Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-29T11:09:44.322Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

A New Llandovery (Early Silurian) Conodont Biozonation and Conodonts from the Becscie, Merrimack, and Gun River Formations, Anticosti Island, Québec

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 August 2017

Shunxin Zhang
Affiliation:
School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3055, Victoria, B.C. V8W 3P6, Canada ;
Christopher R. Barnes
Affiliation:
School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3055, Victoria, B.C. V8W 3P6, Canada ;

Abstract

An abundant conodont fauna was recovered from 202 samples taken from the Becscie, Merrimack, and Gun River formations of early Llandovery (Early Silurian) age on Anticosti Island, Québec. From the collection of 22,409 identifiable specimens, 28 species and four associations representing 12 genera and one group of drepanodontiform elements are documented and their stratigraphic ranges established. One new genus, Rexroadus, is established for two species earlier assigned with question to Oulodus. New species described are Icriodella dicrana, Oulodus sigmoideus, Ozarkodina strena, and Pterospathodus? originalis. The fauna is dominated by species of Ozarkodina and Oulodus; many species have a first appearance that is slightly older than elsewhere suggesting that the Anticosti Basin may have been an important evolutionary radiative center in the early Silurian. There is a slow and progressive diversity increase in conodonts through this interval after the initial appearance of many new taxa in the basal Silurian following the mass extinction in the terminal Ordovician. The Anticosti Llandovery sequence represents one of the few highly fossiliferous, continuous successions in the world and a new conodont biozonation based on conodonts for the Llandovery is proposed with the following interval zones in ascending order: Ozarkodina hassi (new), Ozarkodina strena (new) [subdivided into Oulodus jeannae (new) and Oulodus panuarensis (new) subzones], Ozarkodina clavula (new), Ozarkodina aldridgei (new), Pterospathodus celloni, and Pterospathodus amorphognathoides zones.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © 2002, The Paleontological Society 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aldridge, R. J. 1972. Llandovery conodonts from the Welsh Borderland. Bulletin of British Museum (Natural History), 22:127231.Google Scholar
Aldridge, R. J. 1975. The stratigraphic distribution of conodonts in the British Silurian. Journal of the Geological Society, 131:607618.Google Scholar
Aldridge, R. J. 1979. An upper Llandovery conodont fauna from Peary Land, eastern North Greenland. Rapport, Grønlands geologiske Undersogelse, 91:723.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aldridge, R. J. 1985. Conodonts of the Silurian System from the British Isles, p. 6893. In Higgins, A. C. and Austin, R. L. (eds.), A Stratigraphical Index of Conodonts. Chichester, Ellis Horwood.Google Scholar
Aldridge, R. J., and Mohamed, I. B. 1982. Conodont biostratigraphy of the Early Silurian of the Oslo Region. In Worsley, D. (ed.) IUGS Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy, Field Meeting, Oslo Region. Paleontological Contributions from the University of Oslo, 278:109120.Google Scholar
Aldridge, R. J., and Jeppsson, L. 1984. Ecological specialists among Silurian conodonts. Palaeontology, 32:141149.Google Scholar
Aldridge, R. J., Dorning, K. J., and Siveter, D. J. 1981. Distribution of microfossil groups across the Wenlock Shelf of the Welsh Basin, p. 1830. In Heale, J. W. and Brasier, M. D. (eds.), Microfossils from Recent and Fossil Shelf Seas. Ellis Horwood Limited, Chichester, England.Google Scholar
Aldridge, R. J., Jeppsson, L., and Dorning, K. J. 1993. Early Silurian oceanic episodes and events. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 150:501513.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armstrong, H. A. 1990. Conodonts from the Upper Ordovician–Lower Silurian carbonate platform of north Greenland. Bulletin Grønlands Geologiske Undersogelse, 159, 151 p.Google Scholar
