Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rcrh6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-27T19:31:07.312Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Jaw-bearing polychaetes of the Silurian Eramosa Lagerstätte, Ontario, Canada

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 April 2015

Mats E. Eriksson  and
Peter H. von Bitter
Mats E. Eriksson
Affiliation:
Department of Geology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden,
Peter H. von Bitter
Affiliation:
Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum and Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2C6, Canada,
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The Wenlock (middle Silurian) Eramosa Lagerstätte of the Bruce Peninsula, Ontario, Canada, is becoming known for its rich and diverse faunas, different preservational styles, and a combination of soft-body preservation associated with shelly body and trace fossils. Sampling for scolecodonts—the jaws of polychaete annelids—has yielded unique material. Hindenites parkheadensis new species is described from abundant specimens, including apparatuses, from a monospecific fauna that has allowed the complete dorsal maxillary apparatus to be reconstructed. The new species was recovered by acid digestion of carbonates, which are interpreted as having been deposited in shallow, marginally marine environments; the species may become a useful paleoenvironmental indicator, and the occurrence of Hindenites at Park Head, Ontario, is the first record of the genus outside of Baltoscandia. Bedding-plane material from Wiarton, Ontario, reveals a more diverse fauna of seven to nine additional polychaete taxa, most belonging to Kettnerites and Oenonites. Strata at Wiarton are interpreted as having been deposited in environments with good water circulation and open-marine conditions. The faunal composition of Eramosa polychaetes varied between localities of the Lagerstätte outcrop belt, supporting previous interpretations of differences in environment and/or taphonomic history. The relative abundance of scolecodonts suggests that jaw-bearing polychaetes played a significant role in the biotas that are now preserved in the Eramosa Lagerstätte. Moreover, the results underpin the notion that different polychaete species had variable environmental preferences and tolerances during the Silurian, and that polychaetaspids and paulinitids formed two of the most common and widely distributed families.

Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Paleontology , Volume 89 , Issue 2 , March 2015 , pp. 222 - 235
Copyright
Copyright © 2015, The Paleontological Society 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aldridge, R.J., and Jeppsson, L., 1984, Ecological specialists among Silurian conodonts, in Bassett, M.G., and Lawson, J.D., eds., Autecology of Silurian organisms: Special Papers in Palaeontology, no. 32, p. 141–149.Google Scholar
Aldridge, R.J., and Jeppsson, L., 1999, Wenlock-Pridoli recurrent conodont associations, in Boucot, A.J. and Lawson, J.D., eds., Palaeocommunities: A Case Study from the Silurian and Lower Devonian: Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, p. 37–47.Google Scholar
Armstrong, D.K., 1988, Paleozoic geology of the central Bruce Peninsula, in Colvine, A.C., Cherry, M.E. et al., eds., Summary of field work and other activities, 1988, by the Ontario Geological Survey: Ontario Geological Survey Miscellaneous Paper 141, p. 446–453.Google Scholar
Armstrong, D.K., 1993a, Paleozoic geology of the central Bruce Peninsula: Ontario Geological Survey Open File Report 5856, 19 p.Google Scholar
Armstrong, D.K., 1993b, Paleozoic geology of southern Bruce Peninsula, southern Ontario: Ontario Geological Survey Open-File Report 5875, 19 p.Google Scholar
