Middle and Late Jurassic radiolarians from the Neotethys suture in the Eastern Alps

Abstract

Cherty limestones, marls and radiolarites are widespread in the Hallstatt Mélange of the Northern Calcareous Alps. The mélange was formed during the Neotethyan orogeny in a series of deep-water basins that progressively developed in front of the advancing nappe front. The low thermal overprint of these rocks favors the good preservation of radiolarians (polycystines) that have been used for dating and reconstructing the Jurassic tectonostratigraphy of the area. This paper describes rich Middle–Late Jurassic radiolarian faunas from four localities in the Hallstatt Mélange near Bad Mitterndorf in Austria. Two different successions, both spanning from the Bathonian to the Oxfordian, are dated. In the first succession, the radiolarites are intercalated between or occur as matrix in mass-flow deposits originating from the accretionary wedge. The second succession is nearly 100 m thick but is devoid of mass-flow deposits and documents a continuous radiolarite deposition in greater distance from the nappe stack. Both successions are ascribed to the Sandlingalm Basin, which evolved on a relatively distal continental margin during early stages of the orogeny.

The highly diverse and well-preserved radiolarian assemblages have been used for a detailed taxonomic study. Two new families are described: Minocapsidae n. fam. and Xitomitridae n. fam.; six new genera are described Doliocapsa n. gen., Crococapsa n. gen., Parvimitrella n. gen., Xitomitra n. gen., Campanomitra n. gen., and Mizukidella n. gen. In addition, one new replacement name, Takemuraella (pro Triversus), is introduced, the diagnoses of 6 genera are emended, and two new species are described: Hemicryptocapsa nonaginta n. sp. and Mizukidella mokaensis n. sp.

Introduction

This paper describes rich Middle and Late Jurassic radiolarian faunas from four localities in the Hallstatt Mélange near Bad Mitterndorf in Austria. Radiolarian assemblages are well preserved, suitable for taxonomic studies, and precise biostratigraphy.

Middle and Late Jurassic low-latitude radiolarians have been relatively well studied in terms of species-level systematics and biochronology (Baumgartner et al., 1995a, b); however, the systematics of genera and families has not been sufficiently elaborated yet. O’Dogherty et al. (2009) presented an illustrated catalogue of type species of Jurassic and Cretaceous genera described so far. All genera were revised, and many were considered as invalid (synonyms, homonyms, nomina dubia). Another group of radiolarians that needs taxonomic revision are those Mesozoic species that still bear inappropriate names of Recent genera. The structure of the catalogue, consisting exclusively of illustrations and synonymy, did not allow us to discuss the distinguishing characteristics of the valid genera or to describe new taxa. The primary aim of this paper is to move towards a more natural taxonomy of Jurassic radiolarians. Six new genera are described, a replacement name for a homonym is proposed, the diagnoses of six valid genera are emended, and remarks for several other genera are provided to clarify their definition. For all new and revised genera, a list of included species is presented. Two new families are erected and two new species are described.

In addition to radiolarian taxonomy, this paper contributes to the biostratigraphic data of the Hallstatt Mélange in the Northern Calcareous Alps. Extensive radiolarian dating over the last 15 years has provided a wealth of age constraints in deep-water sediments of the Tirolic units and the Hallstatt Mélange (Suzuki and Gawlick, 2003, 2009; Missoni and Gawlick, 2011a, b and references therein). These data had important implications for the reconstruction of the Jurassic tectonostratigraphy and distinguished several trench-like basins that formed progressively during the propagation of thrusting (see Missoni and Gawlick, 2011a, b; Gawlick et al., 2012 for the latest reviews). However, the structure of this area, especially that of the Hallstatt Mélange, is extremely complex and the proposed tectonostratigraphic model can still be refined with additional biostratigraphic data.

Geological overview

The study area is located in the central Northern Calcareous Alps around 100 km southeast of Salzburg (Fig. 1.1). The Northern Calcareous Alps represent a far travelled nappe system in the highest structural position of the Eastern Alps (Tollmann, 1985) and belong palaeogeographically to the Austroalpine domain (Fig. 1.1).

Figure 1 Tectonic and paleogeographic maps. (1) Tectonic sketch map of the Eastern Alps and study area (after Tollmann, 1987; Frisch and Gawlick, 2003); GPU Graz Palaeozoic Unit; GU Gurktal Unit; GWZ Greywacke Zone; RFZ Rhenodanubian Flysch Zone. Star indicates study area (Fig. 3). (2) Late Triassic paleogeographic position and facies zones of the Austroalpine domain as part of the northwestern Neotethys passive margin; IAZ=Iberia-Adria Zone transform fault, AAT=future Austroalpine-Adria transform fault, TTT=future Tisza-Tatra transform fault, TMT=future Tisza-Moesia transform fault, AA=Austroalpine, BI=Bihor, BR=Briançonnais, BU=Bükk, C=Csovar, Co=Corsica, DI=Dinarides, DO=Dolomites, DR=Drau Range, HA=Hallstatt Zone, JU=Juvavicum, JL=Julian Alps, ME=Meliaticum, MK=Mecsek, MO=Moma unit, MP=Moesian platform, P=Pilis-Buda, R=Rudabanyaicum, SI=Silicicum, SL=Slovenian trough, SM=Serbo-Macedonian unit, TA=Tatricum, TO=Tornaicum, TR=Transdanubian Range, VA=Vascau unit, WC=central West Carpathians (modified after Haas et al., 1995; Gawlick et al., 1999, 2008). (3) Schematic cross section (for position, see line a-b in 2) showing the typical passive continental margin facies distribution across the Austroalpine domain in Late Triassic time (after Gawlick and Frisch, 2003). (4) Palaeogeographic position of the Northern Calcareous Alps as part of the Austroalpine domain in Late Jurassic time (after Frisch, 1979; Gawlick et al., 2008). In this reconstruction the Northern Calcareous Alps are part of the Jurassic Neotethyan Belt (orogen) striking from the Carpathians to the Hellenides. The Neotethys suture is equivalent to the obducted West-Vardar ophiolite complex (e.g., Dinaric Ophiolite Belt) in the sense of Schmid et al. (2008)=far-travelled ophiolite nappes of the western Neotethys Ocean in the sense of Gawlick et al. (2008) (see Robertson, 2012 for discussion). The eastern part of the Neotethys Ocean remained open=Vardar Ocean (Missoni and Gawlick, 2011a). Toarcian to Early Cretaceous Adria-Apulia carbonate platform and equivalents according to Golonka (2002), Vlahović et al. (2005), and Bernoulli and Jenkyns (2009). (5) Schematic cross section reconstructed for Middle to Late Jurassic times showing the passive continental margin of the Lower Austroalpine domain facing the Penninic Ocean to the northwest (e.g., Tollmann, 1985; Faupl and Wagreich, 2000) and the lower plate position and imbrication of the Austroalpine domain in relation to the obducted Neotethys oceanic crust (after Gawlick et al., 2008; compare with Frisch, 1979). Star indicates position of study area (compare Figure 3).

In Middle–Late Triassic times the Austroalpine domain as part of the central and southeastern European shelf show a typical carbonate passive continental margin facies distribution (Fig. 1.2–1.3), whereas in Jurassic times the Austroalpine realm was situated between the Penninic Ocean to the northwest and the Neotethys Ocean in the southeast (Fig. 1.4–1.5).

Contemporaneous with progressive Jurassic extension and opening of the Alpine Atlantic Ocean (and the Penninic realm as part of it; see Missoni and Gawlick, 2011a for details) as an eastward continuation of the Central Atlantic Ocean, closure of parts of the Neotethys Ocean with formation of the Neotethys ophiolite imbricates started in the late Early Jurassic and prevailed until the early Late Jurassic (Karamata, 2006). Obduction of the Neotethys ophiolite imbricates started in the Middle Jurassic and the Austroalpine and its northern and southern equivalents attained a lower plate position (Frisch and Gawlick, 2003, Gawlick et al., 2008, Schmid et al., 2008). Westward to northwestward propagating Middle to early Late Jurassic compression led to the imbrication of the Austroalpine domain and its equivalents along the Neotethys suture and resulted in the Neotethyan orogeny (Missoni and Gawlick, 2011a). A characteristic feature of this orogenesis is the formation of deep-water radiolaritic basins in front of the westward propagating nappe stack. Sediment supply in these basins derived from the nappe fronts.

Gawlick et al. (1999) interpreted this sedimentation pattern as a reflection of nappe movements in the Northern Calcareous Alps in the late Middle to early Late Jurassic and related it to the Kimmeric orogeny according to earlier authors (see ‘Jurassic gravitational tectonics’ in Plöchinger, 1974, 1976; Tollmann, 1981, 1985, 1987; Mandl, 1982). This orogenic event (Lein, 1985, 1987a, b) was related to the closure of the western half of the Neotethys Ocean, today named the Neotethyan orogeny (Missoni and Gawlick, 2011a).

In the southern and therefore highest nappe group (Tirolic units and equivalents, Fig. 1.2–1.3) of the Northern Calcareous Alps the remains of this orogenic event are well preserved with a series of deep-water radiolaritic basins which were formed in sequence in front of the advancing nappe front (e.g., Gawlick et al., 1999, Missoni and Gawlick, 2011b). These southernmost radiolarite basins contain the Hallstatt Mélange as an erosional product of the Juvavic nappes, which are mainly eroded today. Subsequently the trench-like basins became overthrusted and incorporated into the accretionary prism (Missoni and Gawlick, 2011b). This Hallstatt Mélange was therefore formed in the late Early to early Late Jurassic interval as a result of successive shortening of the Triassic to Jurassic distal shelf area (Hallstatt Zone).

Jurassic evolution of the southern Northern Calcareous Alps

In the early Early Jurassic, sedimentation was generally controlled by the topography of the Late Triassic Hauptdolomit/Dachstein carbonate platform (Böhm, 2003, Gawlick and Frisch, 2003; Figs. 1, 2). On top of the Rhaetian shallow-water carbonates, red condensed limestones of the Adnet Group (?late Hettangian/Sinemurian to Toarcian: Böhm, 1992, 2003) were deposited, mostly separated by a gap of sedimentation (mainly early Hettangian, partly also late Hettangian; Fig. 2). On top of the Rhaetian Kössen Formation (e.g., Eiberg Basin, Restental Basin, Fig. 2) cherty and marly bedded limestones (Kendlbach Formation; Scheibelberg Formation: Böhm, 1992, 2003; Krainer and Mostler, 1997; Ebli, 1997) were deposited, while in marginal areas of the basins crinoidal or sponge-spicule rich limestones of the Enzesfeld Formation were laid down (Böhm, 1992). In the late Pliensbachian to early Toarcian a horst-and-graben morphology developed (Bernoulli and Jenkyns, 1974, Krainer et al., 1994) and triggered breccia formation along submarine slopes and escarpments (Böhm et al., 1995). The Toarcian and most of the Middle Jurassic are characterized by starved sedimentation, ferro-manganese crusts, or a hiatus on the horsts, whereas the grabens were filled with deep-water carbonates and breccias, which latter formed near fault scarps. Neptunian dykes are found on the horsts. In the newly formed basinal areas gray bedded limestones of the younger Allgäu Formation were deposited, while condensed red limestones of the Klaus Formation formed on the top of the topographic highs (Krystyn, 1971, 1972; Fig. 2).

Figure 2 Stratigraphic table with lithostratigraphic names and main tectonic events of the Jurassic in the Austroalpine realm with their variations depending on the palaeogeographic position (after Gawlick et al., 2009); star indicates investigated sequence. Note that this sequence is thrust further northward to its present position during younger shortening events. Bavaric units, Tirolic units, and the Hallstatt Mélange belong to the Northern Calcareous Alps.

This sedimentation pattern changed dramatically in the late Middle Jurassic (Gawlick and Frisch, 2003). Sedimentation resumed with the deposition of radiolarian cherts and radiolaria-rich marls, shales, and limestones of the Ruhpolding Radiolarite Group (Diersche, 1980; Gawlick and Frisch, 2003; Fig. 2).

In the Bajocian the sedimentary evolution in the southern (palaeogeographically southeastern, Fig. 1.4–1.5) part of the Tirolic realm as well as in the Hallstatt realm (Fig. 2) differed from that in the northern part (palaeogeographically in the northwestern, see Fig. 1.4–1.5). Deep-water trench-like basins formed in front of advancing nappes. The first basin group in the southern parts of the Northern Calcareous Alps received mass-flow deposits and large slides up to nappe size, which derived from the Hallstatt Zone (= Hallstatt Mélange; Gawlick and Frisch, 2003). The thickness of the basin fills may reach 2000 meters (Gawlick, 1996, 1997, Gawlick et al., 2007b). The nappe stack carrying the Hallstatt Mélange is defined as the upper Tirolic nappe (group) (Frisch and Gawlick, 2003). The second basin group (Fig. 2), the Tauglboden and the Rofan trench-like basins in the north, was subjected to high subsidence and sedimentation rates in the Oxfordian to earliest Kimmeridgian (Schlager and Schlager, 1973, Gawlick and Frisch, 2003). The nappe stack carrying the Tauglboden Mélange is defined as the lower Tirolic nappe (Frisch and Gawlick, 2003). These two basin groups are different: the huge mass flows of the Hallstatt Mélange trench-like basins formed earlier from material derived from the outer shelf facing the Neotethys Ocean (Hallstatt Zone, Fig. 1.2–1.5), whereas the Tauglboden Mélange trench-like basin formed later from material derived of the lagoonal part of the Hauptdolomit/Dachstein carbonate platform (Fig. 1.4, 1.5). However, both basins formed syntectonically and suggest a substantial relief between the basin axis and the source area. A third type of radiolarite basin, the Sillenkopf Basin (Missoni et al., 2001), remained in the southern part of the Northern Calcareous Alps as a starved basin in the Kimmeridgian (Fig. 2). This basin contains the earliest ophiolitic detritus from the accreted and obducted Neotethys Ocean floor (Missoni, 2003).

In the Tirolic units of the Northern Calcareous Alps the establishment of the shallow-water Plassen Carbonate Platform started at the frontal parts of the rising and advancing nappes (Gawlick et al., 2002, 2005). From this position, the progradation of several independent platforms took place towards the adjacent radiolarite basins (Gawlick and Frisch, 2003; Gawlick and Schlagintweit, 2006; Gawlick et al., 2005, 2007a, 2012). This resulted in a complex basin-and-rise topography with different types of sediments in shallow-water and deep-water areas (Gawlick and Schlagintweit, 2006). In the Kimmeridgian a huge carbonate platform was formed in the upper Tirolic unit, whereas in the lower Tirolic unit shallow-water carbonates were restricted to its northern part (Gawlick et al., 2007a). The whole Plassen Carbonate Platform cycle lasted from the Kimmeridgian until the late early Berriasian platform drowning (Gawlick and Schlagintweit, 2006).

Description of the studied localities

All studied localities belong to the Hallstatt Mélange around the village of Obersdorf north of Bad Mitterndorf (Fig. 3). For a more detailed description of the geology of the area, the Late Triassic to Late Jurassic sedimentary succession, and radiolarian and conodont dating, see O’Dogherty and Gawlick (2008).

Figure 3 Topography and simplified geology of the study area, showing sample locations (after O’Dogherty and Gawlick, 2008). The plus signs indicate positions of the investigated samples below the Kumitzberg, northwest of Krautmoos, and southeast of the Mischenirwiese and north of the Steinwand. Photo below the map shows the study area as viewed from Mount Kampl to the southwest. The hilly area with dense forest and grassland consists of Jurassic cherty sediments with incorporated mass flows and slides of Hallstatt Limestones. The contact between matrix and blocks or complete sections is visible only in areas with steeper slopes or valleys, or anthropogenic excavations.

Kumitzberg

The Late Triassic Hallstatt Limestone block of Mt. Kumitzberg is surrounded by a grassland area without outcropping sedimentary rocks (Fig. 3). Only small pieces of dark-gray to black radiolarites can be found at the western base of Mt. Kumitzberg. During the reconstruction of a small bus station in the excavation hole the contact between the Hallstatt Limestone block and the underlying dark-gray to black radiolarite was visible. The contact between the Hallstatt Limestone block and the radiolarite is erosive. This clearly indicates that the massive limestone block cut deep into the radiolarite succession. Therefore the age of the radiolarites is slightly older than the time of its emplacement. The unlaminated and massive dark-gray radiolarite beds are intercalated by thin layers of cherty shales. Only one sample (EW-158) was collected from this locality.

Steinwand north

A slightly folded, relative thick radiolarite succession is preserved in a valley between the Steinwand and the Mischenirwiese (Fig. 3), on the southeastern slope of Mount Kampl. This succession occurs on top of the Late Triassic (Rhaetian) lagoonal Dachstein Limestone of the Steinwand (Fig. 4). The overlying Early Jurassic interval is covered by Quaternary deposits, but in rare cases some relics of the red nodular limestones of the Adnet Formation occur in the grassland below the dark-gray bedded radiolarite succession. Lower to Middle Jurassic condensed red limestones are well preserved on the southeastern slope of Mount Kampl on top of the Norian/Rhaetian lagoonal Dachstein Limestone. This series represents the northeastern part of the syncline structure between the Steinwand and Mount Kampl.

Figure 4 Cross-section in the small valley from Steinwand to Mischenirwiese, with the location of studied samples. Pictures 1 and 2 are details of the radiolaritic facies at lower (uppermost Bajocian–lower Bathonian) and upper (Oxfordian–?Kimmeridgian) part, respectively.

The lowermost part of the radiolarite succession (sample BMW-28, Fig. 4) outcrops near the entrance of the valley and yielded the oldest assemblage, whereas the youngest part is preserved in the core of the syncline (sample BMW-35, Fig. 4). The thickness of this black radiolarite succession is nearly 100 meters. Intercalated mass-flow deposits are missing in contrast to equivalent successions to the east. Radiolarian dating proves a continuous radiolarite deposition from Bathonian to the Oxfordian. At the end of the valley, near a spring, a small outcrop of gray bioturbated cherty limestones yielded the youngest radiolarians in this area (sample BMW-33). This clearly demonstrates that the radiolarite succession in the valley is separated from the area of the Mischenirwiese by a young fault.

Area between Krautmoos and Mischenirwiese

The area northwest of Krautmoos (Fig. 3) is characterized by a thick succession of mass-flow deposits with intercalated radiolarite matrix. In a few outcrops, below and between the amalgamated mass-flows matrix, radiolarians are well preserved, mainly in gray massive radiolarites. Two productive samples were taken, one from below the first mass flow (a massive dark-gray radiolarite, BMW-26) and another derived from the higher part of the mass-flow succession (sample BMW-13c).

The components of the different mass-flow deposits consist exclusively of different (gray and red) Hallstatt Limestone components, predominantly of Late Triassic age. Whereas in the lower part of the succession (near the top of the “Krautmoos hill”) the size of the components does not exceed a few decimeters (e.g., near the sample BMW-26), the component size increases upsection. The succession is finally topped by slide blocks of half a kilometer in size, also near Krautmoos. Interestingly in these higher mass-flow deposits radiolarite components occur in addition to the Hallstatt Limestone clasts.

Methods

Samples were selected by examination of thin sections for well-preserved radiolarians. Radiolarite samples were crushed to fragments <2–3 cm in size and placed in 1-liter plastic jars with concentrated hydrochloric acid (32%) until the reaction ceased and all the exposed calcium carbonate was dissolved. Then, the samples were rinsed and processed in the lab with diluted (4%) hydrofluoric acid for a period of 24 hours to extract radiolarians. The samples were wet-sieved through 200-μm and 63-μm sieves and the residues were rinsed and dried in an oven at 40°C. Eleven samples yielded diverse and relatively well-preserved assemblages (see Table 1 for species inventory), in part due to the low thermal overprint of these rocks (estimated by Conodont Color Alteration Index: CAI 1,0, see O’Dogherty and Gawlick, 2008).

Table 1 Chart showing radiolarian taxa occurrences in studied samples; only absence or presence is noted. Solid circles indicate figured specimens; stars indicate unfigured specimens.

Generic and suprageneric systematics used in this work follows De Wever et al. (2001) and O’Dogherty et al. (2009). Radiolarian taxonomy is based on the Middle Jurassic–Early Cretaceous catalogue of the InterRad Jurassic–Cretaceous Working Group (Baumgartner et al., 1995b) for 44 species. Age assignment is based on the Unitary Association Zones (UAZ) established by Baumgartner et al. (1995a), but in order to increase the resolution of this zonation a significant quantity of supplementary species (75 described species and 33 in open nomenclature) are introduced.

Systematic paleontology

Class Radiolaria Müller, 1858

Subclass Polycystina Ehrenberg, 1838

Order Nassellaria Ehrenberg, 1876

Monocyrtids

Family Poulpidae De Wever, 1981

Genus Saitoum Pessagno, 1977a

Type species

Saitoum pagei Pessagno, 1977a.

Occurrence

Lower Pliensbachian to upper Barremian.