Armstrong, H. A. 1995. High-resolution biostratigraphy (conodonts and graptolites) of the Upper Ordovician and Lower Silurian-evaluation of the Late Ordovician mass extinction. Modern Geology, 20:4168.Google Scholar
Azmy, K., Veizer, J., Bassett, M. G., and Copper, P. 1998. Oxygen and carbon isotopic composition of Silurian brachiopods: implications for coeval seawater and glaciations. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 110(11):14991512.Google Scholar
Barnes, C. R. 1988. Stratigraphy and paleontology of the Ordovician-Silurian boundary interval, Anticosti Island, Québec. In Cocks, L. R. M. and Rickards, R. B. (eds.), A Global Analysis of the Ordovician-Silurian Boundary. British Museum (Natural History) Bulletin, 43:195219.Google Scholar
Barnes, C. R. 1989. Lower Silurian chronostratigraphy of Anticosti Island, Quebec, p. 101108. In Holland, C. H. and Bassett, M. G. (eds.), A Global Standard for the Silurian System. Natural Museum of Wales, Geological Series No. 9, Cardiff. Google Scholar
Barnes, C. R., and Bergström, S. M. 1988. Conodont biostratigraphy of the upper Ordovician and lowermost Silurian. In Cocks, L. R. M., and Rickards, R. B. (eds.), A Global Analysis of the Ordovician-Silurian boundary. British Museum (Natural History) Bulletin, 43:325343.Google Scholar
Barnes, C. R., Fortey, R. A., and Williams, S. H. 1996. The pattern of global bio-events during the Ordovician Period, p. 139172. In Walliser, O. H. (ed.), Global Events and Event Stratigraphy. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnes, C. R., Petryk, A. A., and Bolton, T. E. 1981. Anticosti Island, Québec, p. 124. In Lespérance, P. J. (ed.), IUGS Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy (Ordovician-Silurian Boundary Working Group) Field Meeting. Anticosti-Gaspé, Québec, 1981, Volume 1, Guidebook.Google Scholar
Barrick, J. E. 1977. Multielement simple-cone conodonts from the Clarita Formation (Silurian), Arbuckle Mountains, Oklahoma. Geologica et Palaeontologica, 11:4768.Google Scholar
Barrick, J. E., and Klapper, G. 1976. Multielement Silurian (late Llandoverian-Wenlockian) conodonts from the Clarita Formation, Arbuckle Mountains, Oklahoma, and phylogeny of Kockelella . Geologica et Palaeontologica, 10:59100.Google Scholar
Beuf, S., Biju-Duval, B., de Carpal, O., Rognon, P., Gariel, O., and Bennacef, A. 1971. Les grès du Paléozoique inférieur au Sahara. Sédimentation et discontinuités évolution structurale d'un craton. Publications de l'Institut francais du Pétrole Technip, 18, 464 p.Google Scholar
Bischoff, G. C. O. 1986. Early and Middle Silurian conodonts from midwestern New South Wales. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 89, 337 p.Google Scholar
Bischoff, G. C. O., and Sanneman, D. 1958. Unterdevonische Conodonten aus dem Franken-wald. Notizblatt des hessischen Landes-amtes für Bodenforschung zu Weisbaden, 86:87110.Google Scholar
Bolton, T. E., and Nowlan, G. S. 1979. A Late Ordovician fossil assemblage from an outliner north of Aberdeen Lake, District of Keewatin. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin, 321:126.Google Scholar
Branson, E. B., and Branson, C. C. 1947. Lower Silurian conodonts from Kentucky. Journal of Paleontology, 21:549556.Google Scholar
Branson, E. B., and Mehl, M. G. 1933. Conodonts from the Maquoketa-Thebes (Upper Ordovician) of Missouri. The University of Missouri Studies, 8:121131.Google Scholar
Brenchley, P. J. 1988. Environmental changes close to the Ordovician-Silurian boundary. In Cocks, L. R. M. and Rickards, R. B. (eds.), A Global Analysis of the Ordovician-Silurian Boundary. British Museum (Natural History) Bulletin, 43:377385.Google Scholar
Brenchley, P. J., and Newall, G. 1984. Late Ordovician environmental changes and their effect on faunas. In Bruton, D. L. (ed.), Aspects of the Ordovician System. Paleontological Contributions from the University of Oslo, 1984:6579.Google Scholar
