scholar

19. Grotius, De jure praedae, 1:314–15.

20. Ittersum, Van, Profit and Principle, 58Google Scholar.

21. Grotius, , De jure praedae, 1:314Google Scholar.

22. Ibid., 1:315–16; see also 1:225–26.

23. Keene, , Beyond the Anarchical Society, 3–5Google Scholar.

24. Grotius, The Rights of War and Peace, 3:327–32.

25. Steensgaard, Niels, “The Dutch East India Company as an Institutional Innovation,” in The Organization of Interoceanic Trade in European Expansion, 1400–1800 , vol. 13 of An Expanding World: The European Impact on World History, eds. Emmer, Pieter and Gaastra, Femme (Aldershot, 1996), 143Google Scholar; Boxer, C. R., The Dutch Seaborne Empire, 1600–1800 (London, 1965), 111–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

26. Keene, , Beyond the Anarchical Society, 58, 60Google Scholar.

27. Grotius, De veritate, 1–2.

28. Ibid., 9.

29. Heering, Jan Paul, “Hugo Grotius’ De Veritate Religionis Christiane,” in Hugo Grotius Theologian: Essays in Honour of G. H. M. Posthumus Meyjes, eds. Nellen, Henk J. M. and Rabbie, Edwin (Leiden, 1994), 49.Google Scholar

30. Heering, “Hugo Grotius,” 50.

31. Ibid. 49; Grotius, , De veritate, 1–2Google Scholar, 69 (quote), 175.

32. Grotius, De veritate, 1–122.

33. Ibid., 174–75.

34. See Keene, Beyond the Anarchical Society, 50–57.

35. Grotius, De veritate, 10.

36. François Laplanche, “Grotius et les religions du paganism dans les Annotationes in Vetus Testamentum,” in Hugo Grotius Theologian, 56; Grotius, Hugo, Annotationes in Vetus & Novum Testamentum, ed. Moody, Samuel (London, 1727), 10, 12, 13, 24, 36.Google Scholar

37. Grotius, De veritate, 9, 24, 26, 70–71, 106–9, 117–18, 145–47.

38. Hoornbeek, Johannis, De conversione indorum et gentilium libri duo (Amsterdam, 1669), 11–15Google Scholar; Baldaeus, Philippus, Nauwkerige en waarachtige ontdekking en wederlegginge van de afgoderij der Oost-Indische heydenen (Amsterdam, 1672), 1–2, 5, 32, 40Google Scholar; Rogerius, Abraham, De open-deure tot het verborgen heydendom (Leiden, 1651), 4–6, 39, 86, 114.Google Scholar

39. Calvin, John, The Institutes of the Christian Religion, 2 vols., ed. McNeill, John T., trans. Battles, Ford Lewis (Philadelphia, 1960), 1:47, 49.Google Scholar In his commentary on Jeremiah 27:10, Calvin asserts that idolatry “is the source of all evils.” Calvin, , Opera quae supersunt omnia, vol. 38, eds. Baum, G., Cunitz, E., and Reuss, E. (Brunswick, 1864–97), 549–50.Google Scholar

40. Laplanche, “Grotius et les religions,” 55, 59–62; Grotius, Annotationes, 32–37.

41. Parker, Charles H., “Converting Souls Across Cultural Borders: Dutch Calvinism and Early Modern Missionary Enterprises,” Journal of Global History 8 (2013): 56–64.Google Scholar

42. Grotius, De veritate, 9.

43. See Grotius, De veritate, 53–79.

44. Grotius, De veritate, 61.

45. Ibid., 63 (quote), 71.

46. Van Ittersum, , Profit and Principle, xxv–xxviGoogle Scholar.

47. Ibid., xxxvi.

48. Grotius, Hugo, De imperio summarum potestatem circa sacra, 2 vols., trans. and commentary van Dam, Harm-Jan (Leiden, 2001), 1:311.Google Scholar

49. Grotius, De imperio, 1:163.

50. van Dam, Harm-Jan, “De imperio summarum potestatum circa sacra,” in Hugo Grotius Theologian, 19Google Scholar.

51. Grotius, De imperio, 1:169.

52. Ibid., 1:175.

53. Baumgold, , Contract Theory in Historical Context, xiiiGoogle Scholar.

54. Grotius, De imperio, 1:169.

55. Ibid., 1:209–11.

56. Ibid., 1:193.

57. Grotius, Hugo, De jure belli ac pacis libri tres, eds. Kelsey, Francis W. and Boak, Arthur E. R. (Washington D.C., 1913–25), 341.Google Scholar

58. Grotius, , De jure belli ac pacis libri tres, 342–43Google Scholar.

59. Ibid., 343.

60. See Grotius, De imperio, 1:193, 209, 383–84, 425, 527.