Saitoum pagei Pessagno, 1977a

Figure 12.1

1977a Saitoum pagei Pessagno, p. 98, pl. 12, figs. 11–14.

2003 Saitoum pagei; Dumitrica and Zügel, p. 28, figs. 16A–B.

2003 Saitoum pagei; Suzuki and Gawlick, p. 175, fig. 5.38.

2006 Saitoum pagei; O’Dogherty et al., p. 458, pl. 11, figs. 6–8. [See for complete synonymy]

Saitoum trichylum De Wever, 1981

Figure 12.2−12.3

1981 Saitoum trichylum De Wever, p. 11, pl. 1, figs. 5–8.

1995b Saitoum trichylum; Baumgartner et al., p. 488, pl. 3021, figs. 1–6. [See for complete synonymy]

2002 Saitoum trichylum; Beccaro et al., pl. 2, fig. 14.

2003 Saitoum trichylum; Suzuki and Gawlick, p. 176, fig. 5.37.

‘Dicyrtids’

Family Gongylothoracidae Bak, 1999

Genus Gongylothorax Foreman, 1968

Type species

Dicolocapsa verbeeki Tan, 1927.

Occurrence

Upper Bajocian to upper Maastrichtian.

Gongylothorax favosus Dumitrica, 1970

Figure 9.39−9.42

1970 Gongylothorax favosus Dumitrica, p. 56, pl. 1, figs. 1a–c, 2.

1995b Gongylothorax favosus; Baumgartner et al., p. 230, pl. 6131, figs. 1–7.

2003 Gongylothorax favosus; Suzuki and Gawlick, p. 205, fig. 6.96. [See for complete synonymy]

2009 Gongylothorax favosus favosus; Suzuki and Gawlick, p. 180, fig. 5.31A–C, 32A–B; fig. 6.21A–B. [See for complete synonymy]

Gongylothorax marmoris Kiessling in Kiessling and Zeiss, 1992

Figure 11.1−11.3

1992 Gongylothorax (?) marmoris Kiessling in Kiessling and Zeiss, p. 190, pl. 2, figs. 8−10.

2003 Gongylothorax cf. marmoris; Suzuki and Gawlick, fig. 5.47.

Remarks

Originally this species was questionally attributed to Gongylothorax because the internal structure of the cephalis was not observed, but otherwise all characteristics match with the diagnosis of the genus.

Gongylothorax sp. A

Figure 9.38

Remarks

The ridges around the hexagonal areas are more elevated in relief than the pores commonly observed in Gongylothorax (see Gongylothorax sp. aff. G. favosus in Baumgartner et al., 1995b, p. 232=Gongylothorax favosus oviformis Suzuki and Gawlick 2009, p. 180, fig. 5.33A–34C; fig. 6.22A–26B).

Genus Kilinora Hull, 1997

Type species

Stylocapsa? spiralis Matsuoka, 1982.

Occurrence

Lower Bathonian to middle Callovian.

Kilinora? oblongula (Kocher in Baumgartner et al., 1980)

Figure 9.9

1980 Stylocapsa oblongula Kocher in Baumgartner et al., p. 62, pl. 6, fig. 1.

2006 Kilinora (?) oblongula; O’Dogherty et al., p. 443, pl. 8, figs. 25–29. [See for complete synonymy]

2007b Stylocapsa oblongula; Gawlick et al., fig. 17.25.

2013 Kilinora (?) oblongula; Chiari et al., fig. 13c.

Remarks

According to O’Dogherty et al., 2006, the genus is queried because this species does not exhibit a linear arrangement of pores, and clearly lacks costae. It may belong to a new genus.

Kilinora? sp. aff. K. oblongula (Kocher in Baumgartner et al., 1980)

Figure 10.25−10.26

Remarks

This form strongly resembles Kilinora (?) oblongula as illustrated by O’Dogherty et al., 2006 on pl. 8, figures 25−26, but possesses a somewhat pointed basal appendage.

‘Multicyrtids’

Family Diacanthocapsidae O’Dogherty, 1994

Genus Theocapsomella O’Dogherty, Goričan, and Dumitrica in O’Dogherty et al., 2006.

Type species

Theocapsomma cordis Kocher, 1981.

Remarks

This genus was misspelled as Theocapsommella in all descriptions of the species originally included under this genus (O’Dogherty et al., 2006). According to ICZN Art. 24.2.3, the selection of the correct original spelling should be Theocapsomella. This was the original name followed by the expression n. gen. (O’Dogherty et al., 2006, p. 454) and was also fixed as the correct original spelling by the first reviser (O’Dogherty et al., 2009).

In the original description (O’Dogherty et al., 2006), Theocapsomella included also some four-segmented nassellarians (e.g., Stichocapsa himedaruma Aita). On the other hand, a phylogenetic relationship of Stichocapsa himedaruma Aita and Stichocapsa convexa Yao was also assumed (see O’Dogherty et al., 2006, p. 441). New findings are in favor of the latter opinion (see Šegvić et al., 2014, pl. 1, figs. 21, 22).

Occurrence

Lower Bathonian to lower Berriasian.

Theocapsomella cordis (Kocher in Baumgartner et al., 1980)

Figure 11.46

1980 Stylocapsa cordis Kocher in Baumgartner et al., p. 62, pl. 6, fig. 1.

2006 Theocapsommella cordis; O’Dogherty et al., p. 443, pl. 8, figs. 25–29. [See for complete synonymy]

2009 Theocapsomma cordis; Suzuki and Gawlick, p. 181, figs. 5.37A–B, 6.28A–B.

2013 Theocapsomella cordis; Chiari et al., fig. 14e.

Theocapsomella medvednicensis (Goričan in Halamić et al., 1999)

Figure 11.47

1999 Theocapsomma medvednicensis Goričan in Halamić et al., p. 37, pl. 1, figs. 12–16.

2003 Theocapsomma medvednicensis; Suzuki and Gawlick, p. 206, fig. 6.87.

2006 Theocapsommella medvednicensis (Goričan); O’Dogherty et al., p. 456, pl. 8, figs. 30, 33–37. [See for complete synonymy]

2008 Theocapsomma sp. aff. T. medvednicensis; Baumgartner et al., pl. 4, fig. 10.

2009 Theocapsomma medvednicensis; Suzuki and Gawlick, p. 181, figs. 5.38A–B.

Family Minocapsidae new family

Type genus

Minocapsa Matsuoka, 1991a.

Other genera

Crococapsa new genus; Doliocapsa new genus; Hemicryptocephalis Li, 1988; Hiscocapsa O’Dogherty, 1994; Praewilliriedellum Kozur, 1984 (syn. Hemicryptocephalis); and Quarkus Pessagno, Blome, and Hull in Pessagno et al., 1993.

Diagnosis

Pyriform to ovoidal shell consisting in usually four segments. Last segment with or without an aperture. Lattice shell composed of small rounded to large polygonal pore frames.

Etymology

After type genus.

Occurrence

Early Pliensbachian to Middle Albian.

Remarks

This family is erected for genera included in the unnamed family pro Stichocapsidae used by O’Dogherty et al., 2009. The genus Aitaum Pessagno and Hull, 2002 is an exception because it has a multisegmented test composed of three to four post-abdominal segments. Aitaum has more affinity with the genus Lantus Yeh, 1987a and other eucyrtidiid-type nassellarians.

Genus Crococapsa new genus

Type species

Sethocapsa hexagona Hori, 1999.

Other species

Cyrtocapsa asseni Tan, 1927; Minocapsa aitai Hull, 1997; Minocapsa truncata Wu, 2000; Minocapsa? tansinhoki Hull, 1997; Sethocapsa accincta Steiger, 1992; Sethocapsa horokanaiensis Kawabata, 1988; Sethocapsa kitoi Jud, 1994; Sethocapsa lagenaria Wu and Li, 1982; Sethocapsa pseudouterculus Aita in Aita and Okada, 1986; Sethocapsa? subcrassitestata Aita in Aita and Okada, 1986; Sethocapsa? zweilii Jud, 1994; Sethocapsa hashimotoi Tumanda, 1989; Theocapsa simplex Tan, 1927; and Theocapsa uterculus Parona, 1890.

Diagnosis

Tetracyrtid nassellarian having a globose postabdominal segment. Lattice meshwork with polygonal pore frames lacking nodes or tubercles on its surface. Closed antapically or having a discrete number of small pores grouped into a depression (see Sethocapsa uterculus in Baumgartner et al., 1995b, p. 505, pl. 5462, fig. 2). Collar and lumbar strictures slightly recognizable or indistinct externally. Large and globose postabdominal segment is well distinguished from the abdomen by a marked stricture.

Etymology

From the latin croco (saffron) and capsa (box); feminine gender.

Occurrence

Bathonian to middle Albian.

Remarks

O’Dogherty (1994) erected the genus Hiscocapsa for a heterogeneous group of tetracyrtid nassellarians displaying a wide variety of pore frame arrangement. However, many species assigned originally to Hiscocapsa are clearly separated by lacking a distal aperture and bearing no tubercles on the surface.

Crococapsa n. gen. differs from Minocapsa Matsuoka, 1991a, by its distinct fourth segment, which is globose and well differentiated from the abdomen by a marked stricture. Crococapa n. gen. also differs from Lantus Yeh, 1987a by having only one postabdominal chamber.

Crococapsa tansinhoki (Hull, 1997)

Figure 8.46−8.47

1997 Minocapsa(?) tansinhoki Hull, p. 148, pl. 38, figs. 4, 6.

2006 Minocapsa(?) tansinhoki; O’Dogherty et al., 2006, p. 444, pl. 6, figs. 16, 17. [See for complete synonymy]

Remarks

O’Dogherty et al. (2006, p. 444) first questioned the placement of this species to Minocapsa because the basal aperture was absent and the phylogentic relationship with early Jurassic representatives was not demonstrated. This species fits well in the general description of the new genus Crococapsa.

Crococapsa sp. aff. C. tansinhoki (Hull, 1997)

Figure 9.17−9.18

Remarks

These forms differ from Hull’s material by having smaller and more numerous pores on the abdomen.

Crococapsa sp. aff. C. truncata (Wu, 2000)

Figure 8.48

aff. 2000 Minocapsa truncata Wu, p. 304, pl. 2, figs. 1, 5–6.

Remarks

This specimen differs from the Tibetan specimens by displaying a proportionally larger last segment.

Crococapsa sp. A

Figure 8.49−8.52

Remarks

These specimens resemble Crococapsa sp. aff. C. truncata (Wu, 2000), but the proximal part of the shell is relatively longer and elongated.

Crococapsa sp. B

Figure 8.45

Remarks

This specimen is closely related to other congeneric forms included in this paper, but differs by the well-marked polygonal pore frames on almost all the shell surface.

Crococapsa sp. C

Figure 8.43−8.44

Remarks

These specimens are very close to Crococapsa tansinhoki but they display more cylindrical and smoother thorax.

Genus Doliocapsa new genus

Type species

Stichomitra (?) stecki O’Dogherty, Goričan, and Dumitrica in O’Dogherty et al., 2006.

Other species

Hiscocapsa acuta Hull, 1997; Hiscocapsa minuta Yeh, 2011; Hiscocapsa planata Wu, 2000 (syn. Stichocapsa magnipora); Sethocapsa lugeoni O’Dogherty, Goričan, and Dumitrica in O’Dogherty et al., 2006; Sethocapsa taukhaensis Kemkin and Taketani, 2004; Solenotryma keni Kocher, 1981; Stichocapsa magnipora Chiari, Marcucci, and Prela, 2002; Stichomitra doliolum Aita in Aita and Okada, 1986; and ?Quarticella hunzikeri O’Dogherty, Goričan, and Dumitrica in O’Dogherty et al., 2006.

Diagnosis

Shell with four segments (rarely more), generally thick-walled. Cephalis small, spherical, poreless, without apical horn. Other segments latticed with polygonal pore frames and lacking tubercles or nodes. Last segment somewhat inflated and having an aperture.

Etymology

From dolium (barrel) and capsa (box); feminine gender.

Occurrence

Lower Toarcian to Tithonian.

Remarks

This new genus is differentiated from Praewilliriedellum Kozur, 1984, by having very distinct strictures and well-differentiated segments.

Doliocapsa matsuokai (Yeh, 2009)

Figure 8.33−8.34

1998 Stichocapsa sp. F Arakawa, p. 63, pl. 6, fig. 274.

2005 Stichocapsa sp. Šmuc and Goričan, pl. 3, figs. 22a−b.

2009 Hiscocapsa matsuokai Yeh, p. 67, pl. 21, figs. 1, 8, 20, 22.

2011 Hiscocapsa matsuokai; Yeh, p. 16, pl. 7, figs. 10−13.

2011 Hiscocapsa cf. matsuokai; Yeh, p. 16, pl. 5−7.

Remarks

The proximal part in our specimens is slightly longer than in the type material. This species differs from all others representatives herein illustrated by having smaller and more numerous polygonal pores, less marked strictures at joints, and longer proximal conical part.

Doliocapsa keni (Kocher, 1981)

Figure 7.4

1981 Solenotryma keni Kocher, p. 91, pl. 16, figs. 11−12.

2006 Stichomitra (?) keni (Kocher); O’Dogherty et al., p. 442, pl. 5, fig. 6.

Doliocapsa planata (Wu, 2000)

Figure 8.35−8.37

2000 Hiscocapsa planata Wu, p. 303, pl. 1, figs 7–8.

2002 Stichocapsa magnipora Chiari, Marcucci and Prela, p. 76, pl. 3, figs. 13−17.

Genus Hiscocapsa O’Dogherty, 1994

Type species

Cyrtocapsa grutterinki Tan, 1927.

Other species

Sethocapsa aitai Chiari, Marcucci, and Prela, 2002; Sethocapsa kodrai Chiari, Marcucci, and Prela, 2002; Stichocapsa pseudornata Tan, 1927; and Stichocapsa rutteni Tan, 1927.

Emended diagnosis

Hiscocapsa is emended in order to include only tetracyrtid nassellarians having a globose postabdominal segment with tubercles. A large distal aperture is also presented and sometimes, when preserved, an appendage. We note that terminally closed species with tubercles (e.g., Sethocapsa kaminogoensis Aita in Aita and Okada, 1986; Sethocapsa spp., pl. 5, fig. 15 in Aita and Okada, 1986; Sethocapsa sp. 8, pl. 2, fig. 32 in Matsuoka, 1998) should belong to a new genus, which is not described herein.

Occurrence

Upper Bathonian to upper Aptian.

Hiscocapsa kodrai (Chiari, Marcucci, and Prela, 2002)

Figure 9.53

2002 Sethocapsa kodrai Chiari, Marcucci and Prela, p. 74, pl. 3, figs. 1−7.

2003 Quarticella ovalis Takemura; Suzuki and Gawlick, p. 199, fig. 5.40.

2005non Sethocapsa kodrai; Nakae and Komuro, fig. 4.47.

2012 Hiscocapsa kodrai; Djeric et al., pl. 1, fig. 23.

Remarks

This species is very similar to Quarticella ovalis Takemura, but its aperture is much narrower. The larger postabdominal segment also displays well-differentiated tubercles instead of the typical spiny surface of Quarticella ovalis. Hiscocapsa kodrai might belong to Quarticella, but study of the internal structure is required before this new generic assignation is proposed. In the type material, a flattened base with a constricted aperture is clearly distinct (see Chiari et al., 2002, pl. 3, fig. 3). This flattened base is never present in representatives of Quarticella.

Genus Praewilliriedellum Kozur, 1984

Type species

Praewilliriedellum cephalospinosum Kozur, 1984.

Other species

Stichocapsa? pseudoconvexa Kemkin and Taketani, 2004; Stichocapsa convexa Yao, 1979; Stichocapsa robusta Matsuoka, 1984; and Theocorys renzae Schaaf, 1981.

Emended diagnosis

Praewilliriedellum is emended in order to allocate clear tetracyrtid forms (e.g., Stichocapsa robusta Matsuoka). Many representatives of this genus have an abdomen partially encased in the postabdominal segment, making it hard to differentiate externally. The degree of encasement is nevertheless much lower than in Williriedellum and other genera assigned to Williriedellidae.

Occurrence

Upper Aalenian to upper Barremian.

Praewilliriedellum convexum (Yao, 1979)

Figure 9.27−9.28

1979 Stichocapsa convexa Yao, p. 35, pl. 5, figs. 14–16; pl. 6, figs. 1–7.

2003 Stichocapsa convexa; Suzuki and Gawlick, p. 212, fig. 6.51.

2006 Stichocapsa convexa; O’Dogherty et al., p. 441, pl. 6, fig. 35. [See for complete synonymy]

2007b Stichocapsa convexa; Gawlick et al., figs. 7.15, 8.32, 17.23, 18.10.

2008 Praewilliriedellum convexum; Beccaro et al., pl. 2, fig. 26.

2009 Stichocapsa convexa; Suzuki and Gawlick, p. 186, figs. 5.54A–B.

2013 Praewilliriedellum convexum; Chiari et al., fig. 13n.

Praewilliriedellum robustum (Matsuoka, 1984)

Figure 10.45?, 10.46−10.47

1984 Stichocapsa robusta Matsuoka, p. 146, pl. 1, figs. 6–13; pl. 2, figs. 7–12.

2003 Stichocapsa robusta; Suzuki and Gawlick, p. 213, fig. 5.44.

2006 Stichocapsa robusta; O’Dogherty et al., p. 441, pl. 6, figs. 31–34. [See for complete synonymy]

2007b Stichocapsa robusta; Gawlick et al., fig. 8.34.

2008 Praewilliriedellum robustum; Beccaro et al., pl. 2, fig. 27.

2013 Praewilliriedellum robustum; Chiari et al., fig. 13p.

Genus Quarkus Pessagno, Blome, and Hull in Pessagno et al., 1993

Type species

Quarkus madstonensis Pessagno, Blome, and Hull in Pessagno et al., 1993.

Other species

Stichocapsa japonica Yao, 1979.

Occurrence

Lower Bajocian to upper Callovian. A very similar specimen, but questionable to this genus, was found in upper Berriasian material of the Mariana Trench (Stichocapsa sp. 8 Matsuoka, 1998, pl. 2, fig. 24). We do not assign this species to Quarkus because continuous record from the Callovian to the Berriasian has not been demostrated yet.

Quarkus japonicus (Yao, 1979)

Figure 9.25−9.26

1979 Stichocapsa japonica Yao, p. 36, pl. 6, figs. 8−12; pl. 7, figs. 1−15.

2006 Stichocapsa japonica; O’Dogherty et al., p. 441, pl. 6, fig. 6. [See for complete synonymy]

2009 Stichocapsa japonica; Suzuki and Gawlick, p. 186, figs. 5.53.

2012 Praewilliriedellum japonicum; Goričan et al., pl. 1, fig. 20.

2013 Praewilliriedellum japonicum; Chiari et al., fig. 13o.

Remarks

This species has always been assigned to the genus Stichocapsa (considered as a nomen dubium by O’Dogherty et al., 2009, p. 330), however we note that this commonly illustrated species is very close to Quarkus madstonensis, the only difference being the less-expanded fourth segment. Judging from the stratigraphic distribution, Quarkus japonicus may be the ancestor of Quarkus madstonensis. An intermediate form (Stichocapsa sp. aff. S. japonica Yao) was illustrated by Chiari et al., 2002 (pl. 3, figs. 18−22) from the upper Bajocian−lower Bathonian of Albania.

Quarkus madstonensis Pessagno, Blome, and Hull in Pessagno et al., 1993

Figure 9.24

1993 Quarkus madstonensis Pessagno, Blome, and Hull in Pessagno et al., p. 159, pl. 8, figs. 9, 13–15, 24.

2006 Williriedellum madstonense; O’Dogherty et al., p. 446, pl. 6, figs. 9–10.

2008 Williriedellum madstonense; Danelian et al., pl. 1, fig. 11.

Family Arcanicapsidae Takemura, 1986

Subfamily Arcanicapsinae Takemura, 1986

Included genera

Arcanicapsa Takemura, 1986; Fultacapsa Ožvoldová in Ožvoldová and Frantová, 1997; Religa Whalen and Carter, 2002; Squinabollum Dumitrica, 1970; Trisyringium Vinassa de Regny, 1901; and the group of species assigned to Dorypyle Squinabol, 1904. Dorypyle should be regarded as a nomen dubium that requires a new genus for taxonomic stability.

The genera Arcanicapsa Takemura, 1986 and Yamatoum Takemura, 1986 were questionably placed under this family in the recent revision by O’Dogherty et al., 2009, but, as stated by Takemura 1986, the cephalic structure has more affinities with the genus Unuma Ichikawa and Yao, 1976. In this paper we follow the same opinion. In the same revision by O’Dogherty et al., 2009, the genus Solidea Whalen and Carter in Carter et al., 1998 was erroneously placed in this subfamily, but its correct placement should be in Favosyringiinae.

Genus Arcanicapsa Takemura, 1986

Type species

Arcanicapsa sphaerica Takemura, 1986.