Brenchley, P. J., Romano, M., Young, T. P., and Storch, P. 1991. Hirnatian glaciomarine diamictites-evidence for the spread of glaciation and its effect on Upper Ordovician faunas. In Barnes, C. R. and Williams, S. H. (eds.), Advances in Ordovician Geology. Geological Survey of Canada Paper 90-9:325336.Google Scholar
Brenchley, P. J., Marshall, J. D., Carden, G. A. F., Robertson, D. B. R., Long, D. G. F., Meidla, T., Hints, L., and Anderson, T. F. 1994. Bathymetric and isotopic evidence for a short-lived Late Ordovician glaciation in a greenhouse period. Geology, 22:295298.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caputo, M. V. 1998. Ordovician-Silurian glaciations and global sea-level changes. In Landing, E. and Johnson, M. (eds.), Silurian Cycles: Linkages of Dynamic Stratigraphy with Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Tectonic Changes. New York State Museum Bulletin, 491:1525.Google Scholar
Cooper, B. J. 1975. Multielement conodonts from the Brassfield Limestone (Silurian) of Southern Ohio. Journal of Paleontology, 49:9841008.Google Scholar
Cooper, B. J. 1976. Multielement conodonts from the St. Clair Limestone (Silurian) of Southern Illinois. Journal of Paleontology, 50:205217.Google Scholar
Cooper, B. J. 1977. Toward a familial classification of Silurian conodonts. Journal of Paleontology, 51:10571071.Google Scholar
Cooper, B. J. 1978. Conodonts—enigmatic microfossils. Victorian Naturalist, 95:812.Google Scholar
Copper, P., and Long, D. G. F. 1989. Stratigraphic revisions for a key Ordovician/Silurian boundary section, Anticosti Island, Canada. Newsletters Stratigraphy, 21(1):5973.Google Scholar
Copper, P., and Long, D. G. F. 1998. Sedimentology and paleontology of the Late Ordovician through Early Silurian shallow water carbonates and reefs of the Anticosti Island, Québec, p. 5594. Sedimentology and paleontology of the Early Ordovician through Early Silurian shallow water carbonates of the Mingan Islands National Park and Anticosti Island; Québec. Field Trip B8 Guidebook, Geological Association of Canada (GAC), Mineralogical Association of Canada (MAC), Association des géologues et géophysicien du Québec (APGGQ), International Association of Hydrogeologists (IAH), Canadian Geophysical Union (CGU) Joint Annual Meeting, 1998, Québec.Google Scholar
Crowley, T. J., and Baum, S. K. 1991. Toward reconciliation of Late Ordovician (~440 Ma) glaciation with very high (14X) CO2 level. Journal of Geophysical Research, 98(D5):87938800.Google Scholar
Dewing, K. 1999. Late Ordovician and Early Silurian strophomenid brachiopods of Anticosti Island, Québec, Canada. Palaeontographica Canadiana, 17, 143 p.Google Scholar
Drygant, D. M. 1974. Prostye konodonty silura i nizov devona Volyno-Podol'ia (Simple conodonts from the Silurian and lowermost Devonian of the Volyno-Podolia). Paleontologicheskiy sbornik, 10:6470.Google Scholar
Fåhræus, L. E., and Barnes, C. R. 1981. Conodonts from the Becscie and Gun River formations (Lower Silurian) of Anticosti island, Québec, p. 165172. In Lespérance, P. J. (ed.), IUGS Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy (Ordovician-Silurian Boundary Working Group) Field Meeting. Anticosti-Gaspé, Québec, 1981, Volume 2, Stratigraphy and paleontology.Google Scholar
Finney, S. C., Berry, W. B. N., Cooper, J. D., Ripperdan, R. L., Sweet, W. C., Jacobson, S. R., Soufiane, A., Achab, A., and Noble, P. J. 1999. Late Ordovician mass extinction; a new perspective from stratigraphic sections in central Nevada. Geology, 27(3):215218.Google Scholar
Helfrich, C. T. 1975. Silurian conodonts from Wills Mountain Anticline, Virginia, West Virginia, and Maryland. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 161, 82 p.Google Scholar
Helfrich, C. T. 1980. Late Llandovery–Early Wenlock conodonts from the upper part of the Rose Hill and the basal part of the Mifflintown formations, Virginia, West Virginia, and Maryland. Journal of Paleontology, 54:557569.Google Scholar
Idris, M. B. 1984. Local variations in the distribution of Silurian conodonts of the Distomodus kentuckyensis Zone of the Oslo Region, Norway. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift, 64:181191.Google Scholar
