Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7fkt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-27T16:20:20.477Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Solitary Rugose Corals of the Upper Ordovician Montoya Group, Southern New Mexico and Westernmost Texas

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 December 2017

Robert J. Elias
Robert J. Elias*
Affiliation:
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The Upper Ordovician (middle Edenian to upper Richmondian) Montoya Group of southern New Mexico and westernmost Texas comprises, in ascending order, the Second Value Dolomite, Aleman Formation, and Cutter Dolomite. Solitary rugose corals in the Second Value are Grewingkia robusta (Whiteaves, 1896), Bighornia sp. cf. B. patella (Wilson, 1926), Streptelasma divaricans (Nicholson, 1875), a new species of Neotryplasma, and Salvadorea? spp. A and B. Salvadorea kingae kingae Nelson, 1981, G. franklinensis n. sp., and G. crassa alemanensis n. subsp. occur in the Aleman. Taxa found in the Cutter are S. kingae cutterensis n. subsp., G. sp. cf. G. franklinensis, and B. sp. cf. B. patella.

Grewingkia robusta is the most abundant species in the solitary rugosan assemblage that is present within the Second Value. This assemblage apparently inhabited comparatively deep-water environments. Most of the corals lived in relatively high-energy conditions, but epizoic forms favored low-energy niches. Salvadorea kingae is the most common taxon in the assemblage that characterizes the Aleman-Cutter. This is probably a comparatively shallow-water assemblage. The dominant taxon inhabited relatively low-energy environments, while less common species lived in higher energy conditions. If the distribution of solitary rugose corals in the area of Montoya deposition was related primarily to water depth, a paleobathymetric gradient from relatively deep in the west to predominantly shallow in the southeast existed through Second Value–Aleman time. During Cutter time, water was relatively deep in the southwest and northeast, and predominantly shallow in the southeast. If the degree of environmental restriction was the principal factor limiting the distribution of Montoya solitary Rugosa, open normal marine environments were predominant in the southeast and uncommon in the north and west.

Montoya representatives of Grewingkia, Bighornia, and Salvadorea indicate that the area of deposition was situated within the Red River–Stony Mountain Solitary Coral Province, which occupied most of North America during Late Ordovician time. All species of these genera are typical “epicontinental” forms. Neotryplasma, the only “continental margin” taxon, reflects a cratonic margin paleoposition. The discovery of Streptelasma divaricans within Edenian-Maysvillian strata in the Montoya is consistent with an hypothesis that solitary Rugosa were introduced to the Richmond Solitary Coral Province of eastern North America during an early Richmondian transgression.

Within the Red River–Stony Mountain Province, geographic speciation and dispersion seem to have been important factors in the evolution and diversification of Grewingkia robusta and related taxa, including G. haysii selkirkensis n. subsp. from the Selkirk Member of the Red River Formation in southern Manitoba. In Salvadorea, speciation events within the New Mexico–Texas area and Williston Basin were apparently rapid, and coincided with onsets of clastic deposition. Evolutionary change within this genus has not been recognized in the Hudson Bay Basin, where there were no clastic influxes.