Other species

Sethocapsa aculeata Cortese, 1993; Sethocapsa congduensis Li and Wu, 1985; Sethocapsa echinata Li and Wu, 1985; Sethocapsa leiostraca Foreman, 1973b; Sethocapsa trachyostraca Foreman, 1973b; Sethocapsa funatoensis Aita, 1987; and Zhamoidellum? exquisita Hull, 1997.

Occurrence

Lower Toarcian to lower Aptian.

Remarks

Arcanicapsa as originally described has a stout apical horn (Takemura 1986, p. 54). In this paper we broaden the definition to include morphologically closely similar species without apical horn. Such tricyrtids, having a closed abdomen ornamented with spines or nodes, have been traditionally ascribed to Sethocapsa (e.g., Sethocapsa funatoensis Aita), which is considered nomen dubium (O’Dogherty et al., 2009). Some species were questionably assigned to Zhamoidellum (e.g., Zhamoidellum? exquisita Hull). Here we assign to Zhamoidellum only species without tubercles (see discussion under Zhamoidellum). Species with a clear distinction between upward-directed spines proximally and downward-directed spines distally belong to Trisyringium Vinassa de Regny (see O’Dogherty, 1994, p. 208; O’Dogherty et al., 2009).

Arcanicapsa exquisita (Hull, 1997)

Figure 10.3

1997 Zhamoidellum (?) exquisita Hull, p. 132, pl. 38, figs. 5, 16–17, 21.

2000 Zhamoidellum (?) exquisita; Wu, pl. 1, figs. 14–15.

2003 Zhamoidellum exquisita; Suzuki and Gawlick, p. 204, fig. 6.55.

Arcanicapsa funatoensis (Aita, 1987)

Figure 10.5−10.16

1987 Sethocapsa funatoensis Aita, p. 73, pl. 2, figs. 6a–7b.

2005b Arcanicapsa funatoensis; Nishihara and Yao, fig. 5.1.

2006 Zhamoidellum funatoense; O’Dogherty et al., p. 445, pl. 10, fig. 32. [See for complete synonymy]

2009 non Zhamoidellum funatoense; Yeh, p. 68, pl. 21, figs. 10–11, 17, 25.

2011 Hiscocapsa funatoense; Yeh, p. 16, pl. 7, figs. 19–20, 23, 26.

Arcanicapsa sp. aff. A. funatoensis (Aita, 1987)

Figure 11.27−11.28

Remarks

The specimens resemble A. funatoensis, but differ by having stronger spines and larger shell size.

Arcanicapsa undulata (Heitzer, 1930)

Figure 10.20−10.22

1930 Lithobotrys undulata Heitzer, p. 390, pl. 28, fig. 22.

2003 Tricolocapsa undulata; Suzuki and Gawlick, figs. 5.41, 6.39.

2006 Tricolocapsa undulata; Auer et al., fig. 6.44.

2007b Tricolocapsa undulata; Gawlick et al., fig. 8.41.

2008 Tricolocapsa undulata; Auer et al., fig. 9.78.

2009 Tricolocapsa undulata; Suzuki and Gawlick, p. 183, figs. 5.44A–B, 5.45A–B, 6.18A–B, 6.19A–B.

Remarks

Arcanicapsa undulata differs from A. funatoensis by having a smoother surface. Circular pores are present only on tubercles.

Arcanicapsa sp. A

Figure 10.4

Remarks

This specimen is similar to Arcanicapsa exquisita but possesses a smaller abdomen; the constriction between thorax and abdomen (lumbar stricture) is less pronounced.

Subfamily Favosyringiinae Steiger, 1992

Genus Spinosicapsa Ožvoldová, 1975

Type species

Spinosicapsa ceblienica Ožvoldová, 1975.

Occurrence

Upper Carnian to lower Aptian.

Spinosicapsa basilica (Hull, 1997)

Figure 8.28

1997 Podobursa basilica Hull, p. 100, pl. 41, figs. 7–8, 10, 18, 20–21.

Spinosicapsa lata (Yang, 1993)

Figure 8.30

1993 Syringocapsalata lata Yang, p. 132, pl. 24, figs. 1–2, 16, 20–21; pl. 26, figs. 7, 11, 15.

1997 Podobursa lata; Hull, p. 102, pl. 42, fig. 6.

2007b Syringocapsa lata; Gawlick et al., fig. 19.37.

Spinosicapsa spinosa (Ožvoldová, 1975)

Figure 8.31

1975 Heitzeria spinosa Ožvoldová, p. 78, pl. 101, fig. 2.

1995b Podobursa spinosa; Baumgartner et al., p. 426, pl. 3230, figs. 1–4. [See for complete synonymy]

Spinosicapsa sp. cf. S. triacantha (Fischli, 1916)

Figure 8.29

2006Podobursa triacantha; O’Dogherty et al., p. 437, pl. 7, fig. 4. [See for complete synonymy]

Remarks

The assignment to S. triacantha is queried because the lateral spines are broken off in this specimen.

Family Eucyrtidiellidae Takemura, 1986

Genus Eucyrtidiellum Baumgartner, 1984

Type species

Eucyrtidium? unumaensis Yao, 1979.

Occurrence

Lower Pliensbachian to upper Tithonian.

Eucyrtidiellum nodosum Wakita, 1988

Figure 8.21−8.23

1988 Eucyrtidiellum nodosum Wakita, p. 408, pl. 4, fig. 29; pl. 5, fig. 16.

2003 Eucyrtidiellum nodosum; Suzuki and Gawlick, p. 217, figs. 5.20, 6.24–6.25, 6.29.

2006 Eucyrtidiellum nodosum; O’Dogherty et al., p. 442, pl. 3, fig. 3. [See for complete synonymy]

2007b Eucyrtidiellum nodosum; Gawlick et al., fig. 8.9; fig. 17.8.

Eucyrtidiellum ptyctum (Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1974)

Figure 8.20

1974 Eucyrtidium ptyctum Riedel and Sanfilippo, p. 778, pl. 5, fig. 7; pl. 12, fig. 14, not fig. 15.

2003 Eucyrtidiellum ptyctum; Suzuki and Gawlick, p. 218, figs. 6.26–6.27.

2006 Eucyrtidiellum ptyctum; Gawlick et al., figs. 8.10, 9.7.

2006 Eucyrtidiellum ptyctum; Auer et al., fig. 6.14.

2006 Eucyrtidiellum ptyctum; O’Dogherty et al., p. 442, pl. 3, figs. 1–2. [See for complete synonymy]

2007b Eucyrtidiellum ptyctum; Gawlick et al., fig. 7.3; fig. 19.18.

2009 Eucyrtidiellum ptyctum; Suzuki and Gawlick, p. 188, fig. 5.63.

Eucyrtidiellum pustulatum Baumgartner, 1984

Figure 8.26−8.27

1984 Eucyrtidiellum pustulatum Baumgartner, p. 765, pl. 4, figs. 4–5.

2003 Eucyrtidiellum unumaense pustulatum; Suzuki and Gawlick, p. 217, figs. 5.20, 6.24–6.25, 6.29. [See for complete synonymy]

2007b Eucyrtidiellum unumaense pustulatum; Gawlick et al., figs. 8.13, 17.12.

Eucyrtidiellum pyramis (Aita in Aita and Okada, 1986)

Figure 8.19

1986 Eucyrtidium (?) pyramis Aita in Aita and Okada, p. 109, pl. 6, figs. 8–13; pl. 7, figs. 1a–b.

1995b Eucyrtidiellum pyramis; Baumgartner et al., p. 216, pl. 3019, figs. 1–2. [See for complete synonymy]

2010 Eucyrtidiellum pyramis; Robin et al., fig. 4.14.

Eucyrtidiellum unumaense (Yao, 1979)

Figure 8.24−8.25

1979 Eucyrtidium (?) unumaensis Yao, p. 39, pl. 9, figs. 1–11.

2003 Eucyrtidiellum unumaense unumaense; Suzuki and Gawlick, p. 216, fig. 6.28.

2006 Eucyrtidiellum unumaense; O’Dogherty et al., p. 443, pl. 3, figs. 4–6. [See for complete synonymy]

2007b Eucyrtidiellum unumaense unumaense; Gawlick et al., figs. 7.5, 17.11, 19.19.

2009 Eucyrtidiellum unumaense; Suzuki and Gawlick, p. 188, fig. 5.62.

Superfamily Williriedelloidea Dumitrica, 1970

Family Williriedellidae Dumitrica, 1970

Genus Hemicryptocapsa Tan, 1927

Type species

Hemicryptocapsa capita Tan, 1927.

Other species

Hemicryptocapsa nonaginta new species; Praezhamoidellum yaoi Kozur, 1984; Praezhamoidellum buekkense Kozur, 1984; Tricolocapsa tetragona Matsuoka, 1983; Williriedellum? marcuccii Cortese, 1993; Williriedellum carpathicum Dumitrica, 1970.

Emended diagnosis

Cryptothoracic tricyrtids lacking nodose outer surface are included in this genus. The shell surface can be ornamented with regular pore frames as in the type species, or smooth as in Hemicryptocapsa buekkensis. Also see extended discussion under the genus Williriedellum.

Occurrence

Upper Tithonian to upper Aptian.

Hemicryptocapsa buekkensis (Kozur, 1984)

Figure 9.1−9.6

1984 Praezhamoidellum buekkenses Kozur, p. 54, pl. 3, figs. 1a−b.

1998 Tricolocapsa? bukkense; Cordey, p. 128, pl. 27, fig. 9.

2006 Williriedellum buekkense; O’Dogherty et al., p. 446, pl. 9, figs. 1−3

2008 Williriedellum buekkense; Auer et al., fig. 9.52.

2009 Praezhamoidellum buekkense; Gawlick et al., figs. 5.50A–B.

2012 Hemicryptocapsa buekkensis; Goričan et al., pl. 1, figs. 26, 34.

2012 Williriedellum buekkense; Djerić et al., pl. 3, fig. 2.

Hemicryptocapsa carpathica (Dumitrica, 1970)

Figure 9.20−9.23

1970 Williriedellum carpathicum Dumitrica, p. 70, pl. 9, figs. 56a−b; 57−59; pl. 10, fig. 61.

1995b Williriedellum carpathicum; Baumgartner et al., p 626, pl. 4055, figs. 1−3.

2003 Williriedellum carpathicum; Suzuki and Gawlick, p. 200, fig. 6.74. [See for complete synonymy]

2008 Williriedellum carpathicum; Beccaro et al., pl. 3, fig. 29.

2012 Hemicryptocapsa carpathica; Goričan et al., pl. 2, fig. 20.

Hemicryptocapsa marcucciae (Cortese, 1993)

Figure 9.12−9.16

1993 Williriedellum (?) marcuccii Cortese, p. 180, pl. 7, figs. 6−7.

2006 Williriedellum marcucciae; O’Dogherty et al., p. 446, pl. 9, figs. 28−36. [See for complete synonymy]

2008 Williriedellum marcucciae; Auer et al., fig. 11.46.

2008 Williriedellum (?) marcucciae; Beccaro et al., pl. 3, fig. 30.

2009 Williriedellum marcucciae; Suzuki and Gawlick, fig. 5.25; fig. 6.28.

2010 Williriedellum marcucciae; Robin et al., pl. 3, fig. 11.

2014 Hemicryptocapsa marcucciae; Šegvić et al., pl. 1, figs. 28A–B.

Remarks

Like other species in this paper, the absence of tubercles or nodes on the surface of this species justifies the transfer from Williriedellum to Hemicryptocapsa.

Hemicryptocapsa nonaginta new species

Figure 9.19

1993 Tricolocapsa(?) sp A. Pessagno et al., p. 160, pl. 8, fig. 27.

1995b Tricolocapsa sp. S Baumgartner et al., p. 602, pl. 4057, figs. 1−3.

2004 Tricolocapsa sp. S; Ziabrev et al., fig. 5.25.

2006 Tricolocapsa sp. S; Auer et al., fig. 6.45.

?2008 Tricolocapsa sp. S; Auer et al., fig. 9.79.

2008 Williriedellum sp. cf. W. sp. S Baumgartner et al., pl. 1, fig. 4.

2009 Tricolocapsa sp. S; Kokubo and Matsuoka, figs. 4.4−4.6.

2009non Tricolocapsa sp. S; Nishihara, pl. 11, fig. 270.

?2009 Tricolocapsa aff. ruesti Tan; Nishihara, pl. 11, fig. 268.

2009 Tricolocapsa sp. S; Suzuki and Gawlick, p. 183, figs. 5.47A–B.

Holotype

Specimen MA7647 from sample MKS7A (illustrated in Baumgartner et al., 1995b pl. 4057, fig. 3) from Kashibara section (MA9), south of Hichiso town, Japan (see Matsuoka, 1995).

Diagnosis

Large cryptothoracic tricyrtid with very well defined lumbar stricture and a large abdomen. Outer surface without nodes and covered by hexagonal pore frames. Distal aperture constricted circular without rim.

Occurrence

Upper Bajocian to lower Bathonian.

Description

Cryptothoracic subspherical form composed of three distinct segments. Cephalis and thorax partially incased in the abdomen, with a very well defined lumbar stricture. The thorax is truncate-conical and covered by small pores whereas the abdomen is quite large and spherical. The entire surface of the abdomen is covered by a latticed meshwork of polygonal pore frames and a constricted aperture is visible.

Etymology

The name Nonaginta means ninety, in honor of the prodigious decade in contemporary history of radiolarian research.

Measurements

(in micrometers; µm) maximum width of shell 112−142, mean 118; maximum length 113−133, mean 123, based on four specimens.

Remarks

Hemicryptocapsa nonaginta n. sp. was published in open nomenclature in the Mesozoic radiolarian atlas (Baumgartner et al., 1995b) and since then it has been illustrated in many publications. This species differs from H. yaoi by having larger circular pores in the middle of polygonal areas. It differs from H. carpathica by having a simple circular aperture without a rim.

Hemicryptocapsa yaoi (Kozur, 1984)

Figure 9.31−9.37

1984 Praezhamoidellum yaoi Kozur, p. 53, pl. 3, fig. 3a−b.

2003 Williriedellum dierschei Suzuki and Gawlick; Suzuki and Gawlick, p. 201, fig. 6.73. [premature name]

2004 Williriedellum dierschei Suzuki and Gawlick in Gawlick et al., p. 311, pl. 4, figs. 1–6.

2006 Williriedellum dierschei; Auer et al., fig. 6.52.

2006 Williriedellum yaoi; O’Dogherty et al., p. 446, fig. 9, figures 6−12. [See for complete synonymy]

2007b Williriedellum dierschei; Gawlick et al., fig. 8.45, 17.32.

2009 Williriedellum dierschei; Suzuki and Gawlick, p. 179, figs. 5.27A–B, 5.28, 6.48A–B.

2010 Williriedellum yaoi; Robin et al., pl. 3, figs. 18, 20.

2012 Hemicryptocapsa yaoi; Goričan et al., pl. 1, fig. 25; pl. 2, fig. 12.

Genus Williriedellum Dumitrica, 1970

Type species

Williriedellum crystallinum Dumitrica, 1970.

Included species

CryptamphoreIla crepida O’Dogherty, 1994; Hemicryptocapsa polyhedra Dumitrica, 1970; Hemicryptocapsa prepolyhedra Dumitrica, 1970; Hemicryptocapsa tuberosa Dumitrica, 1970; Sethocapsa yahazuensis Aita, 1987; Tricolocapsa clivosa Aliev, 1967; Tricolocapsa formosa Chiari, Marcucci, and Prela, 2002; Williriedellum? gilkeyi Dumitrica, 1970; Williriedellum crystallinum Dumitrica, 1970; Williriedellum nodosum Chiari, Marcucci, and Prela, 2002; Williriedellum peterschmittae Schaaf, 1981; Williriedellum sujkowskii Widz and De Wever, 1993.

Emended diagnosis

The genus Williriedellum originally contained cryptothoracic tricyrtids with an aperture regardless of the external ornamentation of the shell. We restrict the name Williriedellum to species with raised ridges or nodes on the outer surface of the abdomen. Species with a regular distribution of circular pores (each pore may be bounded by a simple polygonal pore frame) are assigned to Hemicryptocapsa. The same differentiation between these two genera was applied by O’Dogherty et al. (2009). The concept of that publication, however, did not allow for written definitions and comments.

Occurrence

Upper Aalenian to lower Coniacian.

Williriedellum crystallinum Dumitrica, 1970

Figure 9.50−9.51

1970 Williriedellum crystallinum Dumitrica, p. 69, pl. 10, figs. 60 a–c, 62–63.

2009 Williriedellum crystallinum; Suzuki and Gawlick, p. 178, fig. 5.24. [See for complete synonymy]

Williriedellum sp. cf. W. formosum (Chiari, Marcucci, and Prela, 2002)

Figure 9.45−9.48

2002 Tricolocapsa formosa Chiari, Marcucci, and Prela, p. 83, pl. 5, figs. 3−8.

2011 Williriedellum formosum; Bandini et al., pl. 5, figs. 27–28.

2012 Williriedellum formosum; Goričan et al., pl. 1, fig. 23.

Remarks

The external ornamentation of this species is very close to W. formosum but has a rounded aperture whereas in the type material the aperture is covered by a dish-like appendage. Moreover, some of our specimens also have groups of four small pores per frame area like occurring in W. gilkeyi.

Williriedellum yahazuense (Aita, 1987)

Figure 9.43−9.44

1987 Sethocapsa yahazuense Aita, p. 73, pl. 2, figs. 8a−9b; pl. 9, figs. 16−17.

1993 Williriedellum sujkowskii Widz and De Wever, p. 88, pl. 1, figs. 7−10.

2005 Williriedellum yahazuense; Šmuc and Goričan, p. 62, pl. 3, fig. 19.

Williriedellum sp. A

Figure 10.23−10.24

Remarks

These specimens show very small and pointed nodes on the outer surface of the abdomen.

Williriedellum sp. B

Figure 9.49

Remarks

This morphotype has very faintly developed ridges on the surface. These ridges do not build well-defined frame areas characteristic of W. crystallinum.

Williriedellum? sp. C

Figure 10.1−10.2

Remarks

The genus is queried because the presence of the aperture is not confirmed. The ridges on the surface of the illustrated specimens are only very faintly developed compared to other species of this genus.

Genus Zhamoidellum Dumitrica, 1970

1992 Complexapora Kiessling in Kiessling and Zeiss.

Type species

Zhamoidellum ventricosum Dumitrica, 1970.

Included species

Complexapora kozuri Hull, 1997; Complexapora tirolica Kiessling in Kiessling and Zeiss 1992; Zhamoidellum argandi O’Dogherty, Goričan, and Dumitrica in O’Dogherty et al., 2006; Zhamoidellum boehmi Kiessling, 1999; Zhamoidellum calamin O’Dogherty, Goričan, and Dumitrica in O’Dogherty et al., 2006; Zhamoidellum mikamense Aita, 1986; Zhamoidellum ovum Dumitrica, 1970; Zhamoidellum ventricosum Dumitrica, 1970; Zhamoidellum yehae Dumitrica in Goričan et al., 2006.

Remarks

As stated by O’Dogherty et al., 2006, the presence or absence of a sutural pore in Zhamoidellum can be regarded as character related to the intraspecific variability. Only species without tubercles are included. Species with spines and nodes are placed in Arcanicapsa.

Occurrence

Lower Pliensbachian? to upper Tithonian.

Zhamoidellum ovum Dumitrica, 1970

Figure 10.31−10.40

1970 Zhamoidellum ovum Dumitrica, p. 79 pl. 9, figs. 52a–b, 53–54.

2009 Zhamoidellum ovum; Suzuki and Gawlick, p. 179, fig. 5.30A–B, 6.33A–B. [See for complete synonymy]

Zhamoidellum sp. aff. Z. ovum Dumitrica, 1970

Figure 9.10−9.11

Remarks

These specimens are considered only affinis because they display less-pronounced constrictions and more elongated outline of the shell.

Zhamoidellum ventricosum Dumitrica, 1970

Figure 10.17−10.19

1970 Zhamoidellum ventricosum Dumitrica, p. 79, pl. 9, figs. 55a–b.

2003 Zhamoidellum ventricosum; Suzuki and Gawlick, p. 205, fig. 6.96.

2006 Zhamoidellum ventricosum; Auer et al., fig. 6.57.

2006 Zhamoidellum ventricosum; O’Dogherty et al., p. 445, pl. 9, figs. 13–25. [See for complete synonymy]

2009 Zhamoidellum ventricosum; Suzuki and Gawlick, p. 179, fig. 5.29.

Zhamoidellum sp. A

Figure 9.7−9.8

Remarks

This morphotype differs from other Zhamoidellum by its smaller size. The cephalis and thorax are imperforate, but the abdomen is covered by small circular pores set in polygonal pore frames. The collar and lumbar strictures are well marked on these specimens.

Zhamoidellum sp. B

Figure 10.27−10.30

Remarks

This morphotype differs from Z. ovum by having a more deeply encased thorax. In addition, the collar stricture is very distinct and the thorax is not porous. The illustrated specimens display enough characters to be considered a new species. However, pictures showing the basal aperture are not available and for this reason this morphotype is not described as a new taxon in this paper.

