Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7czq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-30T15:18:14.679Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Early phylogeny and subclass division of the Crinoidea (Phylum Echinodermata)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 July 2015

William I. Ausich
William I. Ausich*
Affiliation:
Department of Geological Sciences, 155 South Oval Mall, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

A stepwise approach is employed to determine the phylogeny of the initial crinoid radiation during the Arenig and Llanvirn series of the Ordovician. Parsimony-based character analysis is completed first on Arenig crinoids and then for Arenig and Llanvirn crinoids combined.

The topology from well-resolved trees of this early crinoid radiation indicates that the Crinoidea should be subdivided into six subclasses. A new subclass and new order, Aethocrinea and Aethocrinida, respectively, are proposed for crinoids with four circlets of plates in the aboral cup: lintels, infrabasals, basals, and radials. This aboral cup construction is best displayed by Aethocrinus, one of the oldest known crinoids (?Tremadoc-Arenig). However, this primitive aboral cup construction is also present in two Llanvirn crinoids, Perittocrinus and Tetracionocrinus. The Aethocrinea was a small, short-lived radiation of crinoids with this design that was different from those of other crinoids. Two families in the Aethocrinida are the Aethocrinidae, which includes Aethocrinus, and the Perittocrinidae, which includes Perittocrinus and Tetracionocrinus. In addition to the Aethocrinea, the following crinoid subclasses are recognized based on character analyses of these earliest crinoids: Cladida, Camerata, Disparida, Flexibilia, and Articulata.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Paleontology , Volume 72 , Issue 3 , May 1998 , pp. 499 - 510
Copyright
Copyright © The Paleontological Society 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abel, O. 1920. Lehrbuch der Paläozoologie. Gustav Fisher, Jena, 500 p.Google Scholar
Arendt, Y. A. 1976. Ordovikskie iglokozhie Gemistreptokrinoidei. Moskovskoe Obshchestvo Ispytatelel Prirody, Byulletin Otdel Geologischeskir, 51:63–84.Google Scholar
Arendt, Y. A., and Rozhnov, S. V. 1995. Concerning hemistreptocrinoids. Paleontological Journal, 29:161–166.Google Scholar
Arendt, Y. A., and Stupachenko, A. V. 1983. Novyi dannye ob Akrokrinidakh. Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal, 2:69–80.Google Scholar
Arendt, Y. A., and Stupachenko, A. V. 1984. New data on the acrocrinids. Paleontological Journal, 17:71–82.Google Scholar
Ausich, W. I. 1995. The primitive crinoid had four circlets of aboral cup plates—revised homologies for the class Crinoidea (Echinodermata). Geological Society of America Abstracts with Program, 27(6):367.Google Scholar
Ausich, W. I. 1996a. Crinoid plate circlet homologies. Journal of Paleontology, 70:955–964.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ausich, W. I. 1996b. Ordovician diversification of the Crinoidea (Echinodermata). Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 28(6):28.Google Scholar
Ausich, W. I. 1996c. Phylogeny and classification of Ordovician Crinoidea (Echinodermata). Geological Society of America Abstracts with Program, 28:292.Google Scholar
Ausich, W. I. In press. Origin of the Crinoidea. Proceedings of the San Francisco International Echinoderm Conference.Google Scholar
Ausich, W. I., and Babcock, L. E. 1996. Phylogenetic affinities of Echmatocrinus brachiatus (Middle Cambrian, Canada). Sixth North American Paleontological Convention Abstracts of Papers, Paleontological Society Special Publication, 8:16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ausich, W. I., and Babcock, L. E. In press. Phylogenetic position of Echmatocrinus brachiatus Sprinkle 1973. Palaeontology.Google Scholar
Bassler, R. S., and Moodey, M. W. 1943. Bibliographic and faunal index of Paleozoic pelmatozoan echinoderms. Geological Society of America Special Papers, 45, 734 p.Google Scholar
Bather, F. A. 1899. A phylogenetic classification of the Pelmatozoa. British Association for the Advancement of Science Report (1898): 916-923.Google Scholar
Bather, F. A. 1900. The Crinoidea, p. 94–204. In Lankester, E. R., A Treatise on Zoology. Adam and Charles Black, London.Google Scholar