In the Aleman-Cutter sequence of the Montoya Group, recognition of specific intervals bearing solitary rugose corals may permit detailed biostratigraphic, and possibly chronostratigraphic, correlation. The change from a Grewingkia-dominated assemblage to a Salvadorea-dominated assemblage was not synchronous throughout the Red River–Stony Mountain Province, and the ranges of widely distributed species such as G. robusta and S. kingae cannot be considered isochronous from basin to basin. Within particular basins, endemic taxa having restricted stratigraphic ranges, such as G. crassa alemanensis, can be useful biostratigraphic markers. Streptelasma divaricans remains useful as a Richmondian index fossil in strata within the area occupied by the Richmond Province.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Paleontology , Volume 59 , Issue S16: Paleontological Society Memoir 16. Solitary Rugose Corals of the Upper Ordovician Montoya Group, Southern New Mexico and Westernmost Texas , September 1985 , pp. 1 - 58
Copyright
Copyright © 1985, The Paleontological Society, Inc. 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bachman, G. O. and Myers, D. A. 1963. Geology of the Bear Peak NE Quadrangle, Dona Ana County, New Mexico. United States Geological Survey Miscellaneous Geologic Investigations Map I-374.Google Scholar
Bachman, G. O. and Myers, D. A. 1969. Geology of the Bear Peak area, Dona Ana County, New Mexico. United States Geological Survey Bulletin 1271-C, 46 p.Google Scholar
Bassler, R. S. 1950. Faunal lists and descriptions of Paleozoic corals. Geological Society of America Memoir 44, 315 p.Google Scholar
Billings, E. 1865. Notice of some new genera and species of Palaeozoic fossils. Quarterly Journal of Science, new series, 2:425–432.Google Scholar
Bolton, T. E. 1977. Ordovician megafauna, Melville Peninsula, southeastern District of Franklin. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 269:23–75.Google Scholar
Bolton, T. E. and Nowlan, G. S. 1979. A Late Ordovician fossil assemblage from an outlier north of Aberdeen Lake, District of Keewatin. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 321:1–26.Google Scholar
Brindle, J. E. 1960. The faunas of the lower Palaeozoic carbonate rocks in the subsurface of Saskatchewan. Saskatchewan Department of Mineral Resources Report 52, 45 p.Google Scholar
Cox, I. 1937. Arctic and some other species of Streptelasma . Geological Magazine, 74(1):1–19.Google Scholar
Cumings, E. R. 1908. The stratigraphy and paleontology of the Cincinnati Series of Indiana. Indiana Department of Geology and Natural Resources Annual Report, 32:605–1188.Google Scholar
Cumming, L. M. 1975. Ordovician strata of the Hudson Bay Lowlands. Geological Survey of Canada Paper 74–28, 93 p.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cunningham, J. E. 1974. Geologic map and sections of Silver City Quadrangle, New Mexico. New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Geologic Map 30.Google Scholar
Duncan, H. 1956. Ordovician and Silurian coral faunas of western United States. United States Geological Survey Bulletin 1021-F:209–236.Google Scholar
Duncan, H. 1957. Bighornia, a new Ordovician coral genus. Journal of Paleontology, 31(3):607–615.Google Scholar
Dybowski, W. 1873. Monographic der Zoantharia sclerodermata rugosa aus der Silurformation Estlands, Nord-Livlands und der Insel Gotland. Archiv für die Naturkunde Liv-, Ehstund Kurlands, series 1, 5(3):257–414.Google Scholar
Elias, R. J. 1976. Solitary rugose corals of the Selkirk Member, Red River Formation (late Middle or Upper Ordovician), southern Manitoba. University of Cincinnati, , 232 p.Google Scholar
Elias, R. J. 1980. Borings in solitary rugose corals of the Selkirk Member, Red River Formation (late Middle or Upper Ordovician), southern Manitoba. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 17(2):272–277.Google Scholar