Armstrong, D.K., and Goodman, W.R., 1990, Stratigraphy and Depositional Environments of Niagaran Carbonates, Bruce Peninsula, Ontario: Ontario Petroleum Institute Guidebook Field Trip No. 2, 59 p.Google Scholar
Armstrong, D.K., and Meadows, J.R., 1988, Stratigraphy and resource potential of the Eramosa Member (Amabel Formation), Bruce Peninsula, Ontario: Ontario Geological Survey Open-File Report 5662, 89 p.Google Scholar
Bancroft, A.M., 2008, Silurian conodont biostratigraphy and carbonate carbon stratigraphy of the Eramosa Southwestern Ontario, Canada, [MSc. thesis]: Columbus, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 42 p.Google Scholar
Bergman, C., 1979, Polychaete jaws, in Jaanusson, V., Laufeld, S., and Skoglund, R., eds., Lower Wenlock faunal and floral dynamics – Vattenfallet section, Gotland: Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning C 762, p. 92–102.Google Scholar
Bergman, C.F., 1987, Silurian paulinitid jawed polychaetes from Gotland [Ph.D. thesis]: Lund University, Lund, 145 p.Google Scholar
Bergman, C.F., 1989, Silurian paulinitid polychaetes from Gotland. Fossils and Strata, v. 25, p. 1–128.Google Scholar
Bergman, C.F., 1991, Revision of some Silurian paulinitid scolecodonts from western New York: Journal of Paleontology, v. 65, p. 248–254.Google Scholar
Bracchi, G., and Alessandrello, A., 2005, Paleodiversity of the free-living polychaetes (Annelida, Polychaeta) and description of new taxa from the Upper Cretaceous Lagerstätten of Haqel, Hadjula and Al-Namoura (Lebanon): Memorie Della Societa’ Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, v. 32, 64 p.Google Scholar
Branson, E.B., and Mehl, M.G., 1933, Conodonts from the Bainbridge Formation (Silurian) of Missouri: The University of Missouri Studies, v. 8, p. 39–52.Google Scholar
Brett, C.E., Tepper, D.H., Goodman, W.M., LoDuca, S.T., and Eckert, B.Y., 1995, Revised stratigraphy and correlations of the Niagaran provincial series (Medina, Clinton, and Lockport groups) in the type area of western New York: United States Geological Survey Bulletin 2086, 66 p.Google Scholar
Briggs, D.E.G., and Bartels, C., 2010, Annelids from the Lower Devonian Hunrsück Slate (Lower Emsian, Rhenish Massif, Germany): Palaeontology, v. 53, p. 215–232, doi: 10.1111/j.1475-4983.2009.00927.x.Google Scholar
Briggs, D.E.G., and Kear, A., 1993, Decay and preservation of polychaetes: taphonomic thresholds in soft-bodied organisms: Paleobiology, v. 19, p. 107–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bolton, T.E., 1957, Silurian stratigraphy and palaeontology of the Niagara Escarpment in Ontario: Geological Survey of Canada Memoir, v. 289, 145 p.Google Scholar
Calner, M., Eriksson, M.E., Clarkson, E.N.K., and Jeppsson, L., 2008, An atypical intra-platform environment and biota from the Silurian of Gotland, Sweden: GFF, v. 130, p. 79–86, doi: 10.1080/11035890801302079.Google Scholar
Colette, J.H., and Rudkin, D.M., 2010, Phyllocarid crustaceans from the Silurian Eramosa Lagerstätte (Ontario, Canada): taxonomy and functional morphology: Journal of Paleontology, v. 84, p. 118–127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conway Morris, S., 1979, Middle Cambrian polychaetes from the Burgess Shale of British Columbia: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B, v. 285, p. 227–274.Google Scholar
Conway Morris, S., and Peel, J.S., 2008, The earliest annelids: Lower Cambrian polychaetes from the Sirius Passet Lagerstätte, Peary Land, North Greenland: Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, v. 53, p. 137–148.Google Scholar
