Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-8bhkd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-02T23:24:54.931Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Plasma radiation for atmospheric entry at Titan: Emission spectroscopy measurements and numerical rebuilding

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 January 2013

R. SOBBIA ,
P. LEYLAND ,
Y. BABOU ,
D. POTTER  and
L. MARRAFFA
R. SOBBIA
Affiliation:
Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), EPFL-GR-SCI-STI-IAG, Interdisciplinary Aerodynamics Group, Station 9, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland ([email protected])
P. LEYLAND
Affiliation:
Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), EPFL-GR-SCI-STI-IAG, Interdisciplinary Aerodynamics Group, Station 9, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland ([email protected])
Y. BABOU
Affiliation:
Aeronautics and Aerospace Department, von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics, Chaussée de Waterloo 72, 1640 Rhode-Saint-Genèse, Belgium
D. POTTER
Affiliation:
Centre for Hypersonics, University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD 4072, Australia
L. MARRAFFA
Affiliation:
Aerothermodynamics Section, ESA/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, PO Box 299, 2200AG, Noordwijk, the Netherlands
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Emission spectroscopy measurements on a plasma representative of Titan atmosphere composition were obtained in the Inductively Coupled Plasma wind tunnel facility (VKI-Minitorch) at the von Karman Institute in Belgium. Temperatures ranged from 3600 to 5000 K, pressure was fixed at 300 mbar, and the molar composition was 1.9% CH4 and 98.1% N2. The high-pressure plasma was produced to obtain conditions close to equilibrium. In conjunction, line-by-line calculations have been carried out to assess the reliability of two distinct sets of molecular electronic transition moments, recently released, by predicting the radiative signature of high-temperature N2–CH4 plasma. The radiative transfer problem was solved by considering the plasma plume at local thermodynamic equilibrium conditions in an axisymmetric configuration. Comparisons between the synthetic and experimental spectra demonstrated good agreement for the CN Violet and high-wavelength CN Red bands, while some discrepancies were observed for the C2 Swan bands and low-wavelength CN Red bands.

Type
Papers
Information
Journal of Plasma Physics , Volume 79 , Issue 5 , October 2013 , pp. 525 - 534
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Arnold, J. O., Whiting, E. E. and Lyle, G. C. 1969 Line by line calculation of spectra from diatomic molecules and atoms assuming a Voigt line profile. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 9, 775–798.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Babou, Y., Rivière, P., Perrin, M.-Y. and Soufiani, A. 2009 Spectroscopic data for the prediction of radiative transfer in CO2–N2. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 110, 89–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, Myles L., Huang, J., Riggins, David W. and Camberos, José A. 2007 Second-law methods for the analysis & design of hypersonic vehicles. Proceedings of the 39th AIAA Thermophysics Conference, Miami, FL, June 25–28 (AIAA paper no. 2007-4055).Google Scholar
Berry, Scott A., Chen, Fang-Jenq, Wilder, Michael C. and Reda, Daniel C. 2007 Boundary layer transition experiments in support of the hypersonics program. Proceedings of the 39th AIAA Thermophysics Conference, Miami, FL, June 25–28 (AIAA paper no. 2007-4266).Google Scholar
Bose, D., Wright, M. J., Bogdanoff, D. W., Raiche, G. A. and Allen, G. A. , G. A. Jr. 2006 Modeling and experimental assessment of cn radiation behind a strong shock wave. J. Thermophys. Heat Transfer 20 (2), 220–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyd, Iain D., Zhong, J., Levin, Deborah A. and Jenniskens, P. 2008 Flow and radiation analyses for stardust entry at high altitude. In: Proceedings of the 46th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibition, Reno, Nevada, 7–10 January (AIAA paper no. 2008-1215), pp. 1–34.Google Scholar