Elias, R. J. 1981. Solitary rugose corals of the Selkirk Member, Red River Formation (late Middle or Upper Ordovician), southern Manitoba. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 344, 53 p.Google Scholar
Elias, R. J. 1982a. Latest Ordovician solitary rugose corals of eastern North America. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 81(314), 116 p.Google Scholar
Elias, R. J. 1982b. Paleoecology and biostratinomy of solitary rugose corals in the Stony Mountain Formation (Upper Ordovician), Stony Mountain, Manitoba. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 19(8):1582–1598.Google Scholar
Elias, R. J. 1983a. Late Ordovician solitary rugose corals of the Stony Mountain Formation, southern Manitoba, and its equivalents. Journal of Paleontology, 57(5):924–956.Google Scholar
Elias, R. J. 1983b. Middle and Late Ordovician solitary rugose corals of the Cincinnati Arch region. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 1066-N, 13 p.Google Scholar
Elias, R. J. 1984a. Paleobiologic significance of fossulae in North American Late Ordovician solitary rugose corals. Paleobiology, 10(1):102–114.Google Scholar
Elias, R. J. 1984b. Paleobiology of solitary rugose corals, Late Ordovician of North America, p. 533–537. In Oliver, W. A. Jr. et al. (eds.), Recent Advances in the Paleobiology and Geology of the Cnidaria, Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Fossil Cnidaria (and Archaeocyathids and Stromatoporoids) held in Washington, D.C., U.S.A., August, 1983. Palaeontographica Americana, No. 54.Google Scholar
Elias, R. J. In press. New Late Ordovician solitary rugose coral with perforate septa. Journal of Paleontology.Google Scholar
Elias, R. J. and Potter, A. W. 1984. Late Ordovician solitary rugose corals of the eastern Klamath Mountains, northern California. Journal of Paleontology, 58(5):1203–1214.Google Scholar
Flower, R. H. 1961. Part I: Montoya and related colonial corals. New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Memoir 7, p. 1–97, 121–141, 150–229.Google Scholar
Flower, R. H. 1970. Early Paleozoic of New Mexico and the El Paso region (reprinted with minor corrections from: The Ordovician Symposium, p. 32–101, El Paso Geological Society and Permian Basin Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, El Paso Geological Society Third Annual Field Trip, February 22, 1969). New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources, 44 p. Google Scholar
Foerste, A. F. 1906. The Silurian, Devonian and Irvine formations of east-central Kentucky, with an account of their clays and limestones. Kentucky Geological Survey Bulletin 7, 369 p.Google Scholar
Foerste, A. F. 1909. Preliminary notes on Cincinnatian and Lexington fossils. Denison University Science Laboratory Bulletin, 14:289–334.Google Scholar
Foerste, A. F. 1917–1918. The Richmond faunas of Little Bay de Noquette, in northern Michigan. Ottawa Naturalist, 31(9):97–103 (1917), 31(10):121–127 (1918).Google Scholar
Foerste, A. F. 1924. Upper Ordovician faunas of Ontario and Quebec. Geological Survey of Canada Memoir 138, 255 p.Google Scholar
Foerste, A. F. 1928. Part 2: The cephalopods of Putnam Highland. University of Michigan Museum of Paleontology, Contributions, 3(3):25–69.Google Scholar
Geeslin, J. H. and Chafetz, H. S. 1982. Ordovician Aleman ribbon cherts: an example of silicification prior to carbonate lithification. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 52(4):1283–1293.Google Scholar
Hall, J. 1847. Natural History of New York, Part 6: Palaeontology of New York, 1. C. van Benthuysen, Albany, 338 p.Google Scholar
Harbour, R. L. 1972. Geology of the northern Franklin Mountains, Texas and New Mexico. United States Geological Survey Bulletin 1298, 129 p.Google Scholar
Hayes, P. T. 1975a. Cambrian and Ordovician rocks of southern Arizona and New Mexico and westernmost Texas. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 873, 98 p.Google Scholar