Copeland, M.J., and Bolton, T.E., 1985, Fossils of Ontario Part 3: The eurypterids and phyllocarids: Royal Ontario Museum Life Sciences Miscellaneous Publications, 48 p.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Day, J.H., 1967, A monograph on the Polychaeta of Southern Africa: Part 1 – Errantia. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London. 458 p.Google Scholar
Donoghue, P.C.J., Bengtson, S., Dong, X., Gostling, N.J., Huldtgren, T., Cunningham, J.A., Yin, C., Yue, Z., Peng, F., and Stampanoni, M., 2006, Synchrotron X-ray tomographic microscopy of fossil embryos: Nature, v. 442, p. 680–683, doi:10.1038/nature04890.Google Scholar
Dutta, S., Hartkopf-Fröder, C., Mann, U., Wilkes, H., Brocke, R., and Bertram, N., 2010, Macromolecular composition of Palaeozoic scolecodonts: insights into the molecular taphonomy of zoomorphs: Lethaia, v. 43, p. 334–343, doi: 10.1111/j.1502-3931.2009.00193.x.Google Scholar
Eisenack, A., 1939, Einige neue Annelidenreste aus dem Silur und dem Jura des Baltikums: Zeitschrift für Geschiebeforschung und Flachlandsgeologie, v. 15, p. 153–176.Google Scholar
Eisenack, A., 1975, Beiträge zur Anneliden-Forschung, I: Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen, v. 150, p. 227–252.Google Scholar
Eller, E.R., 1940, New Silurian scolecodonts from the Albion beds of the Niagara Gorge, New York: Annals of the Carnegie Museum, v. 28, p. 9–46.Google Scholar
Eller, E.R., 1944, Scolecodonts of the Silurian Manitoulin Dolomite of New York and Ontario: The American Midland Naturalist, v. 32, p. 732–755.Google Scholar
Eriksson, M., 1997, Lower Silurian polychaetaspid polychaetes from Gotland, Sweden: GFF, v. 119, p. 213–230, doi: 10.1080/11035899709546480.Google Scholar
Eriksson, M.E., Grahn, Y., Bosetti, E., and Vega, C.S., 2011, Chapter 4: Malvinokaffric Realm polychaetes from the Devonian Ponta Grossa Formation, Paraná Basin (southern Brazil), with a discussion and re-evaluation of the species described by Lange, in Bosetti, E.P., Grahn, Y., and Melo, J.H.G., eds., Essays in Honour of Federico Waldemar Lange – Pioneer of Brazilian Micropaleontology: Petrobras, Editora Interciência Ltda., Brazilian Paleontological Society, p. 118–150.Google Scholar
Eriksson, M.E., Hints, O., and Bergman, C.F., 2012a, Kingnites diamondi gen. et sp. nov., an exceptionally large Silurian paulinitid (Annelida; Polychaeta) from shallow marine settings of Baltoscandia: GFF, v. 134, p. 217–224, doi: 10.1080/11035897.2012.704066.Google Scholar
Eriksson, M.E., Hints, O., Paxton, H., and Tonarová, P., 2013, Ordovician and Silurian polychaete diversity and biogeography: Geological Society, London, Memoirs, v. 38, p. 265–272, doi: 10.1144/M38.18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eriksson, M.E., Jeppsson, L., and Bergman, C.F., 2004, Silurian scolecodonts: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 131, p. 269–300, doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2004.04.001.Google Scholar
Eriksson, M.E., Terfelt, F., Elofsson, R., and Marone, F., 2012b, Internal soft-tissue anatomy of Cambrian ‘Orsten’ arthropods as revealed by synchrotron X-ray tomographic microscopy: PLoS ONE, v. 7(8) p. e42582, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0042582.Google Scholar
Fauchald, K., and Rouse, G.W., 1997, Polychaete systematics: past and present: Zoologica Scripta, v. 26, p. 71–138, doi: 10.1111/j.1463-6409.1997.tb00411.x.Google Scholar
Fay, R.O., 1959, Generic and subgeneric homonyms of conodonts: Journal of Paleontology, v. 33, p. 195–196.Google Scholar
Helfrich, C.T., 1975, Silurian conodonts from Wills Mountain Anticline, Virginia, West Virginia, and Maryland: The Geological Society of America Special Paper, v. 161, p. 1–82, doi: 10.1130/SPE161-p1.Google Scholar