Braun, Robert D. and Manning, Robert M. 2007 Mars exploration entry, descent, and landing challenges. J. Spacecr. Rockets 44 (2), 310–323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chauveau, S., Perrin, M.-Y., Rivière, P. and Soufiani, A. 2002 Contributions of diatomic molecular electronic systems to heated air radiation. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 72 (4), 503–530.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colonna, G., Pietanza, L. D. and Capitelli, M. 2007 Macroscopic rates with vibrational non-equilibrium for n2 dissociation. Proceedings of the 39th AIAA Thermophysics Conference, Miami, FL, June 25–28. (AIAA paper no. 2007-4554).Google Scholar
da Silva, M. Lino and Dudeck, M. 2006 Arrays of radiative transition probabilities for CO2N2 plasmas. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 102, 348–386.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
da Silva, M. Lino, Sobbia, R. and Witasse, O. 2009 Radiative trail of the phoenix entry. (AIAA paper no. 2009-1032).Google Scholar
Fujita, K. and Abe, T. 1997 Spradian, structural package for radiatio analysis: theory and application. Techical Report no. 669, ISAS, Kanagawa, Japan.Google Scholar
Gallis, Michael A., Bond, Ryan B. and Torczynski, John R. 2010 Assessment of collisional-energy-based models for atmospheric species reactions in hypersonic flows. J. Thermophys. Heat Transfer 24 (2), 241–253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gökçen, T. 2007 N2–CH4–Ar chemical kinetic model for simulations of Titan atmospheric entry. J. Thermophys. Heat Transfer 21 (1), 9–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gupta, Roop N. 2000 Aerothermodynamic analysis of stardust sample return capsule with coupled radiation and ablation. J. Spacecr. Rockets 37 (4), 507–514.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hartung, L. C. 1994 Predicting radiative heat transfer in thermo-chemical non-equilibrium flow-fields: theory and user's manual for the Loran code. Technical Report no. VA 23681-0001, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA.Google Scholar
Huber, K. P. and Herzberg, G. 2010 Constants of diatomic molecules. In: NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69 (ed. Linstrom, P. J. and Mallard, W. G.). Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, http://webbook.nist.gov (retrieved May 8, 2010).Google Scholar
Hyun, S.-Y. 2009 Radiation code SPRADIAN07 and its applications. PhD thesis, School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Systems Engineering, Division of Aerospace Engineering, KAIST.Google Scholar
Johnston, Christopher O. 2006 Non-equilibrium shock-layer radiative heating for earth and Titan entry. PhD thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA.Google Scholar
Kuznetsova, L. A. and Surzhikov, S. T. 1999 Absorption cross sections of diatomic molecules for problems of radiative heat transfer in low-temperature plasma. High Temp. 37 (3), 348–358.Google Scholar
Laux, C. O. 2002 Radiation and non-equilibrium collisional-radiative models. In: VKI Special Course on Physico-Chemical Models for High Enthalpy and Plasma Flows Modeling (eds. Fletcher, D., Charbonnier, J. M., Sarma, G. S. R., and Magin, T.) Rhode-Saint-Genèse, Belgium, June 4–7.Google Scholar
Leyland, P., Sobbia, R. and Voss, J. B. 2007 Chemical kinetic and radiating species studies of Titan aerocapture entry. In: Jacobs, Peter, McIntyre, Tim, Cleary, Matthew, Buttsworth, David, Mee, David, Clements, Rose, Morgan, Richard and Lemckert, Charles, 16th Australasian Fluid Mechanics Conference (AFMC), http://www.mech.uq.edu.au/16afmc/index.php.GoldCoast, Queensland, Australia, December 3–7, 497–502.Google Scholar
Magin, T. E., Caillault, L. A., Bourdon, A. and Laux, C. O. 2006 Nonequilibrium radiative heat flux modeling for the huygens entry probe. J. Geophys Res-planet 111, E07S12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mazoue, F. & Marraffa, L. 2005 Flow-field/radiation coupling analysis for huygens probe entry into Titan atmosphere. In: Proceedings of the 38th AIAA Thermophysics Conference (AIAA paper no. 2005-5392) eISBN:978-1-62410-061-1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McBride, B. J. and Gordon, S. 1996 Computer program for calculation of complex chemical equilibrium compositions and applications. Part 2: Users manual and program description. NASA Reference Publication 1311, June 1996.Google Scholar