Hayes, P. T. 1975b. Selected stratigraphic sections of Cambrian and Ordovician rocks in Arizona, New Mexico, and western Texas. United States Geological Survey Open-file Report 75–178, 51 p.Google Scholar
Hill, D. 1959. Some Ordovician corals from New Mexico, Arizona, and Texas. New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Bulletin 64, 25 p.Google Scholar
Howe, H. J. 1959. Montoya Group stratigraphy (Ordovician) of Trans-Pecos Texas. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 43(10):2285–2332.Google Scholar
Jicha, H. L. Jr. 1954. Geology and mineral deposits of Lake Valley Quadrangle, Grant, Luna, and Sierra Counties, New Mexico. New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Bulletin 37, 93 p.Google Scholar
Kaljo, D. L. 1960. Nekotorye voprosy razvitya ordovikskikh tetrakorallov. Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia Geoloogia Instituudi Uurimused, Trudy Instituta Geologii Akademii Nauk Estonskoi SSR, 5:245–258.Google Scholar
Kelley, V. C. and Silver, C. 1952. Geology of the Caballo Mountains. New Mexico University Publications in Geology, 4, 286 p.Google Scholar
Kiaer, J. 1932. The coral fauna of the Kalstad Limestone in Meldalen, p. 103–113. In Kiaer, J., The Hovin Group in the Trondheim area. Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo Skrifter 1, Matematisk-Naturvidenskapelig Klasse 1932(4).Google Scholar
King, P. B. 1965. Geology of the Sierra Diablo region, Texas. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 480, 185 p.Google Scholar
Kirk, E. 1925. Notes on an early collection of Paleozoic fossils from Ellesmereland. American Journal of Science, series 5, 10(59):445–447.Google Scholar
Kottlowski, F. E. 1958. Geologic history of the Rio Grande near El Paso, p. 46–54. In Nelson, L. A. and Haigh, B. R. (leaders), Franklin and Hueco Mountains, Texas. West Texas Geological Society Guidebook, 1958 Field Trip, November 6-7-8, 1958.Google Scholar
Kottlowski, F. E., Flower, R. H., Thompson, M. L. and Foster, R. W. 1956. Stratigraphic studies of the San Andres Mountains, New Mexico. New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Memoir 1, 132 p.Google Scholar
Ladd, H. S. 1929. The stratigraphy and paleontology of the Maquoketa Shale of Iowa, Part 1. Iowa Geological Survey Annual Report (1928), 34:305–448.Google Scholar
Lambe, L. M. 1901. A revision of the genera and species of Canadian Palaeozoic corals. Geological Survey of Canada, Contributions to Canadian Palaeontology, 4(2):97–197.Google Scholar
Lambe, L. M. 1906. Notes on the fossil corals collected by Mr. A. P. Low at Beechey Island, Southampton Island, and Cape Chidley, in 1904, p. 322–328. In Low, A. P., Report on the Dominion Government Expedition to Hudson Bay and the Arctic Islands on board the D.G.S. Neptune, 1903–1904. Geological Survey of Canada.Google Scholar
Meek, F. B. 1865. Preliminary notice of a small collection of fossils found by Dr. Hays, on the west shore of Kennedy Channel, at the highest northern localities ever explored. American Journal of Science, series 2, 40:31–34.Google Scholar
Milne-Edwards, H. and Haime, J. 1850. A monograph of the British fossil corals, Part 1: Introduction. Palaeontographical Society, London, 3, 71 p.Google Scholar
Nelson, S. J. 1959. Guide fossils of the Red River and Stony Mountain equivalents (Ordovician). Alberta Society of Petroleum Geologists Journal, 7(3):51–61.Google Scholar
Nelson, S. J. 1963. Ordovician paleontology of the northern Hudson Bay Lowland. Geological Society of America Memoir 90, 152 p.Google Scholar
Nelson, S. J. 1975. Paleontological field guides, northern Canada and Alaska. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 23(3):428–683.Google Scholar
Nelson, S. J. 1981. Solitary streptelasmatid corals, Ordovician of northern Hudson Bay Lowland, Manitoba, Canada. Palaeontographica Abteilung A, 172(1–3):1–71.Google Scholar
Neuman, B. E. E. 1969. Upper Ordovician streptelasmatid corals from Scandinavia. University of Uppsala Geological Institutions Bulletin, new series, 1:1–73.Google Scholar