Zhamoidellum sp. C

Figure 10.41−10.44

Remarks

These specimens are very close to Zhamoidellum sp. B, but they differ by having a porous thorax and a less-marked collar stricture. The pores are more widely open and the surrounding ridges are thinner than in Zhamoidellum sp. B.

Family Japonocapsidae Kozur, 1984

Genus Striatojaponocapsa Kozur, 1984

Type species

Tricolocapsa plicarum Yao, 1979.

Occurrence

Lower Bajocian to upper Callovian.

Striatojaponocapsa conexa (Matsuoka, 1983)

Figure 11.5−11.7

1983 Tricolocapsa conexa Matsuoka, p. 20, pl. 3, figs. 3–7; pl. 7, figs. 11–14.

2003 Tricolocapsa conexa; Suzuki and Gawlick, p. 208, figs. 5.42, 6.43–45.

2006 Striatojaponocapsa conexa; O’Dogherty et al., p. 447, pl. 10, figs. 18–20. [See for complete synonymy]

2007 Striatojaponocapsa conexa; Hatakeda et al., pl. 2, figs. 1–10.

2007 Striatojaponocapsa conexa; Suzuki and Gawlick, p. 182, figs. 5.40, 6.32A–B.

Striatojaponocapsa riri O’Dogherty, Goričan, and Dumitrica in O’Dogherty et al., 2006

Figure 11.8−11.9

2006 Striatojaponocapsa riri O’Dogherty, Goričan, and Dumitrica in O’Dogherty et al., p. 447, pl. 8, figs. 14–15.

2007 Striatojaponocapsa riri; Hatakeda et al., pl. 2, figs. 11–20.

Striatojaponocapsa synconexa O’Dogherty, Goričan, and Dumitrica in O’Dogherty et al., 2006

Figure 11.10−11.13

2006 Striatojaponocapsa synconexa O’Dogherty, Goričan, and Dumitrica in O’Dogherty et al., p. 447, pl. 10, figs. 9–17. [See for complete synonymy]

2007 Striatojaponocapsa synconexa; Hatakeda et al., pl. 1, figs. 11–20.

2008 Striatojaponocapsa synconexa; Baumgartner et al., pl. 4, fig. 18.

2012 Striatojaponocapsa synconexa; Goričan et al., pl. 1, figs. 15, 35.

2013 Striatojaponocapsa synconexa; Chiari et al., p. 416, fig. 14c.

Striatojaponocapsa spp.

Figure 11.14−11.16

Remarks

Various elongated forms of Striatojaponcapsa have been found in our samples. The small number of specimens does not allow the description of new species. They differ from other Striatojaponocapsa by the elongated outline and small size.

Striatojaponocapsa? spp.

Figure 11.17−11.20

Remarks

The genus is queried because the distal part and the classical appendage on these forms are not preserved, but the surface ornamentation fits well with the general pore patterns of Striatojaponocapsa.

Genus Japonocapsa Kozur, 1984

Type species

Tricolocapsa? fusiformis Yao, 1979.

Occurrence

Upper Aalenian to upper Bathonian.

Japonocapsa sp. A

Figure 11.4

Remarks

This form is close to Japonocapsa fusiformis (Yao, 1979), but the basal dish-like appendage seems broken off in this specimen.

Family Unumidae Kozur, 1984

Included genera.—

Guttacapsa O’Dogherty, 1994; Helvetocapsa O’Dogherty, Goričan, and Dumitrica in O’Dogherty et al., 2006; Protunuma Ichikawa and Yao, 1976; Quarticella Takemura, 1986; Spinunuma Ichikawa and Yao, 1976 (syn. Unuma); Turbocapsula O’Dogherty, 1994; Unuma Ichikawa and Yao, 1976; and Yamatoum Takemura, 1986.

Remarks.—

According to De Wever et al., 2001 (p. 265) and O’Dogherty et al., 2011 (p. 112) this family was placed under the superfamily Archaeodictyomitroidea. However, the family Unumidae as stated by Takemura, 1986 (p. 36) does not share the same cephalic structure. In this paper, we prefer to consider this family as more closely related to the Japonocapsidae. We also tentatively reassign the genera Quarticella and Yamatoum under this family because the cephalic structure (Yamatoum-type) is the same as in Unuma. Genus Protunuma Ichikawa and Yao, 1976

Type species

Protunuma fusiformis Ichikawa and Yao, 1976

Occurrence

Middle Toarcian to upper Tithonian.

Protunuma europeus O’Dogherty, Goričan, and Dumitrica in O’Dogherty et al., 2006

Figure 11.42

2006 Protunuma europeus O’Dogherty, Goričan, and Dumitrica in O’Dogherty et al., p. 433, pl. 10, figs. 6–8.

Protunuma japonicus Matsuoka and Yao, 1985

Figure 11.41

1985 Protunuma japonicus Matsuoka and Yao, p. 130, pl. 1, figs. 11–15; pl. 3, figs. 6–9.

1995b Protunuma japonicus; Baumgartner et al., p. 434, pl. 3292, fig. 1–8.

2003 Protunuma multicostatus (Heitzer); Suzuki and Gawlick, p. 197, fig. 5.43. [See for complete synonymy]

Protunuma ochiensis Matsuoka, 1983

Figure 11.43?−11.44

1983 Protunuma (?) ochiensis Matsuoka p. 26, pl. 4, figs. 8–11; pl. 9, figs. 3–7.

2003 Protunuma ochiensis; Suzuki and Gawlick, p. 197, fig. 6.90.

2006 Protunuma ochiensis; O’Dogherty et al., p. 433, pl. 7, figs. 11–13. [See for complete synonymy]

Protunuma turbo Matsuoka, 1983

Figure 11.39−11.40

1983 Protunuma turbo Matsuoka, p. 24, pl. 4, figs. 4–7; pl. 8, figs. 16–18; pl. 9, figs. 1–2.

1995b Protunuma turbo; Baumgartner et al., p. 436, pl. 4034, figs. 1–3. [See for complete synonymy]

2008 Protunuma turbo; Baumgartner et al., pl. 4, figs. 2–3.

2012 Protunuma turbo; Goričan et al., pl. 1, fig. 28.

Genus Unuma Ichikawa and Yao, 1976

1976 Spinunuma Ichikawa and Yao.

Type species

Unuma (Unuma) typicus Ichikawa and Yao, 1976.

Occurrence

Lower Toarcian to upper Bathonian.

Unuma gordus Hull, 1997

Figure 11.29−11.38, ?11.45

1997 Unuma gorda Hull, p. 172, pl. 43, figs. 9, 11–12.

2003 Unuma gorda; Suzuki and Gawlick, p. 98; figs. 5.36, 6.68.

2006 Unuma gordus; O’Dogherty et al., p. 434, pl. 7, figs. 15–18. [See for complete synonymy]

2007 Unuma gorda; Gawlick et al., fig. 7.21; fig. 8.44; figs. 17.30, 18.13.

2009 Unuma gordus; Suzuki and Gawlick, p. 177, figs. 6.2A–B.

2013 Unuma gordus; Chiari et al., fig. 14n.

Unuma latusicostatus (Aita, 1987)

Figure 11.21−11.26

1987 Tricolocapsa latusicostata Aita, p. 76, pl. 4, figs. 7a–8b; pl. 10, figs. 8–9.

1995b Unuma latusicostatus; Baumgartner et al., p. 622, pl. 4058, figs. 1–4.

2012 Unuma latusicostatus; Goričan et al., pl. 1, fig. 30.

Genus Quarticella Takemura, 1986

2009 Minutusolla Yeh, p. 72.

Type species

Quarticella ovalis Takemura, 1986

Other species

Minutusolla yaoi Yeh, 2009; Quarticella dura Takemura, 1986; Stichocapsa cicciona Chiari, Marcucci, and Prela, 2002.

Emended diagnosis

We consider under this genus only those species possessing a latticed fourth inflated segment with somewhat spiny surface, but never with long and stout spines.

Occurrence

Upper Aalenian−upper Bathonian.

Quarticella cicciona (Chiari, Marcucci, and Prela, 2002)

Figure 9.56

2002 Stichocapsa cicciona Chiari, Marcucci, and Prela, p. 76, pl. 3, figs. 8−12.

2006 Stichocapsa cicciona; O’Dogherty et al., p. 441, pl. 6, fig. 36.

Quarticella ovalis Takemura, 1986

Figure 9.52

1986 Quarticella ovalis Takemura, p. 58, pl. 8, figs. 17−21.

1995b Quarticella ovalis; Baumgartner et al., p. 466, pl. 4078, figs. 1−3.

2003 Quarticella ovalis; Suzuki and Gawlick, p. 199, fig. 5.40.

2005a Quarticella ovalis; Nishihara and Yao, fig. 2.24.

2008 Quarticella ovalis; Auer et al., fig. 9.57.

2009 Quarticella ovalis; Suzuki and Gawlick, figs. 5.23 A–B.

Quarticella sp. A

Figure 9.58

Remarks

This specimen differs from Q. ovalis by having a smooth surface and more regular arrangement of pores. Circular pores are surrounded by polygonal pore frames. Very small pyramidal spines occur at vertices.

Quarticella sp. B

Figure 9.29−9.30

?1985 Stichocapsa sp. B Yamamoto et al., pl. 7, fig. 6.

Remarks

These specimens differ from Q. ovalis by having meshwork of larger and equally sized pores. Distal segment has a wide aperture with characteristic flat rim.

Quarticella sp. C

Figure 9.54−9.55

1997 Sethocapsa? sp. D Yao, fig. 542.

1982 Stichocapsa (?) sp. α Mizutani and Koike, pl. 2, figs. 1, 2a–b.

1982 Stichocapsa (?) sp. A Wakita, pl. 3, fig. 8.

Remarks

This species is very similar to Quarticella sp. D, but bears a row of tubercles in the equatorial part of the inflated postabdominal segment.

Quarticella sp. D

Figure 9.57

Remarks

This species differs from Q. ovalis by having a smooth surface without spines and regular arrangement of circular pores.

Genus Yamatoum Takemura, 1986

Type species

Yamatoum elegans Takemura, 1986.

Other species

Quarticella conica Takemura, 1986; Quarticella levis Takemura, 1986; Quarticella? quinaria Takemura, 1986; Quarticella spinosa Takemura, 1986; Yamatoum atlanticum O’Dogherty, Goričan, and Dumitrica in O’Dogherty et al., 2006; Yamatoum caudatum Takemura, 1986; Yamatoum connicinum Takemura, 1986; Yamatoum komamiensis Takemura, 1986; Yamatoum spinosum Takemura, 1986.

Emended diagnosis

Yamatoum is emended in order to include spindle-shaped forms with a large abdomen armed with numerous (three or more) radiate equatorial spines and, when preserved, a strong (frequently tapered to branched) terminal spines. The last inverted conical segment may be missing in many specimens due to its delicate nature.

Occurrence

Upper Aalenian to upper Bathonian.

Yamatoum spinosum (Takemura, 1986)

Figure 8.38−8.42

1986 Quarticella spinosa Takemura, p. 59, pl. 9, figs. 1−6.

Remarks

This species has been transferred into Yamatoum because it bears strong lateral spines on its abdomen. Our specimens have shorter spines than the type-material.

Yamatoum sp. A

Figure 8.32

Remarks

This species differs from Y. spinosum by having a narrower final segment and shorter spines.

Superfamily Archaeodictyomitroidea Pessagno, 1976

Family Hsuuidae Pessagno and Whalen, 1982

Genus Hsuum Pessagno, 1977a

1992 Ogivus El Kadiri.

Type species

Hsuum cuestaense Pessagno, 1977a.

Occurrence

Lower Pliensbachian to lower Cenomanian.

Hsuum arabicum Dumitrica in Dumitrica et al., 1997

Figure 7.54

1997 Hsuum arabicum Dumitrica in Dumitrica et al., p. 46, pl. 10, figs. 2–3.

1999 Hsuum arabicum; Hori, p. 82, fig. 7.14.

Hsuum obispoense Pessagno, 1977a

Figure 7.55

1977a Hsuum obispoensis Pessagno, p. 82, pl. 8, figs. 3–4.

1977b Hsuum obispoensis; Pessagno, p. 44, pl. 6, fig. 7.

Genus Transhsuum Takemura, 1986

Type species

Transhsuum medium Takemura, 1986

Occurrence

Lower Pliensbachian to upper Kimmeridgian.

Transhsuum brevicostatum (Ožvoldová, 1975)

Figure 8.1−8.3

1975 Lithostrobus brevicostatus Ožvoldová, p. 84, pl. 102, fig. 1.

1995b Transhsuum brevicostatus gr.; Baumgartner et al., p. 578, pl. 3181, figs. 1–5.

2009 Hsuum brevicostatus gr.; Suzuki and Gawlick, p. 168, fig. 5.6. [See for complete synonymy]

Transhsuum maxwelli (Pessagno, 1977a)

Figure 8.4−8.8, 8.10−8.18

1977a Hsuum maxwelli Pessagno, p. 81, pl. 7, figs. 14−16.

2006 Transhsuum maxwelli gr.; O’Dogherty et al., p. 433, pl. 2, figs. 14, 18−23, 25. [See for complete synonymy]

2009 Hsuum maxwelli; Suzuki and Gawlick, p. 168, fig. 5.7. [See for complete synonymy]

Transhsuum sp. E sensu (Yao, 1997)

Figure 8.9

1997 Hsuum sp. E sensu Yao, pl. 15, fig. 197.

Remarks

The main characteristic of this morphotype is its short skeleton consisting of only five segments.

Genus Parahsuum Yao, 1982

Type species

Parahsuum simplum Yao, 1982.

Occurrence

Lower Hettangian to upper Kimmeridgian.

Parahsuum carpathicum Widz and De Wever, 1993

Figure 7.52−7.53

1993 Parahsuum carpathicum Widz and De Wever, p. 85, pl. 1, figs. 14–16.

1995b Parahsuum sp. S Baumgartner et al., p. 384, pl. 3240, figs. 1–5.

1999 Parahsuum officerense (Pessagno and Whalen); Hori, p. 82 fig. 7.15.

2003 Parahsuum carpathicum; Suzuki and Gawlick, p. 182, fig. 5.30.

2006 Parahsuum carpathicum; O’Dogherty et al., p. 432, pl. 2, figs. 6–13. [See for complete synonymy]

2009 Parahsuum sp. S; Suzuki and Gawlick, p. 167, fig. 5.5.

Parahsuum sp. aff. P. probosum (Pessagno and Whalen, 1982)

Figure 7.61

1982 Droltus (?) probosus Pessagno and Whalen, p. 122, pl. 6, figs. 12, 16−17; pl. 12, fig. 12.

Remarks

This species differs from the typical P. probosum by having a longer shell with broadened last segment.

Parahsuum snowshoense (Pessagno and Whalen, 1982)

Figure 7.50

1982 Lupherium snowshoense Pessagno and Whalen, p. 136, pl. 6, figs. 6, 20; pl. 12, fig. 6.

2006 Parahsuum snowshoense; O’Dogherty et al., p. 432, pl. 1, figs. 1−3.

2007b Parahsuum snowshoense; Gawlick et al., fig. 18.6.

Remarks

We also include forms with an apical horn (e.g., Takemura, 1986, pl. 5, fig. 16) in this species.

Parahsuum sp. aff. P. snowshoense (Pessagno and Whalen, 1982)

Figure 7.51

Remarks

This species differs from P. snowshoense by having less-pronounced strictures and partly thickened costae.

Parahsuum sp. 1 sensu O’Dogherty et al., 2006

Figure 7.49

Remarks

Our specimen is closely related to P. snowshoense (Pessagno and Whalen), but differs by having a slender shell not constricted distally. Segments are trapezoidal in outline and possess four longitudinal rows of pores.

Parahsuum sp. 2 sensu O’Dogherty et al., 2006

Figure 7.56−7.60

Remarks

This species shows an irregular arrangement of costae over most of the shell. The linear arrangement of costae, characteristic of Parahsuum, is only visible in the distalmost part.

Parahsuum sp. 3 sensu O’Dogherty et al., 2006

Figure 7.62−7.63

Remarks

Shell conical proximally, cylindrical distally. Costae sharp, high in relief, faintly disappearing proximally.

Genus Semihsuum Pessagno, Blome, and Hull in Pessagno et al., 1993

Type species

Hsuum? inexploratum Blome, 1984.

Occurrence

Lower Bajocian to upper Callovian.

Semihsuum amabile (Aita, 1987)

Figure 7.15−7.16

1985 Archaeodictyomitra (?) amabilis Aita, fig. 6.6.

2006 Hsuum (?) amabile; O’Dogherty et al., p. 431, pl. 1, figs. 21−22. [See for complete synonymy]

2009 Archaeodictyomitra amabilis; Suzuki and Gawlick, p. 169, figs. 5.10, 6.20 A–B.

2012 Semihsuum amabile; Djeric et al., pl. 1, fig. 28.

2013 Archaeodictyomitra (?) amabilis; Chiari et al., Fig. 12b.

Family Archaeodictyomitridae Pessagno, 1976

Genus Belleza Hull, 1997

Type species

Stichocapsa decora Rüst, 1885.

Occurrence

Upper Bajocian to upper Callovian.

Belleza decora (Rüst, 1885)

Figure 8.53

1885 Stichocapsa decora Rüst, p. 319, pl. 17, fig. 3.

1990 Sethocapsa (?) lineaplena Yang and Wang, p. 210, pl. 4, figs. 7?, 12–13.

1995bStichocapsa decora; Baumgartner et al., p. 520, pl. 3269, figs. 1−2, not figs. 3−4.

1997 Belleza decora (Rüst); Hull, p. 142, pl. 47, figs. 5−6, 14, 22−23

2006 Mictyoditra decora; O’Dogherty et al., p. 431, pl. 1, fig. 23 [See for complete synonymy]

Genus Archaeodictyomitra Pessagno, 1976

Type species

Archaeodictyomitra squinaboli Pessagno, 1976.

Occurrence

Lower Pliensbachian to upper Campanian.

Archaeodictyomitra sp. cf. A. annulata Kozur and Mostler in Grill and Kozur, 1986

Figure 7.21

1986 Archaeodictyomitra annulata Kozur and Mostler in Grill and Kozur, p. 257, pl. 10, fig. 2.

Remarks

As stated by the original authors, this species is very distinct by its hoop-like second-last segment.

Archaeodictyomitra minoensis (Mizutani, 1981)

Figure 7.40−7.42

1981 Pseudodictyomitra minoensis Mizutani, p. 178, pl. 58, fig. 4; pl. 63, figs. 9–10.

1995b Archaeodictyomitra minoensis; Baumgartner et al., p. 104, pl. 3305, figs. 1–5. [See for complete synonymy]

1999 Archaeodictyomitra minoensis; Hori, p. 81, fig. 7.12.

2008 Archaeodictyomitra minoensis; Auer et al., fig. 9.4.

Archaeodictyomitra praeapiarium Cordey, 1998

Figure 7.36−7.37

1982 Archaeodictyomitra apiara (Rüst); Nishizono et al., pl. 3, fig. 4.

1998 Archaeodictyomitra praeapiarium Cordey, p. 99, pl. 28, figs. 9−10.

Remarks

According to Cordey 1998, this species differs from A. apiarium by less-pronounced constrictions and continuous costae, also in the most proximal part.

Archaeodictyomitra prisca Kozur and Mostler in Grill and Kozur, 1986

Figure 7.43−7.45

1986 Archaeodictyomitra prisca Kozur and Mostler in Grill and Kozur, p. 258, pl. 8, figs. 3−6; pl. 9, fig. 1.

2006 Archaeodictyomitra prisca; O’Dogherty et al., p. 430, pl. 1, figs. 4−5. [See for complete synonymy]

Archaeodictyomitra publica (Hull, 1997)

Figure 7.17

1997 Combusta (?) publica Hull, p. 84, pl. 34, figs 3, 13, 20−21.

2006 Combusta (?) publica; O’Dogherty et al., p. 431, pl. 1, fig. 26. [See for complete synonymy]

2011 Parahsuum publicum; Yeh, p. 11, pl. 2, fig. 18.

Archaeodictyomitra rigida Pessagno, 1977a

Figure 7.33−7.35

1977a Archaeodictyomitra rigida Pessagno, p. 81, pl. 7, figs. 10–11.

2003 Archaeodictyomitra rigida; Suzuki and Gawlick, p. 179, fig. 5.18; fig. 6.20.

2008 Archaeodictyomitra rigida; Auer et al., fig. 9.7.

2009 Archaeodictyomitra rigida; Suzuki and Gawlick, p. 168, fig. 5.9. [See for complete synonymy]

Archaeodictyomitra spelae Chiari, Cortese, and Marcucci in Chiari et al., 1997

Figure 7.48

1997 Archaeodictyomitra spelae Chiari, Cortese, and Marcucci in Chiari et al., p. 64, pl. 1, figs. 13−15.

2006 Archaeodictyomitra spelae; Danelian et al., pl. 1, fig. 11.

Remarks

This species is distinguished from other Middle Jurassic Archaeodictyomitra species by its long slender shell and the marked strictures between adjacent segments.

