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The Rise of the Anti-Abortion Movement in North Dakota and the Defeat of the 1972 Initiative to Liberalize State Abortion Laws

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 September 2021

NICHOLAS BAUROTH
NICHOLAS BAUROTH*
Affiliation:
North Dakota State University, USA
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Abstract

The 1972 abortion-initiative campaign in North Dakota provides an example where elites on one side of an issue were able to provide cues and get supporters to participate in an election while the other side was unable to do so. North Dakota Right to Life through the formation of branch chapters and its work with the Catholic churches became the focus of the anti-initiative campaign. Flush with resources, the NDRL made sure that its supporters turned out to such an extent that initiative voters outnumbered presidential voters in most counties. While the pro-initiative elements proved effective at getting the question on the ballot, they were unable to get their message out, let alone galvanize supporters. The result was confusion among potential supports and lower turnout rates in the most populous counties.

Keywords

abortionelectionsvoter mobilizationinterest groupspolitical partiesNorth Dakotainitiatives
Type
Article
Information
Journal of Policy History , Volume 33 , Issue 3 , July 2021 , pp. 256 - 286
Copyright
© Cambridge University Press 2021

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References

Notes

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76. Ibid., 5.

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78. Williams, Defenders of the Unborn, 130.

79. “Special Pro-Life Meeting Held January 22, 1972,” 3.

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82. Smith, Ted R., “Abortion: Public Opinion Study,” July, 1972, North Dakota Right to Life Association, MS 10410, B1 F1, I. State Historical Society of North Dakota, Bismarck.

83. Ibid, 3.

84. Ted R. Smith, “Tentative Campaign Plan for Right to Life,” n.d., North Dakota Right to Life Association, MS 10410, B1 F1, State Historical Society of North Dakota, Bismarck, 3.

85. “General Information,” n.d. North Dakota Right to Life Association Fargo–Moorhead Chapter.

86. “General Information,” n.d. North Dakota Right to Life Association Fargo–Moorhead Chapter, MS 139, Institute for Regional Studies, North Dakota State University, Fargo.

87. Ibid, 4.

88. Ibid, 7.

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91. Myrold, letter to North Dakota Right to Life Fargo Chapter, 6 October 1972.

92. Don Myrold, letter to Bishop Kenneth Povish, 23 December 1971, North Dakota Right to Life Association Fargo–Moorhead Chapter, MS 139, Institute for Regional Studies, North Dakota State University, Fargo.

93. Albert Fortman, letter to Don Myrold, 4 January 1972, North Dakota Right to Life Association Fargo–Moorhead Chapter, MS 139, Institute for Regional Studies, North Dakota State University, Fargo.

94. Bishop Justin Driscoll, letter to Don Myrold, 5 January 1972, North Dakota Right to Life Association Fargo–Moorhead Chapter, MS 139, Institute for Regional Studies, North Dakota State University, Fargo.

95. Don Myrold, letter to Bishop Justin Driscoll, 10 January 1972, North Dakota Right to Life Association Fargo–Moorhead Chapter, MS 139, Institute for Regional Studies, North Dakota State University, Fargo.

96. “Meeting minutes,” North Dakota Right to Life Association Fargo Chapter, 13 January 1972, North Dakota Right to Life Association Fargo–Moorhead Chapter, MS 139, Institute for Regional Studies, North Dakota State University, Fargo.

97. Ibid.

98. “Meeting agenda,” North Dakota Right to Life Association Fargo Chapter, 27 January 1972, North Dakota Right to Life Association Fargo–Moorhead Chapter, MS 139, Institute for Regional Studies, North Dakota State University, Fargo.

99. “Meeting agenda,” North Dakota Right to Life Association Fargo Chapter, 7 February 1972, North Dakota Right to Life Association Fargo–Moorhead Chapter, MS 139, Institute for Regional Studies, North Dakota State University, Fargo.