Neuman, B. E. E. 1977. On the taxonomy of lower Palaeozoic solitary streptelasmatids, p. 69–77. In Second International Symposium on Corals and Fossil Coral Reefs, Paris, September 1975. Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières Mémoires 89.Google Scholar
Neuman, B. E. E. 1984. Origin and early evolution of rugose corals, p. 119–126. In Oliver, W. A. Jr. et al. (eds.), Recent Advances in the Paleobiology and Geology of the Cnidaria, Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Fossil Cnidaria (and Archaeocyathids and Stromatoporoids) held in Washington, D.C., U.S.A., August, 1983. Palaeontographica Americana, No. 54.Google Scholar
Nicholson, H. A. 1875. Description of the corals of the Silurian and Devonian Systems. Ohio Geological Survey Report, 2(2):181–242.Google Scholar
Nicholson, H. A. and Etheridge, R. Jr. 1878. A monograph of the Silurian fossils of the Girvan district in Ayrshire, with special reference to those contained in the “Gray collection.” William Blackwood and Sons, Edinburgh and London, 1(1):1–135.Google Scholar
Nicholson, H. A. and Lydekker, R. 1889. A Manual of Palaeontology for the Use of Students, 3rd Edition. William Blackwood and Sons, Edinburgh and London, 1:1–885, 2:886–1624.Google Scholar
Norford, B. S. and Macqueen, R. W. 1975. Lower Paleozoic Franklin Mountain and Mount Kindle formations, District of Mackenzie: their type sections and regional development. Geological Survey of Canada Paper 74–34, 37 p.Google Scholar
Okulitch, V. J. 1943. The Stony Mountain Formation of Manitoba. Royal Society of Canada Transactions, series 3, 37(4):59–74.Google Scholar
Parks, W. A. 1915. Palaeozoic fossils from a region southwest of Hudson Bay. Royal Canadian Institute Transactions, 11(1):3–95.Google Scholar
Pestana, H. R. 1960. Fossils from the Johnson Spring Formation, Middle Ordovician, Independence Quadrangle, California. Journal of Paleontology, 34(5):862–873.Google Scholar
Pratt, W. P. 1967. Geology of the Hurley West Quadrangle, Grant County, New Mexico. United States Geological Survey Bulletin 1241-E, 91 p.Google Scholar
Pratt, W. P. and Jones, W. R. 1961. Montoya Dolomite and Fusselman Dolomite in Silver City region, New Mexico. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 45(4):484–500.Google Scholar
Pray, L. C. 1953. Upper Ordovician and Silurian stratigraphy of Sacramento Mountains, Otero County, New Mexico. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 37(8):1894–1918.Google Scholar
Pray, L. C. 1958. Stratigraphic section, Montoya Group and Fusselman Formation, Franklin Mountains, Texas, p. 30–42. In Nelson, L. A. and Haigh, B. R. (leaders), Franklin and Hueco Mountains, Texas. West Texas Geological Society Guidebook, 1958 Field Trip, November 6-7-8, 1958.Google Scholar
Pray, L. C. 1961. Geology of the Sacramento Mountains escarpment, Otero County, New Mexico. New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Bulletin 35, 144 p.Google Scholar
Pray, L. C. 1977. Field guide and road log “A”: supplemental field guide to southernmost Sacramento Mountains escarpment—Agua Chiquita and Nigger Ed canyons, p. 122–135. In Pray, L. C., Wilson, J. L. and Toomey, D. F. (leaders), Geology of the Sacramento Mountains, Otero County, New Mexico. West Texas Geological Society Field Trip Guidebook, October 21–22, 1977, Publication 1977–68.Google Scholar
Ross, R. J. Jr. 1957. Ordovician fossils from wells in the Williston Basin, eastern Montana. United States Geological Survey Bulletin 1021-M:439–510.Google Scholar
Stearn, C. W. 1956. Stratigraphy and palaeontology of the Interlake Group and Stonewall Formation of southern Manitoba. Geological Survey of Canada Memoir 281, 162 p.Google Scholar
Stumm, E. C. 1963. Ordovician streptelasmid rugose corals from Michigan. University of Michigan Museum of Paleontology, Contributions, 18(2):23–31.Google Scholar