Archaeodictyomitra tyaughtonensis Cordey, 1998

Figure 7.38−7.39

Archaeodictyomitra tyaughtonensis Cordey, 1998, p. 98, pl. 28, figs. 5−6.

Remarks

According to Cordey (1998) this species is characterized by the well-visible segmentation and the fusiform shape.

Archaeodictyomitra sp. aff. A. exigua Blome, 1984

Figure 7.18−7.20

aff. 1984 Archaeodictyomitra exigua Blome, p. 356, pl. 8, figs. 4, 7–8, 10, 12–13; pl. 15, figs. 14–15.

Remarks

This species resembles Archaeodictyomitra exigua in its conical shape, but differs by lacking the constricted final segment.

Archaeodictyomitra whalenae Kozur and Mostler in Grill and Kozur, 1986

Figure 7.46−7.47

1986 Archaeodictyomitra whalenae Kozur and Mostler in Grill and Kozur, p. 260, pl. 9, figs. 2–5.

2006 Archaeodictyomitra whalenae; O’Dogherty et al., p. 430, pl. 1, figs. 8–9. [See for complete synonymy]

Genus Thanarla Pessagno, 1977b

Type species

Phormocyrtis veneta Squinabol, 1903.

Occurrence

Lower Bathonian to upper Cenomanian.

Thanarla patricki gr. (Kocher, 1981)

Figure 7.22−7.32

1981 Archaeodictyomitra patricki Kocher, p. 57, pl. 12, figs. 14–17.

2003 Archaeodictyomitra patricki; Suzuki and Gawlick, p. 178, fig. 5.19.

2006 Archaeodictyomitra patricki; O’Dogherty et al., p. 430, pl. 1, figs. 15–17. [See for complete synonymy]

2007b Archaeodictyomitra patricki; Gawlick et al., fig. 19.13.

2013 Archaeodictyomitra sp. cf. A. patricki; Chiari et al., Fig. 12c.

Superfamily Amphipyndacoidea Riedel, 1967

Family Amphipyndacidae Riedel, 1967

Genus Eoxitus Kozur, 1985

Type species

Eoxitus hungaricus Kozur, 1985.

Other species

Eoxitus baloghi Kozur, 1985 (syn. Eoxitus nodosus); ?Eoxitus brevis Kozur, 1985; Eoxitus elongatus Kozur, 1985; Eoxitus nodosus Kozur, 1985; Parvicingula dhimenaensis Baumgartner, 1984, Triversus kasinzovae Vishnevskaya, 1991; ?Triversus strobilatus Vishnevskaya, 1991;?Triversus triquetrum Vishnevskaya, 1991.

Occurrence

The stratigraphic occurrence of Eoxitus should be considered as lower Bajocian to Tithonian (see discussion above). The last representative of Eoxitus is E. dhimenaensis, which goes extinct in the Tithonian.

Remarks

Eoxitus is very similar to its allied Tethysetta, but is much more elongated and does not have the characteristic broad spindle shape frequently observed throughout the Cretaceous forms assigned in Tethysetta. By definition, Tethysetta species have well-developed circumferential ridges and do not have spines on tubercles, as is the case of older species of Eoxitus.

The stratigraphic range of both genera in O’Dogherty et al. (2009) was lower Bajocian−lower Aptian. These two genera are clearly distinguishable both morphologically and stratigraphically. At that time, we included the only species bearing faint spines in the Cretaceous—Parvicingula usotanensis Tumanda, 1989. Nonetheless, we currently believe that this species should be assigned to Tethysetta because it displays the characteristic circumferential ridges, although it also possesses somewhat spiny tubercles. This morphotype is stratigraphically disconnected from other Jurassic spiny parvicingulids.

The genus Tethysetta includes at least the following species: Dictyomitra boesii Parona, 1890; Lithocampe fasciata Rüst, 1898; Parvicingula mashitaensis Mizutani, 1981; Parvicingula usotanensis Tumanda, 1989; Tethysetta cingulifera Dumitrica in Dumitrica et al., 1997; Tethysetta hullae Dumitrica in Dumitrica et al., 1997; Tethysetta ovoidala Dumitrica in Dumitrica et al., 1997; Tethysetta pygmaea Dumitrica in Dumitrica et al., 1997.

Eoxitus baloghi Kozur, 1985

Figure 6.7−6.11

1985 Eoxitus baloghi Kozur, p. 216, fig. 2c.

1985 Eoxitus nodosus Kozur, p. 218, figs. 2a−b, not fig. 2d.

1997 Parvicingula dhimenaensis ssp. A Baumgartner et al.; Arakawa, pl. 4, fig. 8, not fig. 4 (= E. hungaricus).

1987 Parvicingula sp. B Aita, p. 66, pl. 5, figs. 9a−10b; pl. 11, fig. 1.

1987 Parvicingula sp. C Aita, p. 66, pl. 5, figs. 12a−13b?; pl. 11, fig. 2.

1989 Triversus spinifer Hattori and Sakamoto, pl. 12, fig. D.

2006 Tethysetta baloghi; O’Dogherty et al., p. 436, pl. 3, figs. 20−21.

Eoxitus? brevis Kozur, 1985

Figure 7.9

1985 Eoxitus brevis Kozur, p. 217, figs. 2e−f.

Remarks

This species is questionably assigned to Eoxitus because it has more than three rows of pores per segment.

Eoxitus dhimenaensis (Baumgartner, 1984)

Figure 6.15−6.16

1976 Amphipyndax sp. Baumgartner and Bernoulli, p. 611, figs. 12 e, i, m.

1981 Parvicingula boesii (Parona); De Wever and Caby, pl. 2, fig. C.

1981Parvicingula boesii; Kocher, p. 81, pl. 15, fig. 11 only.

1982 Parvicingula sp. C Aita, pl. 1, figs. 13, 14.

1982 Amphipyndax ? sp. Nishizono et al., pl. 3, fig. 16.

1984 Parvicingula dhimenaensis Baumgartner, p. 778, pl. 7, figs. 2−3, not fig. 4.

1985 Parvicingula dhimenaensis; De Wever and Miconnet, p. 389, pl. 4, figs. 4, 6−8.

1985 Parvicingula dhimenaensis; Yamamoto et al., p. 36, pl. 6, fig. 1.

1986 Parvicingula dhimenaensis; Conti, pl. 1, fig. 1.

1986 Parvicingula dhimenaensis; Kishida and Hisada, fig. 2.4; fig. 8.2.

1986b Parvicingula dhimenaensis; Matsuoka, pl. 2, fig. 12.

1987 Parvicingula dhimenaensis; Aita, p. 66, ?pl. 2, figs. 3a−b, 5a−b; pl. 9, figs. 12−13.

1987 Parvicingula dhimenaensis; Goričan, p. 185, pl. 3, figs. 13−14.

1988 Parvicingula dhimenaensis; Wakita, pl. 4, fig. 10; pl. 5, fig. 7.

1991b Parvicingula dhimenaensis; Matsuoka, pl. 1, fig. 7.

1995bParvicingula dhimenaensis dhimenaensis; Baumgartner et al., p. 406, pl. 4072, only fig. 1.

1998 Parvicingula dhimenaensis dhimenaensis; Arakawa, pl. 9, fig. 416.

1998 Parvicingula ? sp. B0 Arakawa, pl. 9, fig. 448.

2009 Parvicingula dhimenaensis; Suzuki and Gawlick, p. 169, figs. 6.9A–B.

2012 Eoxitus dhimenaensis; Goričan et al., pl. 1, figs. 12–13.

Eoxitus hungaricus Kozur, 1985

Figure 6.1−6.6

1982 Amphipyndax (?) sp. A Kido et al., pl. 4, figs. 1−2.

1982 Parvicingula sp. J Kishida and Sugano, pl. 12, figs. 6−7.

1982 Parvicingula (?) sp. Imoto et al., pl. 3, 6−7.

1985 Eoxitus elongatus Kozur, p. 217, fig. 1h.

1985 Eoxitus hungaricus Kozur, p. 216, figs. 1a–b, d–e.

1985 Parvicingula spinosa Aita, figs. 6.12−6.13.

1992 Eoxitus hungaricus; Ožvoldová, pl. 1, fig. 14; pl. 4, fig. 8.

1994 Parvicingula dhimenaensis Baumgartner; Goričan, p. 80, pl. 24, figs. 12−13.

1995 Parvicingula dhimenaensis; Takahashi and Ishii, pl. 1, fig. 27.

1995bParvicingula dhimenaensis ssp. A Baumgartner et al., p. 406, pl. 4071, only fig. 1−3.

1997 Parvicingula dhimenaensis; Arakawa, pl. 4, fig. 4, not fig. 8 (= E. baloghi).

1998 Parvicingula dhimenaensis; Arakawa, pl. 9, fig. 417.

2003 Triversus hungaricus; Suzuki and Gawlick, p. 195, fig. 6.58–6.60.

2009 Triversus hungaricus; Suzuki and Gawlick, p. 170, fig. 5.14; figs. 6.6A–B, 6.7–6.8.

Eoxitus? sp. A

Figure 6.17

1982 Parvicingula decora Pessagno and Whalen; Aubrecht and Ožvoldová, 1994, pl. 4, fig. 1.

1995b Parvicingula(?) spinata; Baumgartner et al., p. 412, pl. 3187, fig. 1 only, fig. 2?

1998 Parvicingula sp. E0 Arakawa, pl. 10, fig. 430.

1998 Parvicingula sp. E1 Arakawa, pl. 10, fig. 431.

Remarks

The apical horn and pointed nodes enable differentiation from Praeparvicingula Pessagno, Blome, and Hull in Pessagno et al., 1993.

Eoxitus? sp. B

Figure 6.28

Remarks

This morphotype is easily distinguished from other species of Eoxitus by is enormous apical horn.

Family Canoptidae Pessagno in Pessagno et al., 1979

Type species

Canoptum poissoni Pessagno in Pessagno et al., 1979.

Occurrence

Ladinian to upper Bajocian.

Genus Canoptum Pessagno, 1979

Remarks

Includes generic concepts of Paracanoptum Yeh, 1987b and Pseudocanoptum Suzuki, 1997.

Canoptum krahsteinense (Suzuki and Gawlick in Gawlick et al., 2004)

Figure 6.33

1985 Canoptum sp. Yamamoto et al., p. 34, pl. 3, fig. 10.

2003 Spongocapsula krahsteinensis Suzuki and Gawlick, p. 189, fig. 6.95. (Premature name)

2004 Spongocapsula krahsteinensis Suzuki and Gawlick in Gawlick et al., p. 313, figs. 4.7−4.10.

2007b Spongocapsula krahsteinensis; Gawlick et al., fig. 7.14.

2009 Spongocapsula krahsteinensis; Ishida, figs. 10.18, 10.35.

2011 Spongocapsula cf. krahsteinensis; Ishida, fig. 6.23.

2014 Canoptum krahsteinense; Šegvić et al., pl. 1, figs. 8−9.

Genus Cinguloturris Dumitrica in Dumitrica and Mello, 1982

Type species

Cinguloturris carpatica Dumitrica in Dumitrica and Mello, 1982.

Occurrence

Upper Bathonian to lower Valanginian.

Cinguloturris carpatica Dumitrica in Dumitrica and Mello, 1982

Figure 6.29−6.30

1982 Cinguloturris carpatica Dumitrica in Dumitrica and Mello, p. 23, pl. 4, figs. 7−11.

2006 Cinguloturris carpatica; O’Dogherty et al., p. 435, pl. 3, figs. 8−9. [See for complete synonymy]

2009 Cinguloturris carpatica; Suzuki and Gawlick, p. 167, figs. 5.2, 6.1A–B.

Cinguloturris getsensis O’Dogherty, Goričan, and Dumitrica in O’Dogherty et al., 2006

Figure 6.31−6.32

2006 Cinguloturris getsensis O’Dogherty, Goričan, and Dumitrica in O’Dogherty et al., p. 435, pl. 3, figs. 10−12. [See for complete synonymy]

Cinguloturris latiannulata (Grill and Kozur, 1986)

Figure 6.34

1986 Canoptum latiannulatum Grill and Kozur, p. 250, pl. 7, figs. 4−5.

Remarks

This species is closely related morphologically to C. carpatica, but differs by having no pores in the intersegmental depressions at strictures.

Family Obeliscoitidae O’Dogherty, 1994

Genus Olanda Hull, 1997

Type species

Olanda olorina Hull, 1997.

Occurrence

Lower Bajocian to middle Albian.

Olanda sp.

Figure 7.14

Remarks

The single specimen found in sample BMW-28 from the lower Bathonian is broken and cannot be determined at species level, but the proximal part is in good agreement with the genus Olanda.

Family Parvicingulidae Pessagno, 1977a

Genus Caneta Pessagno, Blome, and Hull in Pessagno et al., 1993

Type species

Parvicingula hsui Pessagno, 1977a.

Occurrence

Lower Kimmeridgian to upper Tithonian.

Caneta hsui (Pessagno, 1977a)

Figure 6.25

1977a Ristola hsui Pessagno, p. 85, pl. 8, figs. 15−16; pl. 9, figs. 1−5.

1984 Ristola hsui; Pessagno et al., p. 29, pl. 4, figs. 2−3.

1993 Parvicingula sp. cf. hsui; Yang, p. 119, pl. 19, figs. 4−5, 14, 17, 21.

1995 Caneta hsui; Hull, p. 16, pl. 1, figs. 6, 10, 18, 22; pl. 6, fig. 10.

1996 Caneta hsui; Kiessling and Scasso, pl. 1, fig. 17.

1999 Caneta hsui s.l.; Kiessling, p. 48, pl. 10, figs. 12−13.

2003 Wrangellium hsuei; Suzuki and Gawlick, p. 194, fig. 6.99.

2007b Wrangellium hsuei; Gawlick et al., fig. 8.48.

Remarks

Our specimen does not have a constricted last segment as illustrated in the holotype.

Genus Takemuraella new name

1986 Triversus Takemura, preoccupied name (non Triversus Sher 1973, Nematoidea).

Type species

Triversus japonicus Takemura, 1986.

Other species

Praeparvicingula tlellensis Carter in Goričan et al., 2006; Triversus fastigatus Hull, 1997; Triversus schardti O’Dogherty, Goričan, and Dumitrica in O’Dogherty et al., 2006; Triversus spinifer Takemura, 1986; Triversus preconicus Vishnevskaya, 1991.

Diagnosis

Multicyrtid having three rows of circular pores by segment, which are externally weakly defined by ridges or strictures, and usually without apical horn or occasionally a very faint apical horn is present (e.g., Triversus fastigatus Hull 1997, pl. 51, fig. 5).

Occurrence

Upper Pliensbachian to upper Bathonian.

Etymology

In honor of our friend and colleague Prof. Atsushi Takemura, for his great contribution of the taxonomy and stratigraphy of Paleozoic and Mesozoic radiolarians.

Remarks

Takemura (1986) emphasized the Amphipyndax-type cephalic skeletal structure of this genus as a distinction from Parvicingula. In addition, we note that Takemuraella shares with other parvicingulids the three rows of pores per segment. but it lacks the typical circumferential ridges always visible in Praeparvicingula and Parvicingula.

Takemuraella japonica (Takemura, 1986)

Figure 6.49−6.50

1986 Triversus japonicus Takemura, p. 62, pl. 16−20.

notTriversus japonicus; Hattori and Sakamoto, pl. 12, 1989 figs. B−C.

2006 Triversus japonicus; O’Dogherty et al., 434, pl. 4, fig. 3.

2013 Triversus japonicus; Chiari et al., p. 418, fig. 14k.

Takemuraella schardti (O’Dogherty, Goričan, and Dumitrica in O’Dogherty et al., 2006)

Figure 6.18−6.21

1997 Ristola (?) turpicula Pessagno and Whalen; Arakawa, pl. 4, fig. 18.

2006 Stichocapsa tuscanica Chiari, Cortese, and Marcucci; Danelian et al., pl. 2, fig. 8.

2006 Triversus schardti O’Dogherty, Goričan, and Dumitrica in O’Dogherty et al., p. 434, pl. 4, figs. 4−10. [See for complete synonymy]

2008 Parvicingula spinata (Vinassa de Regny); Auer et al., fig. 9.47.

2009 Triversus hexagonatus (Heitzer); Suzuki and Gawlick, p. 170, figs. 5.15; 6.11A–B.

Takemuraella sp. cf. T. schardti (O’Dogherty, Goričan, and Dumitrica in O’Dogherty et al., 2006)

Figure 7.10−7.11

Remarks

This species differs from T. schardti by having fewer segments, a wider conical shell, and larger pores.

Takemuraella spinifera (Takemura, 1986)

Figure 6.22−6.24

1982 Amphipyndax sp. A Kido et al., pl. 4, figs. 1, 2.

1982 Amphipyndax (?) sp. Kojima, p. 88, pl. 1, fig. 4.

1986 Triversus spinifer Takemura, p. 63, pl. 10, figs. 21−23; pl. 11, figs. 1−2.

1987 Ristola sp. E Hattori, pl. 19, fig. 6.

1987 Triversus aff. T. spinifer Hattori, pl. 20, fig. 7.

1989 Parvicingula (?) sp. Hattori and Sakamoto, pl. 12, fig. A.

1989 Ristola spp. Hattori, pl. 14, fig. H.

1997 Parvicingula aff. spinifer; Yao, pl. 13, fig. 609.

1998 Parvicingula sp. H0 Arakawa, pl. 9, fig. 434.

2003 Parvicingula spinifer; Goričan et al., p. 297, pl. 5, fig. 5.

2004 Triversus spinifer; Matsuoka, fig. 239.

2006 Praeparvicingula? spinifera; Goričan et al., p. 338, pl. TVS01, figs. 1−5.

2012 Eoxitus spinifer (Takemura); Goričan et al., pl. 1, fig. 40.

2013 Triversus sp. cf. T. spinifer Takemura; Chiari et al., fig. 14l.

Remarks

As in Takemuraella schardti, the presence or absence of a delicate and narrower last segment (even broken, see Fig. 6.17−18) is not considered a significant characteristic to separate two morphotypes belonging to different subspecies.

Family Pseudodictyomitridae Pessagno, 1977b

Genus Loopus Yang, 1993

Type species

Pseudodictyomitra primitiva Matsuoka and Yao, 1985.

Other species

Candissa mexicana Hull, 1997; Cinguloturris? venusta Chiari, Cortese, and Marcucci in Chiari et al., 1997; Loopus doliolum Dumitrica in Dumitrica et al., 1997; Loopus doliolum martae Beccaro, 2004; Loopus yangi Dumitrica in Dumitrica et al., 1997; Pseudodictyomitra blabla Schaaf, 1981.

Occurrence

Lower Bathonian to lower Aptian.

Remarks

Includes generic concepts of Candissa Hull, 1997.

Loopus martae Beccaro, 2004

Figure 7.64−7.66

2004 Loopus doliolum martae Beccaro, p. 13, pl. 1, figs. 3−5.

2008 Loopus doliolum martae; Beccaro et al., pl. 3, fig. 17.

Remarks

In this paper the record of the taxon is raised to species level. This new taxonomic assignation is justified by the clear morphological distinction and different stratigraphic ranges between Loopus doliolum Dumitrica in Dumitrica et al., 1997 and Loopus martae Beccaro.

Loopus mexicanus (Hull, 1997)

Figure 7.71

1997 Candissa mexicana Hull, p. 144, pl. 47, figs. 11−12, 17, 21, 24.

Remarks

Loopus mexicanus is distinguished from other Loopus included by having a lobate outline with well-pronounced constrictions.

Loopus venustus (Chiari, Cortese, and Marcucci in Chiari et al., 1997)

Figure 7.67−7.70

1982? Unnamed multicyrtoid nassellaria Adachi, pl. 2, fig. 7.

1986a Pseudodictyomitra (?) sp. D Matsuoka, pl. 4, only figs. 2−6.

1986b Pseudodictyomitra (?) sp. D Matsuoka, pl. 2, fig. 11; pl. 3, figs. 12a–b.

1988 Pseudodictyomitra sp. D Wakita, pl. 1, fig. 12.

1988 Pseudodictyomitra (?) sp. D Wakita, pl. 4, fig. 12.

1990 Pseudodictyomitra (?) sp. D Matsuoka and Oji, pl. 1, fig. 8.

1997 Cinguloturris (?) venusta Chiari, Cortese, and Marcucci in Chiari et al., p. 66, pl. 2, figs. 4−5.

1997 Cinguloturris (?) sp. Chiari, Cortese, and Marcucci in Chiari et al., pl. 2, fig. 6.

2006 Dictyomitrella (?) sp. 3 O’Dogherty et al., p. 436, pl. 3, fig. 16.

2006 Loopus venustus; Danelian et al., p. S40, pl. 1, figs. 21–23.

Remarks

We group a large variety of Loopus with complex irregular ornamentation of disconnected short costae and small polygonal depressions in L. venustus. This species clearly differs from L. primitivus, which has regularly distributted vertical costae, no polygonal depressions, and stronger strictures.

