Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-29T10:51:26.411Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Morphology and systematics of two Miocene alligators from Florida, with a discussion of Alligator biogeography

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 July 2015

Daniel Snyder*
Affiliation:
Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611,

Abstract

This paper describes cranial and postcranial remains from Alligator olseni White, 1942 and Alligator cf. mefferdi Mook, 1946. An earlier phylogenetic data set has been augmented with new data from these fossils. Although membership in the clade Alligator is generally in accord with previous analyses, neither strict consensus nor Adams consensus trees could resolve placement of all members. Several lines of evidence pertinent to Alligator biogeography are analyzed. Alligator may have dispersed from North America into Asia prior to 15 million years ago, but conclusive evidence is lacking.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Paleontological Society 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Albright, L. B. 1994. Lower vertebrates from an Arikareean (earliest Miocene) fauna near the Toledo Bend Dam, Newton County. Texas. Journal of Paleontology, 68(5):11311145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Asa, C. S., London, G. D., Goellner, R. R., Haskell, N., Roberts, G., and Wilson, C. 1998. Thermoregulatory behavior of captive American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis). Journal of Herpetology, 32(2):191197.Google Scholar
Böhme, M. 2003. The Miocene Climatic Optimum: evidence from ectothermic vertebrates of Central Europe. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 195(3–4):389401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brandt, L. A. and Mazzotti, F. J. 1990. The behavior of juvenile Alligator mississippiensis and Caiman crocodilus exposed to low temperature. Copeia, 3:867871.Google Scholar
Brochu, C. A. 1999. Phylogenetics, taxonomy, and historical biogeography of Alligatoroidea. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 19(2):9100.Google Scholar
Brochu, C. A. 2004. Alligatorine phylogeny and the status of Allognathosuchus Mook, 1921. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 24(4):857873.Google Scholar
Buscalioni, A. D., Sanz, J. L., and Casanovas, M. L. 1992. A new species of the eusuchian crocodile Diplocynodon from the Eocene of Spain. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie. Abhandlungen, 187, 29 p.Google Scholar
Campbell, M. R. 1999. Everglades alligator holes: distribution and ecology. , , 81 p.Google Scholar
Chen, B., Jianyun, T., Yunin, W., and Zhengdong, Z. 1989. The lingual glands of the Chinese alligator. Acta Zoologica Sinica, 35(1):2832.Google Scholar
Chen, B., Wang, C., and Lian, B. 1990. Observations on the burrow of Chinese alligator, p. 4753. In Union, T. W. C. (ed.), Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 10th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN. Volume 1. The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland.Google Scholar
Cong, L.-Y., Hou, L.-H., Wu, X.-C., and Hou, J.-F. 1998. The Gross Anatomy of Alligator sinensis Fauvel. Academia Sinica, Beijing, 388 p.Google Scholar
Coulson, R. A. and Coulson, T. D. 1986. Effect of temperature on the rates of digestion, amino acid absorption and assimilation in the alligator. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A-Physiology, 83(3):585588.Google Scholar
Coulson, R. A., Herbert, J. D., and Coulson, T. D. 1989. Biochemistry and physiology of alligator metabolism in vivo . American Zoologist, 29(3):921934.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeLong, S. E., Fox, P. J., and McDowell, F. W. 1978. Subduction of the Kula Ridge at the Aleutian Trench. Geological Society of America Bulletin. 89(1):8395.Google Scholar
Densmore, L. D. 1983. Biochemical and immunological systematics of the order Crocodilia. Evolutionary Biology, 16:397465.Google Scholar
Emshwiller, M. G. and Gleeson, T. D. 1997. Temperature effects on aerobic metabolism and terrestrial locomotion in American alligators. Journal of Herpetology, 31(1):142147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Estes, R. and Hutchison, J. H. 1980. Eocene lower vertebrates from Ellesmere Island, Canadian Arctic Archipelago, p. 325347. In Dawson, M. R. (ed.), Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. Volume 30. Elsevier, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Farlow, J. O., Hurlburt, G. R., Elsey, R. M., Britton, A. R. C., and Langston, W. Jr. 2005. Femoral dimensions and body size of Alligator mississippiensis: estimating the size of extinct mesoeucrocodylians. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 25(2):354369.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herbert, J. D., Coulson, T. D., and Coulson, R. A. 2002. Growth rates of Chinese and American alligators. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A-Molecular and Integrative Physiology, 131 (4):909916.Google Scholar