Sweet, W. C. 1979. Late Ordovician conodonts and biostratigraphy of the western Midcontinent Province, p. 45–85. In Sandberg, C. A. and Clark, D. L. (eds.), Conodont biostratigraphy of the Great Basin and Rocky Mountains. Brigham Young University Geology Studies, 26(3).Google Scholar
Sytova, V. A. 1979. Chapter 4: Rugozy mangazeiskogo, dolorskogo i ketskogo gorizontov, p. 159–176. In Rozman, Kh. S., Stukalina, G. A., Krasilova, I. N. and Sytova, V. A., Fauna Ordovika Sredney Sibiri. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Ordena Trudovogo Krasnogo Znameniya Geologicheskiy Institut Trudy, 330.Google Scholar
Teichert, C. 1937. Ordovician and Silurian faunas from arctic Canada. Fifth Thule Expedition 1921–1924 Report, 1(5), 169 p.Google Scholar
Thomson, K. 1969. Sugar Loaf, p. 143–144. In LeMone, D. V. (ed.), The Ordovician Symposium. El Paso Geological Society and Permian Basin Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, El Paso Geological Society Third Annual Field Trip, February 22, 1969.Google Scholar
Troedsson, G. T. 1928. On the Middle and Upper Ordovician faunas of northern Greenland, Part 2. Meddelelser om Grønland, 72 (Første Afdeling, 1), 197 p.Google Scholar
Twenhofel, W. H. 1928. Geology of Anticosti Island. Geological Survey of Canada Memoir 154, 481 p.Google Scholar
Verrill, A. E. 1865. Classification of polyps (Extract condensed from a synopsis of the polypi of the North Pacific Exploring Expedition, under Captains Ringgold and Rodgers, U.S.N.). Essex Institute Proceedings, 4:145–149.Google Scholar
Wang, H. C. 1948. Notes on some rugose corals in the Gray collection, from Girvan, Scotland. Geological Magazine, 85(2):97–106.Google Scholar
Wedekind, R. 1927. Die Zoantharia Rugosa von Gotland (besonders Nordgotland): Nebst Bemerkungen zur Biostratigraphie des Gotlandium. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning, series Ca, 19, 94 p.Google Scholar
White, C. A. 1882. Van Cleve's fossil corals. Indiana Department of Geology and Natural History Annual Report (1881), 11:376–401.Google Scholar
Whiteaves, J. F. 1881. List of fossils collected by Dr. R. Bell in Manitoba during the season of 1880. Geological Survey of Canada Report of Progress, 1879–1880C:57–58.Google Scholar
Whiteaves, J. F. 1895. Systematic list, with references, of the fossils of the Hudson River or Cincinnati Formation at Stony Mountain, Manitoba. Geological Survey of Canada, Palaeozoic Fossils, 3(2):111–128.Google Scholar
Whiteaves, J. F. 1896. Descriptions of eight new species of fossils from the (Galena) Trenton limestones of Lake Winnipeg and the Red River valley. Canadian Record of Science, 6(7):387–397.Google Scholar
Whiteaves, J. F. 1897. The fossils of the Galena-Trenton and Black River formations of Lake Winnipeg and its vicinity. Geological Survey of Canada, Palaeozoic Fossils, 3(3):129–242.Google Scholar
Wilson, A. E. 1926. An Upper Ordovician fauna from the Rocky Mountains, British Columbia. Canada Department of Mines, Museum Bulletin 44, Geological Series, 46:1–34, 100–115.Google Scholar
Wilson, A. E. 1931. Notes on the Baffinland fossils collected by J. Dewey Soper during 1925 and 1929. Royal Society of Canada Transactions, series 3, 25(4):285–308.Google Scholar
Wilson, A. E. 1948. Miscellaneous classes of fossils, Ottawa Formation, Ottawa-St. Lawrence valley. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 11, 116 p.Google Scholar
Winchell, N. H. and Schuchert, C. 1895. Chapter 3: Sponges, graptolites, and corals from the Lower Silurian of Minnesota, p. 55–95. In The Geology of Minnesota 3(1), Paleontology. Minnesota Geological and Natural History Survey.Google Scholar
Zeller, R. A. Jr. 1965. Stratigraphy of the Big Hatchet Mountains area, New Mexico. New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Memoir 16, 128 p.Google Scholar
Zeller, R. A. Jr. 1975. Structural geology of Big Hatchet Peak Quadrangle, Hidalgo County, New Mexico. New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Circular 146, 23 p.Google Scholar