Igo, H., and Koike, T. 1968. Ordovician and Silurian conodonts from the Langkawi Island, Malaya, Pt. 2. Geology and palaeontology of Southeast Asia, 4:121.Google Scholar
Jeppsson, L. 1990. An oceanic model for lithologic and faunal changes tested on the Silurian record. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 147:663674.Google Scholar
Jeppsson, L. 1997. Recognition of a probable secundo-primo event in the Early Silurian. Lethaia, 29:311315.Google Scholar
Jeppsson, L. 1998. Silurian oceanic events: summary of general characteristics. In Landing, E. and Johnson, M. (eds.), Silurian Cycles: Linkages of Dynamic Stratigraphy with Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Tectonic Changes. New York State Museum Bulletin, 491:239257.Google Scholar
Jin, J., and Copper, P. 1999. The deep-water brachiopod Dicoelosia King, 1850, from the Early Silurian tropical carbonate shelf of Anticosti Island, eastern Canada. Journal of Paleontology, 73(6): 10421055.Google Scholar
Johnson, M. E., Cocks, L. R. M., and Copper, P. 1981. Late Ordovician–Early Silurian fluctuations in sea level from eastern Anticosti Island, Québec. Lethaia, 14:7382.Google Scholar
Jowett, D. M. S., and Barnes, C. R. 1999. Conodont biostratigraphy of the Cape Phillips Formation (Lower Silurian), Cornwalls Island, Canadian Arctic. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 83(11): 18881889.Google Scholar
Klapper, G., and Murphy, M. A. 1975. Silurian-Lower Devonian conodont sequence in the Roberts Mountains Formation of central Nevada. University of California Publication, Geological Sciences, 111, 62 p.Google Scholar
Kleffner, M. A. 1987. Conodonts of the Estill Shale and Bisher Formation (Silurian, Southern Ohio): biostratigraphy and distribution. Ohio Journal of Science, 87(3):7889.Google Scholar
Leatham, W. B. 1991. Interpretation of the Silurian Diana Limestone, Toquima Range, Central Nevada, and its paleogeographic implications: evidence from mixed conodont faunas, carbonate petrology, and stratigraphic relationships. In Cooper, J. D. and Stevens, C. H. (eds.), Paleozoic Paleogeography of the Western United States II. Pacific Section SEPM, 67:281296.Google Scholar
Leatham, W. B. 1997. Paleoecologic, paleobiogeographic, and evolutionary controls on conodont biostratigraphy across the Ordovician-Silurian systemic boundary. Geological Society of America, Abstract with Programs, 29(6): 103.Google Scholar
Le Févre, J., Barnes, C. R., and Tixier, M. 1976. Paleoecology of late Ordovician and early Silurian conodontophorids, Hudson Bay Basin. In Barnes, C. R. (ed.), Conodont Paleoecology. Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper, 15:6990.Google Scholar
Lespérence, P. J. (ed.). 1981. IUGS Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy (Ordovician-Silurian Boundary Working Group) Field Meeting. Anticosti-Gaspé, Québec, 1981, Volume 2, Stratigraphy and Paleontology, 321 p.Google Scholar
Liebe, R. M., and Rexroad, C. B. 1977. Conodonts from the Alexandrian and early Niagaran rocks in the Joliet, Illinois area. Journal of Paleontology, 551:844857.Google Scholar
Link, A. G., and Druce, E. C. 1972. Ludlovian and Gedinnian conodont stratigraphy of the Yass Basin, New South Wales. Bureau of Mineral Resources, Australia, Bulletin 134, 136 p.Google Scholar
Loydell, D. K., Kaljo, D., and Männik, P. 1998. Integrated biostratigraphy of the lower Silurian of the Ohesaare core, Saaremaa, Estonia. Geological Magazine, 135:769783.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mabillard, J. E., and Aldridge, R. J. 1983. Conodonts from the Coralliferous Group (Silurian) of Marloes Bay, South-West Dyfed, Wales. Geologica et Palaeontologica, 17:2943.Google Scholar
Mastandrea, A. 1985. Early Devonian (Lochkovian) conodonts from southwestern Sardinia. Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana, 23:240258.Google Scholar
Männik, P. 1983. Silurian conodonts from Severnaya Zemlya. Fossil and Strata, 15:111119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Männik, P. 1998. Evolution and taxonomy of the Silurian conodont Pterospathodus . Palaeontology, 41(5): 10011050.Google Scholar