Higgins, D. W. 1971. A review of Oligocene alligators from the Big Badlands of South Dakota. , , 55 p.Google Scholar
Holman, J. A. 2000. Fossil Snakes of North America: Origin, Evolution, Distribution, Paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 357 p.Google Scholar
Hsu, J. 1983. Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic vegetation in China, emphasizing their connections with North America. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 70(3):490508.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobson, T. 1983. Crocodilians and islands: Status of the American alligator and the American crocodile in the lower Florida Keys. Florida Field Naturalist, 11, 16 p.Google Scholar
Joanen, T., and McNease, L. L. 1989. Ecology and physiology of nesting and early development of the American alligator. American Zoologist, 29(3):987998.Google Scholar
Kennett, J. P. 1986. Miocene to early Pliocene oxygen and carbon isotope stratigraphy in the southwest Pacific, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 90, p. 13831411. In Scripps Institute of Oceanography (ed.), Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. Volume 90. Scripps Institute of Oceanography, La Jolla, California.Google Scholar
Keogh, J. S. 1998. Molecular phylogeny of elapid snakes and a consideration of their biogeographic history. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 63(2):177203.Google Scholar
King, F. W. and Dobbs, J. S. 1975. Crocodilian propagation in American zoos and aquaria. International Zoo Journal, 15:272277.Google Scholar
Kulkova, I. A. and Volkova, V. S. 1997. Landscapes and climate of West Siberia in the Paleogene and Neogene. Russian Geology and Geophysics. 38(3):621635.Google Scholar
Lambe, L. M. 1907. On a new crocodilian genus and species from the Judith River Formation of Alberta. Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, Series 3, 219244.Google Scholar
Lambert, W. D. 1994. The fauna and paleoecology of the Late Miocene Moss Acres Racetrack site, Marion County, Florida. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Florida, Gainesville, 357 p.Google Scholar
Lance, V. A. 2003. Alligator physiology and life history: the importance of temperature. Experimental Gerontology, 38:801805.Google Scholar
Leopold, E. B. and Liu, G. 1994. A long pollen sequence of Neogene age, Alaska Range. Quaternary International, 22–23:103140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, J. and Wang, B. 1987. A new species of alligator from Shanwang, Shandong. Vertebrata PalAsiatica = Ku Chi Ch'un Tung-wu Yu Ku Jen-lei, 25(3):199207.Google Scholar
Ludwig, R. 1877. Fossile crocodiliden aus der Tertiärformation des mainzer Beckens. Paleontographica Supplement, 3, 52 p.Google Scholar
Maddison, D. R. and Maddison, W. P. 2001. MacClade. Sinauer Associates. Sunderland, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Malone, B. 1979. The systematics, phylogeny and paleobiology of the genus Alligator . Ph.D. dissertation, City University of New York, New York City, 144 p.Google Scholar
Markwick, P. J. 1998a. Crocodilian diversity in space and time: The role of climate in paleoecology and its implication for understanding K/T extinctions. Paleobiology, 24(4):470497.Google Scholar
Markwick, P. J. 1998b. Fossil crocodilians as indicators of Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic climates: Implications for using palaeontological data in reconstructing palaeoclimate. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 137(3–4):205271.Google Scholar
Matthee, C. A., van Vuuren, B. J., Bell, D., and Robinson, T. J. 2004. A molecular supermatrix of the rabbits and hares (Leporidae) allows for the identification of five intercontinental exchanges during the Miocene. Systematic Biology, 53(3):433447.Google Scholar
McKenna, M. C. 1983. Holarctic landmass rearrangement, cosmic events, and Cenozoic terrestrial organisms. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 70(3):459489.Google Scholar