Hinde, G.J., 1879, On annelid jaws from the Cambro-Silurian, Silurian and Devonian formations in Canada and from the Lower Carboniferous in Scotland: Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. 35, p. 370–389, doi: 10.1144/GSL.JGS.1879.035.01-04.24.Google Scholar
Hints, O., 1998, Late Viruan (Caradoc) polychaete jaws from North Estonia and the St. Petersburg region: Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, v. 43, p. 471–516.Google Scholar
Hints, O., and Eriksson, M.E., 2007, Diversification and biogeography of scolecodont-bearing polychaetes in the Ordovician: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 245, p. 95–114, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.02.029.Google Scholar
Hints, O., and Nõlvak, J., 2006, Early Ordovician scolecodonts and chitinozoans from Tallinn, North Estonia: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 139, p. 189–209, doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2006.01.004.Google Scholar
Hints, O., Killing, M., Männik, P., and Nestor, V., 2006, Frequency patterns of chitinozoans, scolecodonts and conodonts in the upper Llandovery and lower Wenlock of the Paatsalu core, western Estonia: Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences Geology, v. 55, p. 128–155.Google Scholar
Jaanusson, V., 1979, Stratigraphical and environmental background, in Jaanusson, V., Laufeld, S., and Skoglund, R., eds., Lower Wenlock faunal and floral dynamics – Vattenfallet section, Gotland: Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning C762, p. 11–38.Google Scholar
Jaanusson, V., Laufeld, S., and Skoglund, R., 1979, Lower Wenlock faunal and floral dynamics – Vattenfallet section, Gotland: Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning C762, 294 p.Google Scholar
Jansonius, J., and Craig, J.H., 1971, Scolecodonts: I. Descriptive terminology and revision of systematic nomenclature; II Lectotypes, new names for homonyms, index of species: Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, v. 19, p. 251–302.Google Scholar
Jones, D., Purnell, M.A., and von Bitter, P.H., 2009, Morphological criteria for recognising homology in isolated skeletal elements: comparison of traditional and morphometric approaches in conodonts: Palaeontology, v. 52, p. 1243–1256, doi: 10.1111/j.1475-4983.2009.00915.x.Google Scholar
Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., 1966, Polychaete jaw apparatuses from the Ordovician and Silurian of Poland and a comparison with modern forms: Palaeontologia Polonica, v. 16, p. 1–152.Google Scholar
Kluessendorf, J., 1994, Predictability of Silurian Fossil-Konservat-Lagerstätten in North America: Lethaia, v. 27, p. 337–344, doi: 10.1111/j.1502-3931.1994.tb01584.x.Google Scholar
Lange, F.W., 1947, Annelidos poliquetos dos folhelhos devonianos do Parana: Arquivos do Museu Paranaense, v. 6, p. 161–230.Google Scholar
Lange, F.W., 1949, Polychaete annelids from the Devonian of Parana, Brazil: Bulletin of American Paleontology, v. 33, p. 5–104.Google Scholar
Liberty, B.A., and Bolton, T.E., 1971, Paleozoic geology of the Bruce Peninsula area, Ontario. Geological Survey of Canada Memoir, v. 360, 163 p.Google Scholar
Mikulic, D.G., Briggs, D.E.G., and Kluessendorf, J., 1985, A Silurian soft-bodied biota: Science, v. 228, p. 715–717, doi: 10.1126/science.228.4700.715.Google Scholar
Mierzejewski, P., 1978, Molting of the jaws of the Early Paleozoic Eunicida (Annelida, Polychaeta): Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, v. 23, p. 73–88.Google Scholar
Nakrem, H.A., Szaniawski, H., and Mørk, A., 2001, Permian-Triassic scolecodonts and conodonts from the Svalis Dome, central Barents Sea, Norway: Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, v. 46, p. 69–86.Google Scholar