Männik, P., and Aldridge, R. J. 1989. Evolution, taxonomy and relationships of the Silurian conodont Pterospathodus . Palaeontology, 32(4):893906.Google Scholar
McCracken, A. D. 1991a. Taxonomy and biostratigraphy of Llandovery (Silurian) conodonts in the Canadian Cordillera, northern Yukon Territory. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin, 417:6595.Google Scholar
McCracken, A. D. 1991b. Silurian conodont biostratigraphy of the Canadian Cordillera with a description of new Llandovery species. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin, 417:97127.Google Scholar
McCracken, A. D., and Barnes, C. R. 1981. Conodont biostratigraphy and paleoecology of the Ellis Bay Formation, Anticosti Island, Québec, with special reference to Late Ordovician–Early Silurian chronostratigraphy and the system boundary. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin, 329:51134.Google Scholar
Melchin, M. J., McCracken, A. D., and Oliff, F. J. 1991. The Ordovician-Silurian boundary on Cornwallis and Truro islands, Arctic Canada: preliminary data. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 28(11): 18541862.Google Scholar
Miller, R. H. 1972. Silurian conodonts from the Llano Region, Texas. Journal of Paleontology, 46:556564.Google Scholar
Miller, R. H. 1978. Early Silurian to Early Devonian conodont biostratigraphy and depositional environments of the Hidden Valley Dolomite, southeastern California. Journal of Paleontology, 52:323344.Google Scholar
Nehring-Lefeld, M. 1985. Conodonts of the amorphognathoides Zone (Silurian) from eastern part of the Podlasie Depression. Kwartalnik Geologiczny, 29:625652.Google Scholar
Nicoll, R. S. 1990. The genus Cordylodus and a latest Cambrian-earliest Ordovician conodont biostratigraphy. BMR Journal of Australian Geology and Geophysics, 11:529558.Google Scholar
Nicoll, R. S., and Rexroad, C. B. 1969. Stratigraphy and conodont paleontology of the Salamonie Dolomite and Lee Creek Member of the Brassfield Limestone (Silurian) in southeastern Indiana and adjacent Kentucky. Indiana Geological Survey, Bulletin 40, 73 p.Google Scholar
Nowlan, G. S. 1981. Late Ordovician–Early Silurian conodont biostratigraphy of the Gaspé Peninsula—a preliminary report, p. 257291. In Lespérance, P. J. (ed.), IUGS Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy (Ordovician-Silurian Boundary Working Group) Field Meeting. Anticosti-Gaspé, Québec, 1981, Volume 2, Stratigraphy and Paleontology.Google Scholar
Nowlan, G. S. 1983. Early Silurian conodonts of eastern Canada. Fossils and Strata, 15:95110.Google Scholar
Nowlan, G. S., and Barnes, C. R. 1981. Late Ordovician conodonts from the Vauréal Formation, Anticosti Island, Québec. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin, 329:149.Google Scholar
Nowlan, G. S., and Barnes, C. R. 1987. Thermal maturation of Paleozoic strata in eastern Canada from conodont colour alteration index (CAI) data with implications for burial history, tectonic evolution, hot-spot tracks and mineral and hydrocarbon explanation. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin, 367, 47 p.Google Scholar
Nowlan, G. S., McCracken, A. D., and Chatterton, B. D. E. 1988. Conodonts from Ordovician-Silurian boundary strata, Whittaker Formation, Mackenzie Mountains, Northwest Territories. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin, 373, 99 p.Google Scholar
Orchard, M. J. 1980. Upper Ordovician conodonts from England and Wales. Geologica et Palaeontologica, 14:944.Google Scholar
Orchard, M. J., and Rieber, H. 1999. Multielement Neogondolella (Conodonta, upper Permian–middle Triassic). In Serpagli, E. (ed.), Studies on conodonts—Proceedings of the Seventh European Conodont Symposium: Bollettino della Societá Paleontologica Italiana, 37 (2–3) (1998):475488.Google Scholar
Over, D. J., and Chatterton, B. D. E. 1987. Silurian conodonts from the southern Mackenzie Mountains, Northwest Territories, Canada. Geologica et Palaeontologica, 21:149.Google Scholar