100. “Charter of Organization,” North Dakota Right to Life Association Fargo Chapter, 7 February 1972, North Dakota Right to Life Association Fargo–Moorhead Chapter, MS 139, Institute for Regional Studies, North Dakota State University, Fargo.

101. “Right to Life Chapter Organized in Fargo,” Fargo Forum, 8 February 1973, 13.

102. Don Myrold, letter to President Richard Nixon, 16 March 1972, North Dakota Right to Life Association Fargo-Moorhead Chapter, MS 139, Institute for Regional Studies, North Dakota State University, Fargo.

103. Art Link, letter to Don Myrold, 21 March 1972, North Dakota Right to Life Association Fargo–Moorhead Chapter, MS 139, Institute for Regional Studies, North Dakota State University, Fargo.

104. Mark Andrews, letter to Don Myrold, 23 March 1972, North Dakota Right to Life Association Fargo–Moorhead Chapter, MS 139, Institute for Regional Studies, North Dakota State University, Fargo.

105. Quentin Burdick, letter to Don Myrold, 28 March 1972, North Dakota Right to Life Association Fargo–Moorhead Chapter, MS 139, Institute for Regional Studies, North Dakota State University, Fargo.

106. Hubert Humphrey, letter to Don Myrold, 12 April 1972, North Dakota Right to Life Association Fargo–Moorhead Chapter, MS 139, Institute for Regional Studies, North Dakota State University, Fargo.

107. Bob Bergland, letter to Don Myrold, 3 April 1972, North Dakota Right to Life Association Fargo–Moorhead Chapter, MS 139, Institute for Regional Studies, North Dakota State University, Fargo.

108. Don Myrold, letter to a friend, 17 April 1972, North Dakota Right to Life Association Fargo–Moorhead Chapter, MS 139, Institute for Regional Studies, North Dakota State University, Fargo.

109. “Right to Life” advertisement, Fargo Forum, 7 March 1972, 6.

110. “Birthright Answering Services Begins Monday,” Fargo Forum, 16 April 1972, B-18.

111. “SOUL Solicits Faculty Involvement,” The Spectrum, 5 May 1972, 2.

112. “Right to Life Group Sponsors Two Conferences,” Fargo Forum, 28 March 1972, 15.

113. “Clergy Conference–Public Meeting Pull Big Crowds in Bismarck,” North Dakota Right to Life Association Newsletter 2, no. 2, 1–2.

114. Ibid., 2.

115. “ALC Sets Formal Stand on Abortion,” Fargo Forum, 10 April 1972, 2.

116. “ALC Clarifies Abortion Stand,” Fargo Forum, 5 November 1972, B-15.

117. “Easy Abortion Loses in Two States,” National Catholic Reporter, 24 November 1972, 1.

118. “Abortion Question Will Be on Ballot,” Fargo Forum, 14 September 1972, 8.

119. Dvorak, John, “Campaign Pressure Mounts on Abortion Vote,” Fargo Forum, 22 October 1972, D-17.

120. “R to L Rally Report,” North Dakota Right to Life Association Fargo Chapter n.d, North Dakota Right to Life Association Fargo–Moorhead Chapter, MS 139, Institute for Regional Studies, North Dakota State University, Fargo.

121. Dvorak.

122. “Invoice,” Ted E. Smith Advertising Agency,14 November 1972, North Dakota Right to Life Association, MS 10410, B1 F1, I. State Historical Society of North Dakota, Bismarck.

123. “1 Page in Daily Newspapers–Cost,” n.d., North Dakota Right to Life Association, MS 10410, B1 F1, I. State Historical Society of North Dakota, Bismarck.

124. “Life or Death? Vote NO on Abortion,” Fargo Forum, 21 October 1972, 5.

125. “Do You Want North Dakota to Become An Abortion Capital?,” Fargo Forum, 1 November 1972, 32.