Norlinder, E., Nygren, A., Wiklund, H., and Pleijel, F., 2012, Phylogeny of scale-worms (Aphroditiformia, Annelida), assessed from 18SrRNA, 28SrRNA, 16SrRNA, mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), and morphology: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, v. 65, p. 490–500.Google Scholar
Olive, P.J.W., 1980, Growth lines in polychaete jaws (teeth), in Rhoads, D.C., and Lutz, R.A., eds., Skeletal Growth of Aquatic Organisms, Biological Records of Environmental Change: London, New York, Plenum Press, p. 516–626.Google Scholar
Paxton, H., 2000, Eunicidans, in Beesley, P.L., Ross, G.J.B., and Glasby, C.J., eds., Polychaetes & Allies: The southern synthesis. Fauna of Australia, v. 4A Polychaeta, Myzostomida, Pogonophora, Echiura, Sipuncula: Melbourne, CSIRO Publishing, p. 89–91.Google Scholar
Paxton, H., 2005, Molting polychaete jaws – ecdysozoans are not the only molting animals: Evolution and Development, v. 7, p. 337–340, doi: 10.1111/j.1525-142X.2005.05039.x.Google Scholar
Paxton, H., 2006, Replacement of adult maxillary jaws in Eunicida (Polychaeta): Scientia Marina, v. 70S3, p. 331–336, doi:10.3989/scimar.2006.70s3331.Google Scholar
Paxton, H., 2009, Phylogeny of Eunicida (Annelida) based on morphology of jaws: Zoosymposia, v. 2, p. 241–264.Google Scholar
Paxton, H., and Eriksson, M.E., 2012, Ghosts from the past – ancestral features reflected in the jaw ontogeny of the polychaetous annelids Marphysa fauchaldi (Eunicidae) and Diopatra aciculata (Onuphidae): GFF, v. 134, p. 309–316, 10.1080/11035897.2012.752762.Google Scholar
Paxton, H., and Safarik, M., 2008, Jaw growth and replacement in Diopatra aciculata (Annelida: Onuphidae): The Beagle, Records of the Museum and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory, v. 24, p. 15–21.Google Scholar
Rouse, G.W., and Fauchald, K., 1997, Cladistics and polychaetes: Zoologica Scripta, v. 26, p. 139–204, doi: 10.1111/j.1463-6409.1997.tb00412.x.Google Scholar
Schram, F.R., 1979, Worms of the Mississippian Bear Gulch Limestone of central Montana, USA: Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History, v. 19, p. 107–120.Google Scholar
Stott, C.A., von Bitter, P.H., Kleffner, M.A., Tetreault, D.K., and Armstrong, D.K., 2001, Evidence for the Wenlockian age of the middle Silurian Eramosa Member, Guelph Formation, southern Bruce Peninsula, Ontario, Canada: in Canadian Paleontology Conference Program and Abstracts, v. 11, p. 5.Google Scholar
Sutton, M.D., Briggs, D.E.G., Siveter, D.J., and Siveter, D.J., 2001, A three-dimensionally preserved fossil polychaete worm from the Silurian of Herefordshire, England: Proceedings of the Royal Society, London B, v. 268, p. 2355–2363, doi: 10.1098/rspb.2001.1788.Google Scholar
Thompson, I., 1979, Errant polychaetes (Annelida) from the Pennsylvanian Essex fauna of northern Illinois: Palaeontographica, Abteilung A, v. 163, p. 169–199.Google Scholar
Thompson, I., and Johnson, R.G., 1977, New fossil polychaete from Essex, Illinois: Fieldiana Geology, Field Museum of Natural History, v. 33, p. 471–487.Google Scholar
Tonarová, P., Eriksson, M.E., and Hints, O., 2012, A jawed polychaete fauna from the late Ludlow Kozlowskii event interval in the Prague Basin (Czech Republic): Bulletin of Geosciences, v. 87, p. 713–732, doi: 10.3140/bull.geosci.1317.Google Scholar
Tetreault, D.K., 2001, A new Silurian fossil Konservat-Lagerstätte from the Eramosa dolostone of the southern Bruce Peninsula, Ontario, Canada [Ph.D. thesis]: London, University of Western Ontario, 194 p.Google Scholar
Viira, V., 1982, Shallow-water conodont Ctenognathodus murchisoni (Late Wenlock, Estonia), in Kaljo, D., and Klaamann, E., eds., Communities and Biozones in the Baltic Silurian: Academy of Sciences of the Estonian SSR, Institute of Geology, p. 63–83.Google Scholar