Mitcheltree, R. A. and Gnoflo, E. A. 1995 Wake flow about the mars pathfinder entry vehicle. J. Spacecraft Rockets 32 (5), 771–776.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Modest, M. F. 2003 Radiative Heat Transfer, 2nd edn.London: Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, H. F., Park, C. and Whiting, E. E. 1991 Titan atmospheric composition by hypervelocity shock-layer analysis. J. Thermophys Heat Transfer 5 (2), 157–165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olejniczak, J., Prabhu, D., Bose, D. and Wright, M. J. 2004 Aeroheating analysis for the after body of a Titan probe. In: Proceedings of the 42nd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibition (AIAA paper no. 2004-0486) eISBN:978-1-62410-078-9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olejniczak, J., Wright, M. J., Prabhu, D., Takashima, N., Hollis, B. R., Zoby, E. V. and Sutton, K. 2003 An analysis of the radiative heating environment for aerocapture at Titan. (AIAA paper no. 2003-4953).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Osawa, H., Matsuyama, S., Ohnishi, N., Furudate, M. and Sawada, K. 2008 Numerical computation of radiative heating environment for huygens probe entry flight. J. Thermophys. Heat Transfer 22 (2), 140–149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Osawa, H., Matsuyama, S., Ohnishi, N. and Sawada, K. 2006 Comparative computation of radiative heating environment for Huygens probe entry flight. (AIAA paper no. 2006-3772).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Panesi, M., Babou, Y. and Chazot, O. 2008 Predictions of non-equilibrium radiation: analysis and comparison with east experiments. (AIAA paper no. 2008-3812).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Park, C. 1985 Non-equilibrium air radiation (neqair) program. Technical Report no. N85-30780, NASA, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Park, C. 2007 Calculation of stagnation-point heating rates associated with stardust vehicle. J. Spacecraft Rockets 44 (1), 24–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Park, C. S., Bershader, D. and Park, C. 1996 Radiative emission from the simulated shock layer of huygens probe. J. Thermophys Heat Transfer 10 (4), 563–569.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Passarinho, P. and da Silva, M. Lino 2006 Gprd, a database for spectral properties of diatomic molecules of atmospheric interest. J. Mol. Spectrosc. 236 (1), 148–149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Playez, M., Vancrayenest, B., Fletcher, M. E. and Zuber, D. G. 2004 Titan atmosphere plasma investigation using spectroscopic techniques. Proceedings of the Fifth European Symposium on Aerothermodynamics for Space Vehicles (ESA paper no. SP-563).Google Scholar
Potter, D. 2011 Modelling of radiating shock layers for atmospheric entry at earth and mars. PhD thesis, School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, University of Queensland, Australia.Google Scholar
Savajano, R., Sobbia, R., Gaffuri, M. and Leyland, P.Submitted. Reduced chemical kinetic model for Titan entries. International Journal of Chemical Engineering. Volume 2011 (2011), Article ID 970247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, A., Wood, A., Dubois, J., Fertig, M. and Pfeiffer, B. 2006 Plasma radiation database parade v22 final report. Technical Report no. ESTEC contract 11148/94/NL/FG, FGE TR28/96, ESA ESTEC.Google Scholar
Whiting, Ellis E., Park, C., Liu, Y., Arnold, James O. and Paterson, John A. 1996 Neqair96, non-equilibrium and equilibrium radiative transport and spectra program: user's manual. Technical Report no. 1389, NASA, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Witasse, O., da Silva, M. Lino, Sobbia, R., Leyland, P., Marraffa, L., Schmitz, P., Denis, M., del Rio, J. Diaz, Neukum, G., Hoffmann, H.et al., 2012 Mars express observation of the phoenix mars entry, part i: intensity predictions, results, and lessons learned. CEAS Space Journal.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, M. J., Bose, D. and Olejniczak, J. 2004 The impact of flowfield-radiation coupling on aeroheating for Titan aerocapture. (AIAA paper no. 2004-0484).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zel'dovich, Ya. B., Raizer, Yu. P., Hayes, Wallace D. and Probstein, Ronald F. 1966 Physics of Shock Waves and High-Temperature hydrodynamic Phenomena. Waltham, MA: Academic Press.Google Scholar