Genus Mizukidella new genus

Type species

Dictyomitrella? kamoensis Mizutani and Kido, 1983.

Other species

Canoptum hungaricum Grill and Kozur, 1986; ?Canoptum rudabanyaense Grill and Kozur, 1986 ; Mizukidella mokaensis new species.

Diagnosis

Multicyrtid conical to subcylindrical shell. Cephalis dome-shaped without horn. Abdomen and post-abdominal cylindrical segments separated by nodose circumferential ridges, with paired pores just below and above the ridges. Abdomen and post-abdominal chambers have more or less regularly arranged rows of circular pits.

Etymology

Achronym of parts of Mizutani, Kido, and Dictyomitrella; feminine gender.

Occurrence

Bajocian to upper Berriasian.

Remarks

Mizukidella n. gen. is distinguished from other parvicingulids by having a characteristic surface with pits (very small depressions) on the medial part of post-abdominal segments, which are bounded by circumferential ridges and limited by one row of pores below and above. A possible origin from Canoptum is suspected. Through the latest Jurassic, this genus may have given rise to Svinitzium by the regularization of the size and arrangement of pores and pits around the circumferential ridges.

Mizukidella kamoensis (Mizutani and Kido, 1983)

Figure 6.12−6.14

1983 Dictyomitrella (?) kamoensis Mizutani and Kido, p. 258, pl. 53, figs. 2−4b.

2006 Dictyomitrella (?) kamoensis; O’Dogherty et al., p. 435, pl. 3, fig. 15. [See for complete synonymy]

2009 Wrangellium oregonense Yeh; Yeh, p. 59, pl. 17, figs. 13, 22.

2013 Svinitzium kamoense; Chiari et al., fig. 14d.

Mizukidella mokaensis new species

Figure 6.26−6.27

1998 Praecaneta ? sp. 6 Matsuoka, pl. 9, fig. 129.

Holotype

The specimen illustrated on figure 6.27 from sample BMW-35, upper Tithonian of Sillenkopf Formation (Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria).

Diagnosis

Parvicingulid with very small depressions (pits) arranged linearly on the medial part of post-abdominal segments. A middle row of pores is always present in distal segments.

Occurrence

Middle Oxfordian to upper Berriasian.

Description

Shell as with genus having commonly a conical shell with eight segments. Cephalis and thorax poreless, conical, and separated by rows of small pores. Distal segments increase gradually in width. Circumferential ridges strong and bearing vertical bars displaying a typical “H-linked” structure. Each segment has two rows of pits at the ridges and a row of small pores in the middle part. Two rows of bigger pores are always present just above and below the ridges. In well-preserved specimens (e.g., Mariana trench, Matsuoka, 1998, pl. 9, fig. 129), a velum on the distalmost segment may be preserved.

Etymology

Mokaensis is an anagram of kamoensis, which is the other species included into this genus (see above).

Measurements

(in micrometers; µm) maximum diameter of conical shell 226−263, mean 240; maximum length 113−119, mean 116, based on three specimens.

Remarks

Mizukidella mokaensis differs from M. kamoensis by having a more regular shell structure. The pits are linearly arranged, pores are larger, ridges are stronger, and a middle row of pores is always present in distal segments.

Family Xitidae Pessagno, 1977b

Genus Xitus Pessagno, 1977b

Type species

Xitus plenus Pessagno, 1977b.

Occurrence

Upper Bajocian to upper Campanian.

Remarks

Includes generic concepts of Antexitus Yeh, 2009.

Xitus skenderbegi (Chiari, Marcucci, and Prela, 2002)

Figure 7.1−7.3

1993 Xitus? sp. A Cortese, p. 181, pl. 7, figs. 6−7.

1997 Xitus sp. Matsuoka and Baumgartner, pl. 3, fig. 16.

1999 Xitus sp. A Halamić et al., pl. 3, figs. 1−4.

2002 Neorelumbra skenderbegi Chiari, Marcucci, and Prela, p. 68, pl. 1, figs. 14−21.

2003 Neorelumbra skenderbegi; Suzuki and Gawlick, p. 190, fig. 6.32.

2004 Neorelumbra skenderbegi; Chiari et al., pl. 2, fig. 2.

2005 Xitus skenderbegi; Šmuc and Goričan, p. 62, pl. 4, figs. 15−16.

2008 Xitus skenderbegi; Auer et al., fig. 9.42

2009 Xitus skenderbegi; Suzuki and Gawlick, fig. 5.11.

Xitus sp. A

Figure 7.12−7.13

Remarks

This species differs from X. skenderbegi by having a more slender shape; it differs from X. magnus Baumgartner in Baumgartner et al., 1995 in being smaller and having fewer segments.

Family Xitomitridae new family

Type genus

Xitomitra new genus.

Included genera

Campanomitra new genus; Parvimitrella new genus; Pseudodictyomitrella Grill and Kozur, 1986; Xitomitra new genus.

Diagnosis

Multicyrtid nassellarians with small poreless cephalis and all other segments covered by a latticed meshwork of uniform size polygonal pore frames. Shell largely open distally and lacking any kind of distal projections or appendages. The genera are distinguished on the basis of presence or absence of apical horn and presence or absence of stricture at intersegmental constrictions. Only one genus, Xitomitra n. gen., may develop a secondary layer of very faint nodes on distal segments.

Occurrence

Aalenian to Maastrichtian.

Remarks

The Xitomitridae n. fam. is related to the Canoptidae, Parvicingulidae, and Xitidae. It differs from the Canoptidae by having a latticed shell with larger pores. It differs from Parvicingulidae by lacking the typical arrangement of horizontal rows of pores per segment. Xitomitridae n. fam. is also distinguished from Xitidae by lacking the typical double layer latticed meshwork bearing large tubercles on the entire surface.

Genus Campanomitra new genus

Type species

Stichocapsa praepulchella Hori, 1999.

Other species

Amphipyndax awaensis Nakaseko and Nishimura in Nakaseko et al., 1979; Amphipyndax conicus Nakaseko and Nishimura, 1981; Amphipyndax ellipticus Nakaseko and Nishimura, 1981; Archicorys pulchella Rüst, 1885; Parvicingula cappa Cortese, 1993; ?Pseudoeucyrtis buekkensis Grill and Kozur, 1986, Quarticella hunzikeri O’Dogherty, Goričan, and Dumitrica in O’Dogherty et al., 2006; ?Stichocapsa labyrinthica Dumitrica in Dumitrica et al., 1997; Stichocapsa tuscanica Chiari, Cortese, and Marcucci in Chiari et al., 1997; Stichocapsa ulivii Chiari, Cortese, and Marcucci in Chiari et al., 1997; Stichocapsa devorata arctica Vishnevskaya and Murchey, 2002; forms included as Stichocapsa spp. by Matsuoka (1998, figs. 35, 37−40).

Diagnosis

Campanulate shell composed of four to ten segments. Largely open distally. Small, poreless cephalis without apical horn. Other segments covered by a latticed meshwork consisting of relatively large polygonal pore frames. The strictures between junctions of the segments are never present.

Etymology

Genus name derived from campano (bell) and mitra (ecclesiastical headgear: miter). Feminine gender.

Occurrence

Bajocian to Cenomanian.

Remarks

Campanomitra n. gen. differs from Pseudodictyomitrella by lacking an apical horn. It differs from Parvimitrella and Xitomitra in having larger pores and no intersegmental constrictions. Campanomitra n. gen. differs from Takemuraella by lacking the arrangement of three rows of pores per segment and having no circumferential ridges.

A common character of the genus in Cretaceous species is the presence of a large sutural pore on the surface of the shell. Stichocapsa labyrinthica Dumitrica in Dumitrica et al., 1997 is tentatively assigned in this genus because it lacks the distinctive sutural pore present in all other Cretaceous representatives of the genus.

Campanomitra sp. aff. C. buekkensis (Grill and Kozur, 1986)

Figure 6.44

1986 Pseudoeucyrtis buekkensis Grill and Kozur, p. 251, pl. 6, fig. 4.

Remarks

This specimen is characterized by an irregular arrangement of circular pores throughout the entire shell. It differs from typical C. buekkensis in which the pores are arranged in horizontal rows distally.

Campanomitra tuscanica (Chiari, Cortese, and Marcucci in Chiari et al., 1997)

Figure 6.65−6.69

1986 Pseudodictyomitrella hexagonata; Grill and Kozur, pl. 4, fig. 2.

1997 Stichocapsa tuscanica Chiari, Cortese, and Marcucci in Chiari et al., p. 70, pl. 4, figs. 8−9.

2003 Triversus hexagonatus; Suzuki and Gawlick, p. 194, figs. 5.48, 6.61.

2006 Pseudodictyomitrella tuscanica; O’Dogherty et al., p. 440, pl. 5, figs. 7−9.

2006 Triversus hexagonatus; Gawlick et al., fig. 8c.40; fig. 9b.20.

2006 Triversus hexagonatus; Auer et al., fig. 6.48.

2007b Triversus hexagonatus; Gawlick et al., fig. 17.29.

2013 Pseudodictyomitrella tuscanica; Chiari et al., p. 415, fig. 13t.

Campanomitra sp. aff. C. tuscanica (Chiari, Cortese, and Marcucci in Chiari et al., 1997)

Figure 6.62−6.64

Remarks

This species differs from C. tuscanica by having cylindrical instead of conical shell distally.

Campanomitra sp. aff. C. ulivii (Chiari, Cortese, and Marcucci in Chiari et al., 1997)

Figure 6.70−6.73

1997 Stichocapsa ulivii Chiari, Cortese, and Marcucci in Chiari et al., p. 70, pl. 4, figs. 10−11.

?1997 Stichocapsa sp. aff. S. ulivii Chiari, Cortese, and Marcucci in Chiari et al., p. 72, pl. 4, fig. 12.

Remarks

This species resembles C. ulivii in shape and pore size, but differs by having a smoother surface without raised pore frames.

Campanomitra? sp. A

Figure 6.40−6.43

Remarks

The specimens included in this species have a barrel-shape outline (fusiform) and consist of six or more segments.

Campanomitra? spp.

Figure 6.56−6.61

1982 Stichocapsa sp. A Sashida et al., pl. 2, fig. 2.

1989 Bagotum sp. A Hattori and Sakamoto, pl. 13, fig. J.

Remarks

Various species of Campanomitra n. gen. with fewer than five segments commonly occur in our material. Similar forms have been previously illustrated (see synonymy). However, more in depth taxonomical research is needed to describe new species. This morphotype vaguely resembles the Cretaceous species Trimulus parmatus O’Dogherty, 1994.

Genus Parvimitrella new genus

Type species

Pseudodictyomitrella wallacheri Grill and Kozur 1986 (syn. Parvifavus irregularis Takemura, 1986).

Included species

Amphipyndax plousios Foreman, 1968; Parvifavus irregularis Takemura, 1986; Pseudodictyomitrella wallacheri Grill and Kozur, 1986; Stichomitra? angulata Bragin and Tekin in Bragin et al., 2002; Stichomitra cathara Foreman, 1968; Stichomitra? cechena Foreman, 1968; Stichomitra communis Squinabol, 1903; Stichomitra compsa Foreman, 1968; Stichomitra magna Squinabol, 1904; ?Stichomitra navalis O’Dogherty, 1994.

Diagnosis

Thick-walled shell, multisegmented, having a single hexagonal closely packed layer of pores per segment. Strictures between segments usually well marked.

Etymology

The generic name comes from a combination of Pseudodictyomitrella and Parvifavus, to which the type species was originally assigned.

Occurrence

Aalenian to Maastrichtian.

Remarks

Parvimitrella n. gen. is erected to replace the genus Stichomitra Cayeux, 1897, sensu O’Dogherty, 1994, due to problems related to the poor definition of the type species (see discussion regarding this subject in O’Dogherty, 1994; O’Dogherty et al., 2009).

Parvimitrella n. gen. (ex. Stichomitra) is easily distinguished from other Jurassic and Cretaceous multi-segmented forms by its typical pattern of hexagonal close-packed layer of pores per chamber and its frequently dome-shaped cephalis, divided into two chambers by a transverse internal ledge. Parvimitrella n. gen. is distinguished from Amphipyndax in lacking two structurally distinct layers of test material and if circumferential ridges develop, they never occur at segmental divisions.

Parvimitrella n. gen. differs from Pseudodictyomitrella by having a rounded cephalis and strictures at segmental divisions. As mentioned above, many species originally included under the genus Stichomitra (especially in the Cretaceous) belong at least to three distinct described genera: Amphipternis Foreman, 1973a; Schaafella Vishnevskaya in Basov and Vishnevskaya, 1991; and Eostichomitra Empson-Morin, 1981.

Species frequently ascribed to Stichomitra, but now considered as belonging to other genera: Amphipternis: Dictyomitra mediocris Tan, 1927; Stichocapsa? stocki Campbell and Clark, 1944; and Stichomitra tosaensis Nakaseko and Nishimura, 1981.

Schaafella: Schaafella deweveri Vishnevskaya in Basov and Vishnevskaya, 1991; Schaafella nodosa Vishnevskaya in Basov and Vishnevskaya, 1991; Schaafella tochilinae Vishnevskaya in Basov and Vishnevskaya, 1991; Stichomitra tosaensis Nakaseko and Nishimura in Nakaseko et al., 1979; and Stichopilium bonum Kozlova in Kozlova and Gorbovetz, 1966.

Eostichomitra: Eostichomitra warzigita Empson-Morin, 1981; Stichomitra asymbatos Foreman, 1968; Vistularia magna Gorka, 1989; and ?Cyrtocapsa pseudacerra Tan, 1927.

Parvimitrella wallacheri (Grill and Kozur, 1986)

Figure 6.39

1986 Pseudodictyomitrella wallacheri Grill and Kozur, p. 253, pl. 4, figs. 5−7.

1986 Parvifavus irregularis Takemura, p. 9, pl. 10, figs. 10−13.

2008 Parvifavus wallacheri; Auer et al., fig. 9.48.

2011 Parvifavus irregularis; Yeh, p. 8, pl. 2, figs. 1−2.

Remarks

Because the paper by Grill and Kozur was published in January 1986 but the paper by Takemura in December 1986, the species name of P. wallacheri has priority. It is also considered the type species of this genus.

Genus Pseudodictyomitrella Grill and Kozur, 1986

Type species

Pseudodictyomitrella spinosa Grill and Kozur, 1986.

Other species

Parvicingula limana Cortese, 1993 ; Pseudodictyomitrella badouxi O’Dogherty, Goričan and Dumitrica in O’Dogherty et al., 2006; Pseudodictyomitrella escheri O’Dogherty, Goričan and Dumitrica in O’Dogherty et al., 2006; Pseudodictyomitrella renevieri O’Dogherty, Goričan and Dumitrica in O’Dogherty et al., 2006.

Remarks

All species here included under Pseudodictyomitrella have a conical shell with an acute cephalis tapering in an apical horn. For a detailed description of all these species the reader is referred to O’Dogherty et al., 2006.

Occurrence

Lower Bajocian to upper Bathonian.

Pseudodictyomitrella limana (Cortese, 1993)

Figure 6.45−6.48

1985 Parvicingula ? sp. Yamamoto et al., p. 36, pl. 6, fig. 5.

1993 Parvicingula limana Cortese; p. 177; pl. 4, figs. 5–7.

2003 Parvicingula cappa Cortese; Suzuki and Gawlick, p. 187, fig. 6.84 only.

2006 Pseudodictyomitrella limana; O’Dogherty et al., p. 440, pl. 5, fig. 18.

Pseudodictyomitrella renevieri O’Dogherty, Goričan, and Dumitrica in O’Dogherty et al., 2006

Figure 7.5−7.7

1998 Parvicingula ? sp. A1 Arakawa, pl. 10, fig. 454.

1998 Parvicingula ? sp. J0 Arakawa, pl. 10, fig. 462.

2006 Pseudodictyomitrella renevieri O’Dogherty, Goričan, and Dumitrica in O’Dogherty et al., p. 440, pl. 5, figs. 19−22.

Pseudodictyomitrella sp. cf. P. renevieri O’Dogherty, Goričan, and Dumitrica in O’Dogherty et al., 2006

Figure 7.8

Remarks

The specimen has a pointed cephalis but supposedly due to preservation it lacks the apical horn.

Genus Xitomitra new genus

Type species

Stichomitra tairai Aita, 1987.

Other species

Stichomitra annibill Kocher, 1981 (syn. Stichomitra? matsuokai Hull, 1997).

Diagnosis

Shell conical with four or more segments and a large distal aperture. Very large cephalis, imperforate and usually bearing a small apical horn. Subsequent segments increasing gradually in height, with well-defined external strictures. All segments covered by a regular pattern of polygonal (mostly hexagonal) pore frames. Distalmost segments may bear thick nodes.

Etymology

Arbitrary combination of letters (ICZN, Art. 11.3) plus mitra (from Latin, meaning cap); feminine gender.

Remarks

Xitomitra n. gen. differs from other genera included in this family by having a more lobate outline with well-marked strictures. It differs from Parvimitrella n. gen. by having a thick, wider and pointed cephalic region (see pl. 3, fig. 8a of Aita, 1987).

Occurrence

Middle Bathonian to lower Callovian.

Xitomitra annibill (Kocher, 1981)

Figure 6.51−6.54

1981 Stichomitra annibill Kocher, p. 96, pl. 16, figs. 24−26.

1989 Gen 2 sp. B Hattori and Sakamoto, ? pl. 14, fig. E.

1996 Stichomitra tairai Aita; Marcucci and Prela, pl. 2, fig. 14.

1997 Stichomitra (?) matsuokai Hull, p. 164, pl. 49, figs. 2−3, 13−14, 19−20.

2003 non Stichomitra annibill; Suzuki and Gawlick, figs. 6.35−6.36. [= X. tairai]

2005 Stichomitra annibill; Šmuc and Goričan, pl. 4, fig. 24.

2006 Stichomitra annibill; O’Dogherty et al., p. 442, pl. 5, figs. 1−3.

2006 non Stichomitra annibill; Auer et al., fig. 6.37. [= X. tairai]

2008 non Stichomitra annibill; Auer et al., fig. 9.66. [= X. tairai]

2009 non Stichomitra annibill; Suzuki and Gawlick, fig. 5.16. [= X. tairai]

Remarks

Xitomitra annibill differs from Xitomitra tairai by having a smaller cephalis and a four-segmented shell. Furthermore, the shell does not have the outer characteristic layer of ornametation as developed in the Japanese species.

Xitomitra tairai (Aita, 1987)

Figure 6.35−6.38

1987 Stichomitra (?) tairai Aita, p. 72, pl. 3, figs. 7a−9; pl. 10, figs. 3−4.

1989 Stichomitra (?) sp. cf. S. tairai; Okada et al., pl. 32, fig. 12.

1996 non Stichomitra tairai; Marcucci and Prela, pl. 2, fig. 14. [= X. annibill]

2002 Stichomitra (?) tairai; Bragin et al., fig. 6.19.

2002 Stichomitra (?) sp. aff. S. (?) takanoensis Aita; Bragin et al., fig. 6.20.

2003 Stichomitra annibill Kocher; Suzuki and Gawlick, figs. 6.35−6.36.

2005 Stichomitra (?) tairai; Šmuc and Goričan, pl. 4, fig. 23.

2006 Stichomitra (?) tairai; O’Dogherty et al., p. 442, pl. 5, fig. 4−5.

2006 Stichomitra annibill; Auer et al., fig. 6.37.

2008 Stichomitra annibill; Auer et al., fig. 9.66.

2009 Stichomitra annibill; Suzuki and Gawlick, fig. 5.16.

Remarks

Xitomitra tairai is distinguished from its allied X. annibill by having a characteristic and delicate double layer of rhomboidal pore frames covering the post-thoracic segments. This ornamentation is specially marked on proximal segments, which fade out distally where very faint nodes tend to regularly cover the surface.

Xitomitra? sp. A

Figure 6.55

Remarks

This very small species is characterized by proximally conical to distally subcylidrical shell covered by a double-layered pore pattern similar to that of X. tairai. The specimen is questionably assigned to Xitomitra because its lacks the well-defined strictures and the thick large cephalis.

Order Spumellaria Ehrenberg, 1876

‘Actinommids with single medulary shell’

Superfamily Actinommoidea Haeckel, 1862

Family Pantanelliidae Pessagno, 1977b

Subfamily Pantanelliinae Pessagno, 1977b

Genus Pantanellium Pessagno, 1977a

Type species

Pantanellium riedeli Pessagno, 1977a.

Occurrence

Upper Carnian to upper Aptian.

Pantanellium riedeli Pessagno, 1977a

Figure 12.13−12.15

1977a Pantanellium riedeli Pessagno, p. 78, pl. 6, figs. 5–11.