Petryk, A. A. 1981. Stratigraphy, sedimentology and paleogeography of the Upper Ordovician-Lower Silurian of Anticosti Island, Québec, p. 1139. In Lespérance, P. J. (ed.), Subcommission on Silurian stratigraphy, Ordovician-Silurian boundary Working Group, Field Meeting. Anticosti-Gaspé, Québec 1981, Volume 2, Stratigraphy and paleontology.Google Scholar
Philip, G. M. 1969. Silurian conodonts from the Dirk Hartog Formation, Western Australia. Proceedings, Royal Society of Victoria, 82:287298.Google Scholar
Pickett, J. 1978. Silurian conodonts from Blowclear and Liscombe Pools, New South Wales. Journal and Proceedings, Royal Society of New Wales, 111:3539.Google Scholar
Pollock, C. A., and Rexroad, C. B. 1973. Conodonts from the Salina Formation and the upper part of the Wabash Formation (Silurian) in North-Central Indiana. Geologica et Palaeontologica, 7:7792.Google Scholar
Pollock, C. A., Rexroad, C. B., and Nicoll, R. S. 1970. Lower Silurian conodonts from Northern Michigan and Ontario. Journal of Paleontology, 44:743764.Google Scholar
Poussart, P. F., Weaver, A. J., and Barnes, C. R. 1999. Late Ordovician glaciation under high atmospheric CO2: a coupled model analysis. Paleoceanography, 14(4):542558.Google Scholar
Remane, J. (compiler). 2000. International stratigraphic chart and explanatory note to the international stratigraphic chart. International Union of Geological Sciences.Google Scholar
Rexroad, C. B. 1967. Stratigraphy and conodont paleontology of the Brassfield (Silurian) in the Cincinnati Arch Area. Indiana Geological Survey, Bulletin 36, 64 p.Google Scholar
Rexroad, C. B., and Craig, W. W. 1971. Restudy of conodonts from the Bainbridge Formation (Silurian) at Lithium, Missouri. Journal of Paleontology, 45:684703.Google Scholar
Rexroad, C. B., and Nicoll, R. S. 1971. Summary of conodont biostratigraphy of the Silurian System of North America. Geological Society of America, Memoir, 127:207225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rexroad, C. B., and Nicoll, R. S. 1972. Conodonts from the Estill Shale (Silurian, Kentucky and Ohio) and their bearing on multielement taxonomy. In Lindström, M. and Ziegler, W. (eds.), Symposium on Conodont Taxonomy. Geologica et Palaeontologica, Sonderband, 1:5774.Google Scholar
Rexroad, C. B., Noland, A. V., and Pollock, C. A. 1978. Conodonts from the Louisville Limestone and the Wabash Formation (Silurian) in Clark County, Indiana and Jefferson County, Kentucky. Indiana Geological Survey Special Paper, 16:115.Google Scholar
Rhodes, F. T. H. 1953. Some British Lower Palaeozoic conodont faunas. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Series B, 237:261334.Google Scholar
Robison, R. A. (ed.). 1981. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Pt. W, Miscellanea, Issue Sp2 Conodonta. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, 202 p.Google Scholar
Sami, T., and Desrochers, A. 1992. Episodic sedimentation on an early Silurian, storm-dominated carbonate ramp, Becscie and Merrimack formations, Anticosti Island, Canada. Sedimentology, 39:355381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sansom, I. J., Armstrong, H. A., and Smith, M. P. 1994. The apparatus architecture of Panderodus and its implications for coniform conodont classification. Palaeontology, 37:781799.Google Scholar
Savage, N. M. 1973. Lower Devonian conodonts from New South Wales. Palaeontology, 16:307333.Google Scholar
Savage, N. M. 1985. Silurian (Llandovery-Wenlock) conodonts from the base of the Heceta Limestone, southeastern Alaska. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 22:711727.Google Scholar
Schönlaub, H. P. 1971. Zur problematik der Conodonten-chronologie an der Wende Ordoviz/Silur mit besonderer Berucksichtigung der Verhaltnisse im Llandovery. Geologica et Palaeontologica, 5:3557.Google Scholar
Schönlaub, H. P. 1975. Conodonten aus dem Llandovery der Westkarawanken (Österreich). Verhandlungen der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, 1975:4565.Google Scholar