Vinther, J., Eibye-Jacobsen, D., and Harper, D.A.T., 2011, An Early Cambrian stem polychaete with pygidal cirri: Biology Letters Palaeontology, v. 7, p. 929–932.Google Scholar
von Bitter, P.H., and Purnell, M.A., 2005, An experimental investigation of postdepositional taphonomic bias in conodonts, in Purnell, M.A., and Donoghue, P.C.J., eds., Conodont biology and phylogeny—Interpreting the fossil record: Special Papers in Palaeontology, v. 73, p. 39–56.Google Scholar
von Bitter, P.H., and Purnell, M.A., 2009, The Middle Silurian (Wenlock) Eramosa Lagerstätte of the Bruce Peninsula, Ontario, Canada, in Henderson, C.M., and MacLean, C., eds., Abstracts, 2009 International Conodont Symposium: Permophiles, Newsletter of the Subcommission on Permian Stratigraphy, v. 53, supplement 1, p. 7–8.Google Scholar
von Bitter, P.H., Purnell, M.A., Tetreault, D.K., and Stott, C.A., 2007, Eramosa Lagerstätte—Exceptionally preserved soft-bodied biotas with shallow marine shelly and bioturbating organisms (Silurian, Ontario, Canada): Geology, v. 35, p. 879–882, doi: 10.1130/G23894A.1.Google Scholar
von Bitter, P.H., Bancroft, A.M., and Purnell, M.A., 2012, The Silurian multielement conodont genus Aldridgeodus Jeppsson in North America: Abstracts North-Central Geological Society of America Section-Meeting, v. 44, no. 5, p. 2.Google Scholar
Voss-Foucart, M.-F., Fonze-Vignaux, M.-T., and Jeuniaux, C., 1973, Systematic characters of some polychaetes (Annelida) at the level of the chemical composition of the jaws: Biochemical Systematics, v. 1, p. 119–122.Google Scholar
Waddington, J.B., and Jeram, A., 1997, Two new fossil scorpions from the Silurian (Ludlovian) Eramosa Formation, central Bruce Peninsula, Ontario: Abstracts Geological Association of Canada–Mineralogical Association of Canada Annual Meeting, v. 22, p. A-155.Google Scholar
Walliser, O.H., 1964, Conodonten des Silurs: Abhandlungen des Hessischen Landesamtes für Bodenforschung zu Wiesbaden, v. 41, 106 p.Google Scholar
Whittle, R., Gabbott, S., Aldridge, R., and Theron, J., 2008, Late Ordovician (Hirnantian) scolecodont clusters from the Soom Shale Lagerstätte, South Africa: Journal of Micropalaeontology, v. 27, p. 147–159, doi: 10.1144/jm.27.2.147.Google Scholar
Winder, C.G., 1961, Lexicon of Paleozoic Names in Southwestern Ontario: Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 121 p.Google Scholar
Williams, H.S., Nowlan, G.S., Barnes, C.R., and Batten, R.S.R., 1999, The Ledge section at Cow Head, western Newfoundland as a GSSP candidate for the lower boundary of the second stage of the Ordovician System: new data and discussion of the graptolite, conodont and chitinozoan assemblages: A Report to the IUGS/ICS Subcommission on Ordovician Stratigraphy, p. 1–30.Google Scholar
Williams, M.Y., 1915, An eurypterid horizon in the Niagara Formation of Ontario: Geological Survey of Canada Museum Bulletin No. 20, Geological Series 29, 21 p.Google Scholar
Young, G.A., Rudkin, D.M., Dobrzanski, E.P., Robson, S.P., and Nowlan, G.S., 2007, Exceptionally preserved Late Ordovician biotas from Manitoba, Canada: Geology, v. 35, p. 883–886, doi: 10.1130/G23947A.1.Google Scholar
Žebera, K., 1935, Les conodontes et les scolécodontes du Barrandien: Bulletin International de l’Academie des Sciences de Boheme, v. 36, p. 88–96.Google Scholar
Zhu, M.-Y., Babcock, L.E., and Peng, S.-C., 2006, Advances in Cambrian stratigraphy and paleontology: Integrating correlation techniques, paleobiology, taphonomy and paleoenvironmental reconstruction: Palaeoworld, v. 15, p. 217–222, doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2006.10.016.Google Scholar