2006 Pantanellium riedeli; O’Dogherty et al., p. 460, pl. 11, figs. 9–14. [See for complete synonymy]

Genus Gorgansium Pessagno and Blome, 1980

Type species

Gorgansium silviesense Pessagno and Blome, 1980.

Occurrence

Upper Norian to upper Valanginian.

Gorgansium silviesense Pessagno and Blome, 1980

Figure 12.5−12.6

1980 Gorgansium silviesense Pessagno and Blome, p. 235, pl. 11; figs. 2−3, 11, 24.

1982 Gorgansium silviesense; Mizutani and Koike, pl. 1, fig. 3.

1987 Gorgansium silviesense; Goričan, p. 182, pl. 3, fig. 4.

2006 Gorgansium silviesense; O’Dogherty et al., p. 460, pl. 11, fig. 22.

‘Actinommids with multiple medulary shell’

Superfamily Pylonoidea Haeckel, 1881 emend Dumitrica, 1989

Family Dactyliosphaeridae Squinabol, 1904

Subamily Hagiastrinae Riedel, 1971

Genus Crucella Pessagno, 1971

Type species

Crucella messinae Pessagno, 1971.

Occurrence

Lower Carnian to upper Campanian.

Crucella theokaftensis Baumgartner, 1980

Figure 12.37

1980 Crucella theokaftensis Baumgartner, p. 308, pl. 8, figs. 19–22; pl. 12, fig. 1.

2003 Crucella theokaftensis; Suzuki and Gawlick, p. 174, fig. 6.17.

2006 Crucella theokaftensis; O’Dogherty et al., p. 464, pl. 12, fig. 16. [See for complete synonymy]

Subfamily Emiluviinae Dumitrica, 1995

Genus Emiluvia Foreman, 1973b

Neosophia Özdikmen 2009 pro Sophia Whalen and Carter in Carter et al., 1998 (preoccupied name).

Type species

Emiluvia chica Foreman, 1973b.

Occurrence

Lower Sinemurian to upper Valanginian.

Emiluvia salensis Pessagno, 1977a

Figure 12.39−12.40

1977a Emiluvia salensis Pessagno, p. 77, pl. 5, figs. 9–11.

1995b Emiluvia salensis; Baumgartner et al., p. 210, pl. 3215, figs. 1–3.

2006 Emiluvia salensis; O’Dogherty et al., p. 468, pl. 12, figs. 12–15. [See for complete synonymy]

Emiluvia sedecimporata (Rüst, 1885)

Figure 12.38

1885 Staurosphaera sedecimporata Rüst, p. 288, pl. 28(3), fig. 1.

1994 Emiluvia sedecimporata; Goričan, p. 67, pl. 4, fig. 4.

1995b Emiluvia sedecimporata; Baumgartner et al., p. 210, pl. 3216, figs. 1–3. [See for complete synonymy]

1997 Emiluvia sedecimporata; Chiari et al., pl.2, fig. 9.

2004 Emiluvia peteri Beccaro, p. 16, fig. 4a; pl. 2, figs. 6–8.

Emiluvia? sp.

Figure 12.41

Remarks

This form is questionably assigned to Emiluvia. Similar forms have been assigned to Staurolonche Rüst, 1885 (e.g,. Staurolonche robusta), but this genus must be considered as nomen dubium (O’Dogherty et al., 2009). Further taxonomic studies are required in order to fix the taxonomic position of this species.

Family Patulibracchiidae Pessagno, 1971

Subamily Angulobracchinae Baumgartner, 1980

Genus Angulobracchia Baumgartner, 1980

Type species

Paronaella? purisimaensis Pessagno, 1977a.

Occurrence

Upper Aalenian to lower Albian.

Remarks

Includes generic concept of Cavabracchia Kito and De Wever, 1992.

Angulobracchia spp.

Figure 12.28−12.30

Remarks

These forms are very rare and badly preserved in our material; hence they have not been studied in depth in this publication.

Genus Paronaella Pessagno, 1971

Type species

Paronaella solanoensis Pessagno, 1971.

Occurrence

Lower Rhaetian to upper Coniacian.

Paronaella kotura Baumgartner, 1980

Figure 12.33−12.34

1980 Paronaella kotura Baumgartner, p. 302, pl. 9, figs. 15–19; pl. 12, fig. 8.

2006 Paronaella kotura; O’Dogherty et al., p. 468, pl. 12, figs. 12–15. [See for complete synonymy]

Paronaella pristidentata Baumgartner, 1980

Figure 12.31

1980 Paronaella pristidentata Baumgartner, p. 304, pl. 9, fig. 7; pl. 12, fig. 3.

1992 Paronaella pristidentata; Steiger, p. 44, pl. 10, figs. 8−9.

1995b Paronaella pristidentata; Baumgartner et al., p. 396, pl. 3138, figs. 1−2.

1993 Paronaella cleopatrensis Pessagno, Blome, and Hull in Pesagno et al., p. 122, pl. 2, figs. 3, 25.

1997 Paronaella pristidentata; Yao, pl. 7, fig. 309.

2001 Paronaella pristidentata; Vishnevskaya, pl. 46, figs. 3−4; pl. 91, figs. 4−5.

2009 Paronaella pristidentata; Nishihara, pl. 8, fig. 186.

Subfamily Patulibracchiinae Pessagno, 1971

Genus Homoeoparonaella Baumgartner, 1980

Type species

Paronaella elegans Pessagno, 1977a.

Occurrence

Upper Sinemurian to upper Cenomanian.

Homoeoparonaella elegans (Pessagno, 1977a)

Figure 12.32

1977a Paronaella elegans Pessagno, p. 70, pl. 1, figs. 10−11.

1995b Homoeoparonaella elegans; Baumgartner et al., p. 272, pl. 3104, figs. 1–5. [See for complete synonymy]

1999 Homoeoparonaella elegans yangi Kiessling, p. 32, pl. 6, figs. 13−14, 16.

2008 Homoeoparonaella elegans; Beccaro et al., pl. 1, fig. 22.

Homoeoparonaella spp.

Figure 12.35−12.36

Remarks

Our specimens are badly preserved, with ray tips broken off, therefore determination at species level is not possible.

Family Pseudoaulophacinae Riedel, 1967

Genus Alievium Pessagno, 1972

Type species

Theodiscus superbus Squinabol, 1914.

Occurrence

Upper Bajocian to upper Maastrichtian.

Alievium? sp. aff. A. crassum (Kiessling, 1999)

Figure 12.9

1999 Tripocyclia crassa Kiessling, p. 40, pl. 8, figs. 14, 22.

Remarks

Our specimen has shorter spines and somewhat larger nodes on the surface than the Antarctic specimens. The genus is queried because the name Tripocyclia is not valid (nomen dubium see O’Dogherty et al., 2009, p. 288) and these forms belong to a new genus not described yet.

Alievium? longispineum Yang and Wang, 1990

Figure 12.7−12.8

1990 Alievium longispineum Yang and Wang, p. 204, pl. 2, figs. 2, 4.

Remarks

This form has high generic affinity with the previous species and the genus is queried for the same reasons.

Family Tritrabidae Baumgartner, 1980

Genus Tritrabs Baumgartner, 1980

Type species

Paronaella? casmaliaensis Pessagno, 1977a.

Occurrence

Lower Aalenian to lower Aptian.

Tritrabs ewingi (Pessagno, 1971)

Figure 12.24−12.27

1971 Paronaella (?) ewingi Pessagno, p. 47, pl. 19, figs. 2–5.

2006 Tritrabs ewingi; O’Dogherty et al., p. 472, pl. 11, figs. 37, 43. [See for complete synonymy]

Superfamily Sponguroidea Haeckel, 1862

Family Archaeospongoprunidae Pessagno, 1973

Genus Archaeospongoprunum Pessagno, 1973

Type species

Archaeospongoprunum venadoensis Pessagno, 1973.

Occurrence

Upper Permian to upper Campanian.

Archaeospongoprunum elegans Wu, 1993

Figure 12.10−12.12

1993 Archaeospongoprunum elegans, p 118, pl. 1, figs. 5, 7, 23.

1997 Archaeospongoprunum aff. elegans Wu; Hull, p. 27, pl. 8, figs. 4, 9, 18−19.

2001 Archaeospongoprunum sp. Nishizono, pl. 1, fig. 3.

2002 Archaeospongoprunum elegans; Beccaro et al., pl. 1, fig. 22.

2006 Archaeospongoprunum elegans; O’Dogherty et al., p. 472, pl. 11, figs. 24−25.

Remarks

Archaeospongoprunum elegans differs from A. imlayi Pessagno, by its subrectangular shape and massive spines with prominent subsidiary grooves. We considered specimens showing slightly torsioned spines distally to be included in this species (see Fig. 12.11–12 and Hull’s 1997 material).

Family Bernoulliidae Pessagno, Blome, and Hull in Pessagno et al., 1993

Genus Bernoullius Baumgartner, 1984

Type species

Eucyrtis ? dicera Baumgartner in Baumgartner et al., 1980.

Occurrence

Lower Toarcian to lower Aptian.

Bernoullius cristatus Baumgartner, 1984

Figure 12.4

1984 Bernoullius cristatus Baumgartner, p. 760, pl. 2, figs. 14−15.

1993 Bernoullius cristatus; Pessagno et al., p. 119, pl. 1, fig. 14.

1995b Bernoullius cristatus; Baumgartner et al., p.122, pl. 3221, figs. 1–3.

2003 Bernoullius cristatus; Suzuki and Gawlick, p. 172, fig. 5.10. [See for complete synonymy]

Superfamily Saturnaloidea Deflandre, 1953

Family Saturnalidae Deflandre, 1953

Subfamily Hexasaturnalinae Kozur and Mostler, 1983

Genus Hexasaturnalis Kozur and Mostler, 1983

Type species

Spongosaturnalis ? hexagonus Yao 1972.

Occurrence

Middle Toarcian to upper Valanginian.

Remarks

Includes generic concepts of Kozurastrum De Wever, 1984 and Yaosaturnalis Kozur and Mostler, 1983.

Hexasaturnalis minor (Baumgartner in Baumgartner et al., 1995b)

Figure 12.23

1995b Acanthocircus suboblongus minor Baumgartner in Baumgartner et al., p. 66, pl. 3085, only fig. 1–3, not fig. 4 (H. nakasekoi)

2005 Hexasaturnalis minor; Dumitrica and Dumitrica-Jud, pl. 2, figs. 6, 9–13.

2008 Hexasaturnalis minor; Beccaro et al., pl. 1, fig. 18.

Hexasaturnalis nakasekoi Dumitrica and Dumitrica-Jud 2005

Figure 12.19−12.20

2005 Hexasaturnalis nakasekoi Dumitrica and Dumitrica-Jud, p. 161, pl. 1, figs. 3–13; pl. 2, figs. 1−4, 7−8. [See for complete synonymy]

2006 Hexasaturnalis nakasekoi; O’Dogherty et al., p. 473, pl. 12, fig. 31. [See for complete synonymy]

2008 Hexasaturnalis minor; Beccaro et al., pl. 1, fig. 19.

Hexasaturnalis suboblongus (Yao, 1972)

Figure 12.21−12.22

1972 Spongosaturnalis (?) suboblongus Yao, p. 29, pl. 3, figs. 1–6; pl. 10, figs. 3a–c.

1995bAcanthocircus suboblongus suboblongus; Baumgartner et al., p. 68, pl. 3088, fig. 2–4, non fig 1 [= H. nakasekoi].

2005 Hexasaturnalis suboblongus; Dumitrica and Dumitrica-Jud, pl. 1, figs. 1−2.

2013 Hexasaturnalis suboblongus; Chiari et al., p. 411, fig. 12r.

Hexasaturnalis tetraspinus (Yao, 1972)

Figure 12.16−12.18

1972 Spongosaturnalis? tetraspinus Yao, p. 29, pl. 4, figs. 1–6; pl. 11, figs. 1−2.

1995b Hexasaturnalis tetraspinus (Yao); Baumgartner et al., p. 254, pl. 3089, figs. 1–3.

2006 Hexasaturnalis tetraspinus; Goričan et al., p. 190, pl. 3089, figs. 1–5. [See for complete synonymy]

2013 Hexasaturnalis tetraspinus; Chiari et al., fig. 12s.

Age of radiolarian samples

In this section, we present the radiolarian age and results obtained for the Hallstatt Mélange in four localities at Bad Mittendorf area (Table 2). Only the stratigraphically most important species are discussed. For the complete inventory of all samples, see Table 1.

Table 2 Assigned ages and zones of studied samples.

Kumitzberg

In this area, the massive dark-gray radiolarite beds (sample EW-158) are intercalated by thin layers of cherty shales. The co-occurrence of Unuma latusicostatus (Aita) with Bernoullius cristatus Baumgartner (Table 1) suggests assignment to UAZ 5 (latest Bajocian–early Bathonian) of Baumgartner et al. (1995a). Pantanellium riedeli Pessagno, which first appears in UAZ 7, was also found. This species has a very large variability that overlaps with other Pantanellium species. Its range is thus ignored in the age determination.

Steinwand north

In this area two sections accurately determine the age of the radiolarite succession. The most complete section, in the northeastern part of the syncline structure (Fig. 4), records continuous radiolarite deposition from Bathonian to the Oxfordian. The lowermost part of the radiolarite succession (near the entrance of the valley, sample BMW-28, Fig. 4) yielded a radiolarian assemblage of latest Bajocian–early Bathonian age (UAZ 5 of Baumgartner et al., 1995a), defined on the co-occurrence of Protunuma ochiensis Matsuoka with Unuma latusicostatus (Aita). The conflicting range of Pantanellium riedeli Pessagno (UAZ 7–12) was ignored for the same reason as in the aforementioned sample EW-158 from Kumitzberg.

The youngest part of the succession is preserved in the core of the syncline (sample BMW-35, Fig. 4) and yielded a radiolarian assemblage of middle–late Oxfordian to late Kimmeridgian–early Tithonian age (UAZs 9–11 of Baumgartner et al., 1995a), based on the occurrence of Archaeodictyomitra minoensis (Mizutani), Zhamoidellum ovum Dumitrica, and Emiluvia sedecimporata (Rüst). The interval between these two ages was also recognized. UAZ 7 (late Bathonian–early Callovian) or UAZ 8 (middle Callovian–early Oxfordian) was determined in samples BMW-32 and BMW-34. Striatojaponocapsa conexa (Matsuoka) in sample BMW-32 and Preawilliriedellum robustum (Matsuoka) in sample BMW-34 suggest that these two samples are not younger than UAZ 7, but Gongylothorax favosus Dumitrica, which first occurs in UAZ 8 is also associated.

At the end of the valley is located the second stratigraphic section outcropping in this area. The radiolarian assemblage in the youngest investigated sample (BMW-33) indicates a Tithonian age. Early–early late Tithonian UAZ 12 is inferred from the co-occurrence of Eucyrtidiellum pyramis (Aita in Aita and Okada) with Protunuma japonicus Matsuoka and Yao.

Area between Krautmoos and Mischenirwiese

The thick succession of mass-flow deposits in this area is dated by the assemblages studied in the intercalated radiolarite matrix. The radiolarite sample BMW-26 collected below the first debris-flow deposit is dated latest Bajocian–early Bathonian age (UAZ 5 of Baumgartner et al., 1995a). This age is constrained with Semihsuum amabile (Aita), Saitoum trichylum De Wever, and Mizukidella kamoensis (Mizutani and Kido). The same age (UAZ 5) was obtained from a chert clast (sample BMW-13b) in the upper part of the succession. The age-diagnostic species in this clast are Theocapsomella cordis (Kocher), Eucyrtidiellum pustulatum Baumgartner, and Unuma latusicostatus (Aita). The matrix between the chert clasts (sample BMW-13c) yielded a significantly younger radiolarian fauna of middle Callovian–early Oxfordian age (UAZ 8 of Baumgartner et al., 1995a), as indicated by co-occurrence of Spinosicapsa spinosa (Ožvoldová) with Hemicryptocapsa marcucciae (Cortese).

As proven by radiolarian dating, the resedimentation of the Hallstatt Limestone started in the region of Bad Mitterndorf area since the Bathonian and prevailed at least until the Oxfordian. The area of the Hallstatt Limestone mass flows and slide blocks is separated from the coeval radiolarite succession without mass-flow deposits (the Steinwand section) by a younger thrust or fault.

Discussion

The time span of deposition of the radiolarite basin, which contains the far-traveled Hallstatt Limestone blocks, is determined as Bathonian to Oxfordian. Redeposition started in the ?late Bathonian and ended in the Oxfordian, as proven by the radiolarite matrix age and the age of the overlying sediments (O’Dogherty and Gawlick, 2008). Radiolarian ages and component spectrum define this redeposit as part of the Sandlingalm Basin (Sandlingalm Formation: Fig. 2), one of the oldest basins formed in a relative early stage of compression of the Neotethys (see Gawlick et al., 2007a, 2009, 2012; Missoni and Gawlick, 2011b for details).

The depositional areas of the radiolarites of the section Steinwand-Mischenirwiese (Fig. 4) mass flows are missing. In the more northern areas of the Northern Calcareous Alps (Fig. 3), radiolarite deposition starts relatively early, indicating an early deepening event due to the tectonic load of the advancing Hallstatt nappes. First imbricates started to form in the Bathonian–Callovian (I and II in Fig. 5), as indicated by age dating of the matrix radiolarites. In the Oxfordian (III–IIIa in Fig. 5) the mass flows also contain components of the older radiolarite “mélange” basins and the section Mischenirwiese attained a more basinal position, as indicated by the sedimentological features of the radiolarite succession. In the late Oxfordian the nappe front reached the depositional area of the Mischenirwiese section, as shown in the overlying mélange (IV in Fig. 5). In the Kimmeridgian–Tithonian, nappe propagation stopped and the nappe stack was sealed by a carbonate platform. In the Kimmeridgian, coarse reefal debris was shed into this deep-water basin (O´Dogherty and Gawlick, 2008) with a general fining-upward trend. Due to uplift and demise of the southern Platform in the late Tithonian (Fig. 5; Gawlick and Missoni 2011a), only fine-grained siliceous limestones were deposited in the basin, as proven with radiolarian dating in this study (see the youngest radiolarian sample of the Steinwand locality).

Figure 5 Reconstruction of the geologic evolution from Bathonian to Tithonian times. The radiolarite section Mischenirwiese is a complete radiolarite succession, reworked material from the advancing nappe stack, which consists of different Hallstatt imbricates, is missing. In Oxfordian times the succession was overridden by the Hallstatt mélange, which formed contemporaneously more to the south as indicated by the different radiolarite matrix ages. In Kimmeridgian–Tithonian times this tectonic nappe stack was sealed by the Plassen Carbonate Platform sensu latu (Lärchberg Formation; see Figure 2).

Figure 6 Scale bars (a, b) measure 50 µm; each radiolarian scanning micrograph is designated by sample and specimen number, followed by the corresponding scale. (1−6) Eoxitus hungaricus Kozur, sample BMW-28 (1, 073/a; 2, 072/a; 6, 043/a); sample EW-158 (3, 005/a; 5, 017/a); sample BMW-31 (4, 008/a). (7−11) Eoxitus baloghi Kozur, sample BMW-28 (7, 045/a; 8, 070/a; 11, 061/a); sample BMW-26 (9, 011/a); sample BMW-13b (10, 017/a). (12−14) Mizukidella kamoensis (Mizutani and Kido), sample BMW-28 (12, 064/a); sample EW-158 (13, 009/a; 14, 015/a). (15−16) Eoxitus dhimenaensis (Baumgartner), sample BMW-32 (15, 077/a); sample BMW-13c (16, 052/a). (17) Eoxitus? sp. A, sample BMW-31 (17, 011/a). (18−21) Takemuraella schardti (O’Dogherty, Goričan, and Dumitrica in O’Dogherty et al.) sample BMW-35 (18, 006/a); sample BMW-26 (19, 008/a; 20, 016/a; 21, 055/a). (22−24) Takemuraella spinifera (Takemura), sample BMW-28 (22, 060/a); sample BMW-31 (23, 018/a); sample EW-158 (24, 060/a). (25) Caneta hsui (Pessagno), sample BMW-35 (25, 015/a). (26−27) Mizukidella mokaensis n. sp., sample BMW-33 (26, 004/b, paratype); sample BMW-35 (27, 001/a, holotype). (28) Eoxitus? sp. B, sample BMW-31 (28, 028/b). (29−30) Cinguloturris carpatica Dumitrica in Dumitrica and Mello, sample BMW-13c (29, 026/a; 30, 018/a). (31−32) Cinguloturris getsensis O’Dogherty, Goričan, and Dumitrica in O’Dogherty et al., sample BMW-26 (31, 025/a); sample BMW-30 (32, 001/b). (33) Canoptum krahsteinense (Suzuki and Gawlick in Gawlick et al.), sample BMW-13b (33, 19/b). (34) Cinguloturris latiannulata (Grill and Kozur), sample BMW-26 (34, 010/b). (35−38) Xitomitra tairai (Aita), sample BMW-13c (35, 055/a; 37, 043/a; 38, 070/a); sample BMW-33 (36, 001/a). (39) Parvimitrella wallacheri (Grill and Kozur), sample BMW-13c (39, 036/b). (40−43) Campanomitra? sp. A, sample BMW-13c (40, 021/a; 41, 054/a; 42, 010/a; 43, 030/a). (44) Campanomitra sp. aff. C. buekkensis (Grill and Kozur), sample BMW-35 (44, 012/a). (45−48) Pseudodictyomitrella limana (Cortese), sample BMW-13b (45, 032/b); sample BMW-28 (46, 014/b); sample BMW-26 (47, 048/b; 48, 039/b). (49−50) Takemuraella japonica (Takemura), sample BMW-13b (49, 013/b); sample BMW-13c (50, 034/a). (51−54) Xitomitra annibill (Kocher), sample BMW-13c (51, 088/a; 52, 028/a; 53, 044/a; 54, 042/a). (55) Xitomitra? sp. A, sample BMW-35 (55, 020/a). (56−61) Campanomitra? spp., sample BMW-26 (56, 054/b); sample EW-158 (57, 026/b); sample BMW-35 (58, 026/a); sample BMW-13c (59, 045/a; 60, 092/b); sample BMW-13b (61, 050/b). (62−64) Campanomitra sp. aff. C. tuscanica (Chiari, Cortese, and Marcucci in Chiari et al.), sample BMW-32 (62, 041/b); sample BMW-35 (63, 023/b); sample BMW-13b (64, 012/b). (65−69) Campanomitra tuscanica (Chiari, Cortese, and Marcucci in Chiari et al.), sample BMW-32 (65, 030/a); sample BMW-13c (66, 126/a; 67, 077/b); sample BMW-28 (68, 001/a); sample BMW-33 (69, 008/b). (70−73) Campanomitra sp. aff. C. ulivii (Chiari, Cortese, and Marcucci in Chiari et al.), sample BMW-34 (70, 014/b; 71, 012/b; 72, 034/b); sample BMW-32 (73, 102/b).