Beyrich, H. E. von. 1879. Über Porocrinus radiatus. Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freude Sitzungsberichet, Jahrgang 1879:60–63.Google Scholar
Brett, C. E. 1981. Terminology and functional morphology of attachment structures in pelmatozoan echinoderms. Lethaia, 14:343–370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brett, C. E., Frest, T. J., Sprinkle, J., and Clement, C. R. 1983. Coronoidea: a new class of blastozoan echinoderms based on taxonomic reevaluation of Stephanocrinus. Journal of Paleontology, 57:627–651.Google Scholar
Conway Morris, S. 1993. The fossil record and the early evolution of the Metazoa. Nature, 361:219–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donovan, S. K. 1986. Pelmatozoan columnals from the Ordovician of the British Isles. Pt. I. Palaeontographical Society Monographs, London, 138(no. 568):1–68.Google Scholar
Donovan, S. K. 1988. The early evolution of the Crinoidea, p. 236–244. In Paul, C. R. C. and Smith, A. B. (eds.), Echinoderm Phylogeny and Evolutionary Biology. Oxford University Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Donovan, S. K., and Paul, C. R. C. 1985. Coronate echinoderms from the Lower Paleozoic of Britain. Palaeontology, 28:527–543.Google Scholar
Fisher, D. C. 1988. Stratocladistics: integrating stratigraphic and morphologic data in phylogenetic inference. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Program, 20:AI86.Google Scholar
Fisher, D. C. 1994. Stratocladistics: morphological and temporal patterns and their relation to phylogenetic process, p. 133–171. In Grande, L. and Rieppel, O. (eds.) Interpreting the Hierarchy of Nature; From Systematic Patterns of Evolutionary Process and Theories. Academic Press, San Diego.Google Scholar
Fortey, R. A., Harper, D. A. T., Ingham, J. K., Owen, A. W., and Rushton, A. W. A. 1995. A revision of Ordovician series and stages from the historical type area. Geological Magazine, 132:15–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harvey, E. W., and Ausich, W. I. 1997. Phylogeny of calceocrinid crinoids (Paleozoic: Echinodermata): Biogeography and mosaic evolution. Journal of Paleontology, 71:229–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaekel, O. 1902. Über verschiedene Wege phylogenetischer Entwicklung. 5th International Zoological-Congress, Berlin, 1901, Verhandlungen: 1058-1117.Google Scholar
Jaekel, O. 1918. Phylogenie und System der Pelmatozoen. Paläontologische Zeitshcrift, 3:1–128.Google Scholar
Jobson, L., and Paul, C. R. C. 1979. Compagicrinus fenestratus, a new Lower Ordovician inadunate crinoid from North Greenland. Rapport Gr⊘nlands Geologiske Undersogelse, 91:71–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelly, S. M. 1982. Origin of the crinoid orders Disparida and Cladida: possible inadunate cup plate homologies. Third North American Paleontological Convention, Proceedings, Volume I:285–290.Google Scholar
Kelly, S. M. 1986. Classification and evolution of class Crinoidea. Abstracts of the 4th North American Paleontological Convention, p. A23.Google Scholar
Lewis, R. D. 1981. Archaeotaxocrinus, new genus, the earliest known flexible crinoid (Whiterockian) and its phylogenetic implications. Journal of Paleontology, 55:227–238.Google Scholar
Miller, J. S. 1821. A Natural History of the Crinoidea or Lily-Shaped Animals, with Observations on the Genera Asteria, Euryale, Comatula, and Marsupites. Bryan and Co., Bristol, 150 p.Google Scholar
Moore, R. C., and Lane, N. G. 1978. Superfamily Mastigocrinacea Jaekel, 1918, p. T618–T626. In Moore, R. C. and Teichert, C., (eds.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part T, Echinodermata 2(2).Google Scholar
Moore, R. C., and Laudon, L. 1943. Evolution and classification of Paleozoic crinoids. Geological Society of America Special Papers, 46, 153 p.Google Scholar
Moore, R. C., and Teichert, C. (eds.) 1978. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part T, Echinodermata 2. Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press, 1027 p.Google Scholar
Murchison, R. I. 1859. Siluria, the History of the Oldest Fossiliferous Rocks and Their Foundations; with a Brief Sketch of the Distribution of Gold over the Earth, 3rd edition. John Murray, London, 592 p.Google Scholar