Sepkoski, J. J. Jr. 1995. The Ordovician radiations: diversification and extinction shown by global genus-level taxonomic data. In Cooper, J. D., Droser, M. L., and Finney, S. C. (eds.), Ordovician Odyssey. Short papers for the seventh international Symposium on the Ordovician System. Pacific Section, SEMP Book, 77:393396.Google Scholar
Serpagli, E. 1967. I Conodonti dell' Ordiviciano Superiore (Ashgilliano) delle Alpi Carniche. Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana, 6: 30111.Google Scholar
Simpson, A. J. 1999. Early Silurian conodonts from the Quinton Formation of the Broken River Region (north-Eastern Australia). Abhandlungen der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, 54:181199.Google Scholar
Simpson, A. J., and Talent, J. A. 1995. Silurian conodonts from the headwaters of the Indi (upper Murray) and Buchan rivers, southeastern Australia, and their implications. In Mawson, R. and Talent, J. (eds.), Contribution to the First Australian Conodont Symposium (AUSCOS 1). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 182:79215.Google Scholar
Sloan, T. R., Talent, J. A., Mawson, R., Simpson, A. J., Brock, G. A., Engelbretsen, M., Jell, J. S., Aung, A. K., Pfaffenritter, C., Trotter, J., and Withnall, I. W. 1995. Conodont data from Silurian-Middle Devonian carbonate fans, debris flows, allochthonous blocks and adjacent autochthonous platform margins: Broken River and Camel Creek areas, north Queensland, Australia. In Mawson, R. and Talent, J. A. (eds.), Contribution to the First Australian Conodont Symposium (AUSCOS 1). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 182:178.Google Scholar
Stauffer, C. R. 1930. Conodonts from the Decorah Shale. Journal of Paleontology, 2:121128.Google Scholar
Sweet, W. C. 1979. Late Ordovician conodonts and biostratigraphy of the Western Midcontinent province. In Sandberg, C. A. and Clark, D. L. (eds.), Conodont Biostratigraphy of the Great Basin and Rocky Mountains. Brigham Young University Geology Studies, 26: 4574.Google Scholar
Sweet, W. C. 2000. Conodonts and biostratigraphy of Upper Ordovician strata along a shelf to basin transect in central Nevada. Journal of Paleontology, 74(6): 11481160.Google Scholar
Sweet, W. C., and Schönlaub, H. P. 1975. Conodonts of the Genus Oulodus Branson and Mehl, 1933. Geologica et Palaeontologica, 9:4159.Google Scholar
Uyeno, T. T. 1990. Biostratigraphy and conodont faunas of Upper Ordovician through Middle Devonian rocks, Eastern Arctic Archipelago. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin, 401, 210 p.Google Scholar
Uyeno, T. T., and Barnes, C. R. 1981. A summary of Lower Silurian conodont biostratigraphy of the Jupiter and Chicotte formations, Anticosti Island, Québec, p. 173184. In Lespérance, P. J. (ed.), IUGS Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy (Ordovician-Silurian Boundary Working Group) Field Meeting. Anticosti-Gaspé, Québec, 1981, Volume 2, Stratigraphy and Paleontology.Google Scholar
Uyeno, T. T., and Barnes, C. R. 1983. Conodonts of the Jupiter and Chicotte formations (Lower Silurian), Anticosti Island, Québec. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin, 355, 49 p.Google Scholar
Walliser, O. H. 1964. Conodonten des Silurs. Abhandlungen des Hessische Landesamtes für Bodenforschung, 41, 106 p.Google Scholar
Weyant, M. 1968. Conodontes Ordoviciens de l' Ile Hoved (Archipel Arctique Canadien). Bulletin de la Société Linnéenne de Normandie, 10th Series, 9:2066.Google Scholar
Zhang, S., and Barnes, C. R. 2000. Anticostiodus, a new multielement conodont genus from the Lower Silurian, Anticosti Island, Québec. Journal of Paleontology, 74(4):662669.Google Scholar
Zhang, S., and Barnes, C. R. In press a. Paleoecology of Llandovery conodonts, Anticosti Island, Québec. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology.Google Scholar
Zhang, S., and Barnes, C. R. In press b. Late Ordovician–Early Silurian (Ashgillian-Llandovery) sea level curve derived from conodont community analysis, Anticosti Island, Québec. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology.Google Scholar