Figure 7 Scale bars (a, b, c) measure 50 µm; each radiolarian scanning micrograph is designated by sample and specimen number, followed by the corresponding scale. (1−3) Xitus skenderbegi (Chiari, Marcucci, and Prela), sample BMW-26 (1, 009/c; 3 , 066/c); sample EW-158 (2, 014/c). (4) Doliocapsa keni (Kocher), sample BMW-34 (4, 035/c). (5−7) Pseudodictyomitrella renevieri O’Dogherty, Goričan, and Dumitrica in O’Dogherty et al., sample EW-158 (5, 055/c); sample BMW-26 (6, 036/c); sample BMW-28 (7, 003/c). (8) Pseudodictyomitrella sp. cf. P. renevieri O’Dogherty, Goričan, and Dumitrica in O’Dogherty et al., sample BMW-28 (8, 046/c). (9) Eoxitus? brevis Kozur, sample BMW-26 (9, 038/b). (10–11) Takemuraella sp. cf. T. schardti (O’Dogherty, Goričan, and Dumitrica in O’Dogherty et al.), sample BMW-28 (10, 063/c; 11, 053/c). (12–13) Xitus sp. A, sample BMW-34 (12, 008/c; 13, 005/c). (14) Olanda sp., sample BMW-28 (14, 067/c). (15–16) Semihsuum amabile (Aita), sample BMW-26 (15, 070/c); sample EW-158 (16, 007/c). (17) Archaeodictyomitra publica (Hull), sample BMW-13c (17, 099/c). (18−20) Archaeodictyomitra sp. aff. A. exigua Blome, sample BMW-13b (18, 013/c; 19, 028/c); sample BMW-28 (20, 062/c). (21) Archaeodictyomitra sp. cf. A. annulata Kozur and Mostler in Grill and Kozur, sample BMW-30 (21, 59/c). (22−32) Thanarla patricki gr. (Kocher), sample BMW-33 (22, 022/c); sample BMW-35 (23, 028/c; 24, 024/c; 25, 037/c; 26, 030/c; 29, 007/c; 32, 025/c); sample EW-158 (27, 063/c); sample BMW-13c (28, 129/c); sample BMW-13b (30, 004/c; 31, 022/c). (33−35) Archaeodictyomitra rigida Pessagno, sample BMW-30 (33, 039/c); sample BMW-28 (34, 042/c); sample BMW-35 (35, 021/c). (36−37) Archaeodictyomitra praeapiarium Cordey, sample BMW-26 (36, 024/b); sample EW-158 (37, 059/b). (38−39) Archaeodictyomitra tyaughtonensis Cordey, sample BMW-35 (38, 005/b; sample BMW-33 (39, 005/b). (40−42) Archaeodictyomitra minoensis (Mizutani), sample BMW-30 (40, 057/b); sample BMW-35 (41, 017/b; 42, 010/b). (43−45) Archaeodictyomitra prisca Kozur and Mostler in Grill and Kozur, sample BMW-13c (43, 075/b; 44, 051/b; 45, 017/b). (46–47) Archaeodictyomitra whalenae Kozur and Mostler in Grill and Kozur, BMW-31 (46, 026/b); sample BMW-13c (47, 049/b). (48) Archaeodictyomitra spelae Chiari, Cortese and Marcucci in Chiari et al., sample BMW-26 (48, 043/b). (49) Parahsuum sp. 1 sensu O’Dogherty et al., sample BMW-34 (49, 006/c). (50) Parahsuum snowshoense (Pessagno and Whalen), sample BMW-31 (50, 021/b). (51) Parahsuum sp. aff. P. snowshoense (Pessagno and Whalen), sample BMW-13c (51, 031/b). (52–53) Parahsuum carpathicum Widz and De Wever, sample BMW-13c (52, 050/b; 53, 076/b). (54) Hsuum arabicum Dumitrica in Dumitrica et al., sample BMW-35 (54, 009/a). (55) Hsuum obispoense Pessagno, sample BMW-34 (55, 7/b). (56−60) Parahsuum sp. 2 sensu O’Dogherty et al., sample BMW-13c (56, 020/b; 57, 025/b; 58, 033/b); sample BMW-31 (59, 016/b; 60, 070/b). (61) Parahsuum sp. aff. P. probosum (Pessagno and Whalen), sample BMW-28 (61, 054/c). (62–63) Parahsuum sp. 3 sensu O’Dogherty et al., sample BMW-13c (62, 035/b; 63, 080/b). (64−66) Loopus martae Beccaro, sample BMW-34 (64, 003/b; 65, 009/b); sample BMW-33 (66, 007/b). (67−70) Loopus venustus (Chiari, Cortese, and Marcucci in Chiari et al.), sample BMW-13b (67, 001/b); sample BMW-32 (68, 009/c); sample BMW-13c (69, 082/c); sample BMW-35 (70, 011/c). (71) Loopus mexicanus (Hull), sample BMW-34 (71, 020/c).

Figure 8 Scale bars (a, b) measure 50 µm; each radiolarian scanning micrograph is designated by sample and specimen number, followed by the corresponding scale. (1−3) Transhsuum brevicostatum (Ožvoldová), sample BMW-26 (1, 013/b); sample BMW-28 (2, 068/a); sample BMW-34 (3, 002/a). (4−8, 10−18) Transhsuum maxwelli (Pessagno), BMW-13c (4, 083/a; 6, 021/a; 7, 048/a; 18, 024/a); sample BMW-35 (5, 003/a; 13, 027/a; 15, 004/a; 16, 002/a); sample BMW-26 (8, 015/a; 11, 060/a); sample BMW-28 (10, 071/a); sample EW-158 (12, 062/a; 14, 012/a; 17, 061/a). (9) Transhsuum sp. E sensu (Yao), sample BMW-28 (9, 066/a). (19) Eucyrtidiellum pyramis (Aita in Aita and Okada), sample BMW-33 (19, 019/b). (20) Eucyrtidiellum ptyctum (Riedel and Sanfilippo), BMW-13c (20, 139/b). (21−23) Eucyrtidiellum nodosum Wakita, sample BMW-13c (21, 074/b; 22, 005/b; 23, 134/b). (24−25) Eucyrtidiellum unumaense (Yao), sample BMW-28 (24, 017/b); sample BMW-31 (25, 045/b). (26−27) Eucyrtidiellum pustulatum Baumgartner, sample BMW-33 (26, 028/b); sample BMW-13b (27, 060/b). (28) Spinosicapsa basilica (Hull), sample BMW-13c (28, 064/a). (29) Spinosicapsa sp. cf. S. triacantha (Fischli), sample BMW-13c (29, 046/a). (30) Spinosicapsa lata (Yang), sample BMW-33 (30, 018/a). (31) Spinosicapsa spinosa (Ožvoldová), sample BMW-13c (31, 057/a). (32) Yamatoum sp. A, sample BMW-28 (32, 047/b). (33–34) Doliocapsa matsuokai (Yeh), sample BMW-13b (33, 049/b); sample BMW-31 (34, 048/b). (35−37) Doliocapsa planata (Wu), sample BMW-13c (35, 131/a; 37, 089/a); sample BMW-34 (36, 029/a). (38−42) Yamatoum spinosum (Takemura), sample EW-158 (38, 022/b); sample BMW-13b (39, 054/b); sample BMW-26 (40, 073/b; 41, 049/b); sample BMW-28 (42, 051/b). (43–44) Crococapsa sp. C, sample EW-158 (43, 067/b; 44, 070/b). (45) Crococapsa sp. B, sample BMW-35 (45, 032/b). (46–47), Crococapsa tansinhoki (Hull), sample BMW-33 (46, 023/b); sample BMW-35 (47, 022/b). (48) Crococapsa sp. aff. C. truncata (Wu), sample BMW-28 (48, 057/b). (49−52) Crococapsa sp. A, sample BMW-13c (49, 009/b; 50, 073/b; 51, 007/b; 52, 004/b). (53) Belleza decora (Rüst), sample BMW-13c (53, 012/b).

Figure 9 Scale bar measures 50 µm; each radiolarian scanning micrograph is designated by sample and specimen number. (1−6) Hemicryptocapsa buekkensis (Kozur), sample BMW-28 (1, 029; 2, 028); sample BMW-26 (3, 033); sample BMW-31 (4, 032); sample BMW-32 (5, 018); sample BMW-30 (6, 010). (7–8) Zhamoidellum sp. A, sample BMW-32 (7, 051); sample BMW-33 (8, 031). (9) Kilinora? oblongula (Kocher in Baumgartner et al.), sample BMW-32 (9, 005). (10–11) Zhamoidellum sp. aff. Z. ovum Dumitrica, sample BMW-30 (10, 015); sample BMW-32 (11, 086). (12−16) Hemicryptocapsa marcucciae (Cortese), sample BMW-32 (12, 087); sample BMW-26 (13, 074); sample BMW-13c (14, 141); sample BMW-13b (15, 065); sample BMW-30 (16, 043). (17–18) Crococapsa sp. aff. C. tansinhoki (Hull), sample BMW-13c (17, 140; 18, 011). (19) Hemicryptocapsa nonaginta n. sp., BMW-13b (19, 039, paratype). (20−23) Hemicryptocapsa carpathica (Dumitrica), sample BMW-13c (20, 100; 21, 123; 22, 119; 23, 091). (24) Quarkus madstonensis Pessagno, Blome, and Hull in Pessagno et al., sample BMW-31 (24, 029). (25–26) Quarkus japonicus (Yao), sample BMW-13b (25, 026); sample BMW-31 (26, 067). (27–28) Praewilliriedellum convexum (Yao), sample BMW-13b (27, 027); sample BMW-28 (28, 038). (29–30) Quarticella sp. B, sample BMW-28 (29, 056; 30, 010). (31−37) Hemicryptocapsa yaoi (Kozur), sample BMW-13c (31, 116; 32, 112; 34, 118); sample EW-158 (33, 028); sample BMW-33 (35, 011); sample BMW-13b (36, 073); sample BMW-32 (37, 061). (38) Gongylothorax sp. A, sample BMW-34 (38, 019). (39−42), Gongylothorax favosus Dumitrica, sample BMW-32 (39, 058); sample BMW-30 (40, 045); sample BMW-34 (41, 025); sample BMW-33 (42, 036). (43–44) Williriedellum yahazuense (Aita), sample BMW-34 (43, 032); sample BMW-33 (44, 009). (45−48) Williriedellum sp. cf. W. formosum (Chiari, Marcucci, and Prela), sample BMW-28 (45, 049; 46, 033; 47, 058); sample BMW-13b (48, 067). (49) Williriedellum sp. B, sample BMW-13b (49, 053). (50–51) Williriedellum crystallinum Dumitrica, sample BMW-32 (50, 032); sample BMW-30 (51, 007). (52) Quarticella ovalis Takemura, sample BMW-28 (52, 034). (53) Hiscocapsa kodrai (Chiari, Marcucci, and Prela), sample BMW-13b (53, 030). (54–55) Quarticella sp. C, sample BMW-13b (54, 041); sample BMW-28 (55, 050). (56), Quarticella cicciona (Chiari, Marcucci, and Prela), sample BMW-13b (56, 033). (57) Quarticella sp. D, sample BMW-28 (57, 041). (58) Quarticella sp. A, sample EW-158 (58, 065).

Figure 10 Scale bars (a, b) measure 50 µm; each radiolarian scanning micrograph is designated by sample and specimen number, followed by the corresponding scale. (1–2) Williriedellum? sp. C, sample BMW-13b (1, 066/a); sample BMW-28 (2, 007/a). (3) Arcanicapsa exquisita (Hull), sample BMW-32 (3, 013/a). (4) Arcanicapsa sp. A, sample BMW-13b (4, 029/a). (5−16) Arcanicapsa funatoensis (Aita), sample BMW-26 (5, 035/a; 6, 031/a; 10, 037/a; 13, 035/a; 15, 032/a); sample EW-158 (7, 021/a; 8, 029/a; 9, 019/a); sample BMW-34 (11, 011/a); sample BMW-13b (12, 103/a); sample BMW-13c (14, 106/a; 16, 132/a). (17−19) Zhamoidellum ventricosum Dumitrica, sample BMW-13c (17, 121/a; 18, 114/a; 19, 136/a). (20−22) Arcanicapsa undulata (Heitzer), sample BMW-32 (20, 024/a); sample BMW-33 (21, 032/a); sample BMW-34 (22, 016/a). (23–24) Williriedellum sp. A, sample BMW-26 (23, 059/a); sample BMW-13b (24, 074/b). (25−26) Kilinora sp. aff. K. oblongula (Kocher in Baumgartner et al.), sample EW-158 (25, 027/b); sample BMW-32 (26, 047/b). (27−30) Zhamoidellum sp. B, sample BMW-13c (27, 093/b); sample BMW-35 (28, 033/b); sample BMW-32 (29, 084/b); sample BMW-30 (30, 013/b). (31−40) Zhamoidellum ovum Dumitrica, sample BMW-33 (31, 021/a; 32, 012/a; 33, 016/a; 35, 017/a; 39, 034/a); sample BMW-32 (34, 046/a); sample BMW-13c (36, 130/a; 37, 101/a); sample BMW-35 (38, 034/a); sample BMW-34 (40, 018/a). (41−44) Zhamoidellum sp. C, sample BMW-26 (41, 005/a; 44, 063/a); sample BMW-35 (42, 035/a); sample EW-158 (43, 004/a). (45−47) Praewilliriedellum robustum (Matsuoka), sample EW-158 (?45, 025/b); sample BMW-31 (46, 071/a); sample BMW-34 (47, 017/a).

Figure 11 Scale bars measure 50 µm for a magnification of x200 (a) and x250 (b). Each radiolarian scanning micrograph is designated by the sample and the specimen number followed by the corresponding scale. (1−3) Gongylothorax marmoris Kiessling in Kiessling and Zeiss, sample BMW-32 (1, 097/b; 2, 002/b; 3, 057/b). (4) Japonocapsa sp. A, sample BMW-13b (4, 072/b). (5−7) Striatojaponocapsa conexa (Matsuoka), sample EW-158 (5, 003/a; 6, 001/a); sample BMW-32 (7, 089/a). (8–9) Striatojaponocapsa riri O’Dogherty, Goričan, and Dumitrica in O’Dogherty et al., sample BMW-32 (8, 056/b; 9, 008/b). (10−13) Striatojaponocapsa synconexa O’Dogherty, Goričan, and Dumitrica in O’Dogherty et al., sample EW-158 (10, 006/a; 12, 056/b; 13, 071/b); sample BMW-26 (11, 023/b). (14−16) Striatojaponocapsa spp., sample BMW-32 (14, 101/b; 16, 060/b); sample BMW-34 (15, 030/b). (17−20) Striatojaponocapsa? spp., sample BMW-32 (17, 025/a; 19, 059/b); sample BMW-13b (18, 024/b); sample EW-158 (20, 073/b). (21−26) Unuma latusicostatus (Aita), sample BMW-13b (21, 059/a; 25, 069/a); sample EW-158 (22, 023/a); sample BMW-28 (23, 055/a; 24, 005/a; 26, 026/a). (27–28) Arcanicapsa sp. aff. A. funatoensis (Aita), sample BMW-28 (27, 011/a; 28, 031/a). (29−38, 45) Unuma gordus Hull 1997, sample BMW-31 (29, 054/b; 37, 031/a); sample BMW-28 (30, 039/a; 35, 048/a); sample EW-158 (31, 024/a; 36, 058/a); sample BMW-13b (32, 025/a; 34, 055/a); sample BMW-26 (33, 061/a; 38, 072/a); sample BMW-32 (45, 066/a). (39–40) Protunuma turbo Matsuoka, sample BMW-13b (39, 058/a; 40, 052/a). (41) Protunuma japonicus Matsuoka and Yao, sample BMW-33 (41, 014/a). (42) Protunuma europeus O’Dogherty, Goričan and Dumitrica in O’Dogherty et al., sample BMW-13b (42, 061/b). (?43–44) Protunuma ochiensis Matsuoka, sample BMW-33 (43, 013/a); sample BMW-28 (44, 052/a). (46), Theocapsomella cordis (Kocher in Baumgartner et al.), sample BMW-13b (46, 020/b). (47) Theocapsomella medvednicensis (Goričan in Halamić et al.), sample BMW-32 (47, 003/b).

Figure 12 Scale bars (a, b, c, d) measure 50 µm; each radiolarian scanning micrograph is designated by sample and specimen number, followed by the corresponding scale. (1) Saitoum pagei Pessagno, sample BMW-28 (1, 015/c). (2–3) Saitoum trichylum De Wever, sample BMW-28 (2, 004/c); sample BMW−26 (3, 051/c). (4) Bernoullius cristatus Baumgartner, sample EW-158 (4, 038/d). (5–6) Gorgansium silviesense Pessagno and Blome, sample BMW-28 (5, 009/c); sample BMW-13b (6, 008/c). (7–8) Alievium? longispineum Yang and Wang, sample BMW-26 (7, 040/c); sample BMW-28 (8, 023/b). (9) Alievium? sp. aff. A. crassum (Kiessling), sample BMW-26 (9, 069/d). (10–12) Archaeospongoprunum elegans Wu, sample EW-158 (10, 051/b); sample BMW-28 (11, 035/b); sample BMW-34 (12, 023/b). (13−15) Pantanellium riedeli Pessagno, sample EW-158 (13, 050/b); sample BMW-28 (14, 036/b); sample BMW-31 (15, 001/b). (16−18) Hexasaturnalis tetraspinus (Yao), sample EW-158 (16, 033/a; 17, 039/a; 18, 035/c). (19–20) Hexasaturnalis nakasekoi Dumitrica and Dumitrica-Jud, sample BMW-28 (19, 021/a); sample EW-158 (20, 041/a). (21–22) Hexasaturnalis suboblongus (Yao), sample BMW-28 (21, 019/a); sample BMW-158 (22, 036/a). (23) Hexasaturnalis minor (Baumgartner in Baumgartner et al.), sample BMW-13c (23, 071/a). (24−27) Tritrabs ewingi (Pessagno), sample BMW-32 (24, 080/b); sample BMW-28 (25, 016/b; 26, 008/b; 27, 006/b). (28−30) Angulobracchia spp., sample BMW-28 (28, 002/c; 30, 018/c); sample BMW-26 (29, 057/c). (31) Paronaella pristidentata Baumgartner, sample EW-158 (31, 044/b). (32) Homoeoparonaella elegans (Pessagno), sample BMW-28 (32, 012/b). (33–34) Paronaella kotura Baumgartner, sample EW-158 (33, 042/a); sample BMW-34 (34, 033/a). (35–36), Homoeoparonaella spp., sample BMW-31 (35, 060/b; 36, 073/b). (37) Crucella theokaftensis Baumgartner, sample BMW-13c (37, 061/b). (38) Emiluvia sedecimporata (Rüst), sample BMW-32 (38, 069/b). (39–40) Emiluvia salensis Pessagno, sample BMW-26 (39, 044/b); sample EW-158 (40, 030/b). (41), Emiluvia? sp., sample BMW-28 (41, 024/c).