126. “North Dakota Doctors and Nurses Speak Out Against Abortion,” Fargo Forum, 3 November 1972. A11.

127. Dvorak, 22 October 1972.

128. “Candidates’ Positions,” North Dakota Right to Life Association, n.d., North Dakota Right to Life Association, MS 10410, B1 F1, I. State Historical Society of North Dakota, Bismarck.

129. Arthur Link, letter to Dan Arbach, 10 October 1972. North Dakota Right to Life Association, MS 10410, B1 F1, I. State Historical Society of North Dakota, Bismarck.

130. Allen Olson, letter to Edwin Becker, 25 October 1972. North Dakota Right to Life Association, MS 10410, B1 F1, I. State Historical Society of North Dakota, Bismarck.

131. Richard Larsen, letter to Bishop Hacker, 31 October 1972. North Dakota Right to Life Association, MS 10410, B1 F1, I. State Historical Society of North Dakota, Bismarck.

132. Dvorak, 22 October 1972.

133. “Pro-Abortion Group Formed, Fargo Forum, 15 October 1972, B-14.

134. 22 Dvorak, October 1972.

135. Don Myrold, letter to Right to Life Board members, 25 September 1972. North Dakota Right to Life Association Fargo-Moorhead Chapter, MS 139, Institute for Regional Studies, North Dakota State University, Fargo.

136. Ted Smith, letter to Don Myrold, 28 Septembe, 1972, North Dakota Right to Life Association Fargo–Moorhead Chapter, MS 139, Institute for Regional Studies, North Dakota State University, Fargo.

137. Don Myrold, letter to Right to Life Board members, 25 September 1972.

138. David Perry, letter to Right to Life Board members, August 25 1972, North Dakota Right to Life Association Fargo-Moorhead Chapter, MS 139, Institute for Regional Studies, North Dakota State University, Fargo.

139. “21st GOP Candidates Skirt Abortion Issues,” Fargo Forum, 18 October 1972, M-17.

140. Speakers’ Bureau Program and Activities document, n.d., North Dakota Right to Life Association Fargo-Moorhead Chapter, MS 139, Institute for Regional Studies, North Dakota State University, Fargo.

141. “Abortion Measure Stirs Unwelcome Controversy,” Fargo Forum, 22 October 1972, D-6.

142. Don Myrold, letter to Right to Life Membership of Fargo and Others, n.d., North Dakota Right to Life Association Fargo-Moorhead Chapter, MS 139, Institute for Regional Studies, North Dakota State University, Fargo.

143. “Rally for Life advertisement,” Fargo Forum, 26 October 1972, 2.

144. “Voters Crush Abortion Plan,” Fargo Forum, 8 November 1972, 2.

145. North Dakota Secretary of State, 1972, “Official Abstract Of Votes Cast At The General Election Held November 7, 1972,” downloaded March 2019: https://vip.sos.nd.gov/pdfs/Abstracts%20by%20Year/1970%20through%201978%20Statewide%20Election%20Results/1972/General%20Election%2011-07-1972.pdf.

146. “Votes Cast on Initiated Measure No. 1 (Liberalized Abortion in the November 7, 1972 General Election,” n.d., North Dakota Right to Life Association, MS 10410, B1 F6, 4. State Historical Society of North Dakota, Bismarck.

147. Bureau of Governmental Affairs, Voter Turnout in North Dakota, 1952–1982, (Grand Forks, 1983).

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157. Don Myrold, letter to friend, 17April 1972.

158. “Abortion Measure Stirs Unwelcome Controversy,” Fargo Forum, 22 October 1972, D-6.

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161. “Candidate Zeroing in on Rep. Eagles,” Fargo Forum, 14 September 1972, 8.

162. “Pam Holland Takes Issue with Sister,” Fargo Forum, 27 September 1972, 6.

163. Lewkowicz, “The Effectiveness of Elite Cues as Heuristics in Proposition Elections,” 51.

164. Ibid.