Meers, M. B. 2003. Crocodylian forelimb musculature and its relevance to archosauria. Anatomical Record Part A-Discoveries in Molecular Cellular and Evolutionary Biology, 274A(2):891916.Google Scholar
Mook, C. C. 1923. A new species of Alligator from the Snake Creek beds. American Museum Novitates, 73, 13 p.Google Scholar
Mook, C. C. 1946. A new Pliocene Alligator from Nebraska. American Museum Novitates, 1311, 12 p.Google Scholar
Neill, W. T. 1971. The Last of the Ruling Reptiles: Alligators, Crocodiles and Their Kin. Columbia University Press, New York, 486 p.Google Scholar
Norell, M. A. 1988. Cladistic approaches to evolution and paleobiology as applied to the phylogeny of alligatorids. , , 280 p.Google Scholar
Norell, M. A. and Novacek, M. J. 1992. Congruence between superpositional and phylogenetic patterns—comparing cladistic patterns with fossil records. Cladistics, 8(4):319337.Google Scholar
Parrish, R. R. 1981. Geology of the Nemo Lakes Belt, Northern Valhalla Range, Southeast British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences = Journal Canadien des Sciences de la Terre, 18(5):944958.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pratt, A. E. 1990. Taphonomy of the large vertebrate fauna from the Thomas Farm locality (Miocene, Hemingfordian), Gilchrist County, Florida. Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History, Biological Sciences, 35(2):35130.Google Scholar
Sonder, L. J. and Jones, C. H. 1999. Western United States extension; how the west was widened. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 27:417462.Google Scholar
Swofford, D. L. 2002. PAUP*. Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (*And Other Methods). Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusettes.Google Scholar
Taplin, L. E. and Grigg, G. C. 1989. Historical zoogeography of the eusuchian crocodilians—a physiological perspective. American Zoologist, 29(3):885901.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tempelman-Kluit, D. 1980. Evolution of physiography and drainage in southern Yukon. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences = Journal Canadien des Sciences de la Terre, 17(9):11891203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thorbjarnarson, J. and Wang, X. M. 1999. The conservation status of the Chinese alligator. Oryx, 33(2):152159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tiffney, B. H. 1985. Perspectives on the Origin of the Floristic Similarity between Eastern Asia and Eastern North-America. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum, 66(1):7394.Google Scholar
Vogel, K. and Marincovich, L. J. 2004. Paleobathymetric implications of microborings in Tertiary strata of Alaska, USA. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 206(1–2):120.Google Scholar
Webb, S. D. and Opdyke, N. D. 1995. Global climatic influence on Cenozoic land mammal faunas, p. 184208. In Stanley, S. M. (ed.), Studies on Geophysics: Effect of Past Global Change on Life, National Academy Press, Washington.Google Scholar
White, J. M., Ager, T. A., Adam, D. P., Leopold, E. B., Liu, G., Jette, H., and Schweger, C. E. 1997. An 18 million year record of vegetation and climate change in northwestern Canada and Alaska: Tectonic and global climatic correlates. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 130(1-4):293306.Google Scholar
White, T. E. 1942. A new alligator from the Miocene of Florida. Copeia, 1:37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolfe, J. A. 1994. Tertiary climatic changes at middle latitudes of western North America. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 108(3–4):195205.Google Scholar
Woodburne, M. O. 2004. Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic Land Mammals of North America: Biostratigraphy and Geochronology. Columbia University Press, New York, 391 p.Google Scholar
Wu, X.-C., Brinkman, D. B., and Russell, A. P. 1996. A new alligator from the Upper Cretaceous of Canada and the relationships of early eusuchians. Palaeontology, 39(2):351375.Google Scholar
Xu, Q., and Huang, C. 1984. Some problems in the evolution and distribution of Alligator . Vertebrata PalAsiatica = Ku Chi Ch'un Tung-wu Yu Ku Jen-lei, 22(1):4953.Google Scholar
Zachos, J. C., Scott, L. D., and Lohmann, K. C. 1994. Evolution of Early Cenozoic marine temperatures. Paleoceanography, 9(2):353387.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zachos, J. C., Shackleton, N. J., Revenaugh, J. S., Palike, H., and Flower, B. P. 2001. Climate response to orbital forcing across the Oligocene-Miocene boundary. Science, 292(5515):274278.Google Scholar