Philip, G. M., and Strimple, H. L. 1971. An interpretation of the crinoid Aethocrinus moorei Ubaghs. Journal of Paleontology, 45:491–493.Google Scholar
Rozhnov, S. V. 1988. Morfologiya i sistematichskoye polozheniye nizhneordovikskikh morskikh liliy. Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal, 2:67–79.Google Scholar
Rozhnov, S. V. 1989. The morphology and systematic position of Lower Ordovician sea lilies. Paleontological Journal, 2:62–75.Google Scholar
Sevastopulo, G. D., and Lane, N. G. 1988. Ontogeny and phylogeny of disparid crinoids, p. 245–253. In Paul, C. R. C. and Smith, A. B. (eds.), Echinoderm Phylogeny and Evolutionary Biology. Oxford University Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Simms, M. J. 1994a. Reinterpretation of thecal plate homology and phylogeny in the class Crinoidea. Lethaia, 26:303–312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simms, M. J. 1994b. A new interpretation of crinoid thecal plate homology and phylogeny, p. 257–263. In David, B., Guille, A., Feral, J.-P., and Roux, M. (eds.) Echinoderms Through Time, A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam.Google Scholar
Simms, M. J. 1995. Phylogenetic relationships of ‘aberrant’ Ordovician crinoids, p. 223–228. In Emson, R., Smith, A., and Campbell, A. (eds.) Echinoderm Research 1995. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam.Google Scholar
Simms, M. J., and Sevastopulo, G. D. 1993. The origin of articulate crinoids. Palaeontology, 36:91–109.Google Scholar
Simms, M. J., Gale, A. S., Gilliland, P., Rose, E. P. F., and Sevastopulo, G. D. 1993. Echinodermata, p. 491–528. In Benton, M. J. (ed.). The Fossil Record 2. Chapman Hall.Google Scholar
Sprinkle, J., and Collins, D. 1995. Echmatocrinus revisited: still an echinoderm and probably the earliest crinoid. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Program, 6:A113–A114.Google Scholar
Sprinkle, J., and Lane, N. G. 1978. Superfamily Perittocrinacea Ubaghs, 1971, p. T562–T563. In Moore, R. C. and Teichert, C., (eds.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part T, Echinodermata 2(2).Google Scholar
Swofford, D. L. 1993. PAUP: phylogenetic analysis using parsimony, version 3.1 Computer program distributed by the Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Illinois.Google Scholar
Ubaghs, G. 1953. Classe des Crinoïdes, p. 658–773. In Priveteau, J. (ed.), Traité de paléontologie, Volume 3. Masson and Cie, Paris.Google Scholar
Ubaghs, G. 1969. Aethocrinus moorei Ubaghs n. gen. n. sp., le plus ancien crinoïde dicylique connu. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions Paper, 38, 25 p.Google Scholar
Ubaghs, G. 1971. Un crinoïde énigmatique Ordovicien: Perittocrinus Jaekel. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie, Paläontologie. Abhandlungen, 137:305–336.Google Scholar
Ubaghs, G. 1972. More about Aethocrinus moorei Ubaghs, the oldest known dicyclic crinoid. Journal of Paleontology, 46:773–775.Google Scholar
Ubaghs, G. 1975. Early Paleozoic echinoderms. Annual Reviews Earth and Planetary Sciences, 3:79–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ubaghs, G. 1978. Skeletal morphology of fossil crinoids, p. T58–T216. In Moore, R. C. and Teichert, C., (eds.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part T, Echinodermata 2(2).Google Scholar
Ubaghs, G. 1983. Echinodermata notes sur les echinodermes de l'Ordovicien inferieur de la Montagne Noire (France), p. 33–55. In Courtessole, R., Marek, L., Pillet, J., Ubaghs, G., and Vizcaino, D., Calymenina, Echinodermata, et Hyolitha de l'Ordovicien inferieur de la Montage Noire, Mémoire de la Société d'Etudes Scientifiques de l'Aude.Google Scholar
Wachsmuth, C., and Springer, F. 1897. North American Crinoidea Camerata. Memoir of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 833 p.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webster, G. D. 1973. Bibliography and index of Paleozoic crinoids 1942-1968. Geological Society of America Memoir, 137, 341 p.Google Scholar
Webster, G. D. 1977. Bibliography and index of Paleozoic crinoids 1969-1973. Geological Society of America Microform Publication, 8, 235 p.Google Scholar
Webster, G. D. 1986. Bibliography and index of Paleozoic crinoids 1974-1980. Geological Society of America Microform Publication, 16, 405 p.Google Scholar
Webster, G. D. 1988. Bibliography and index of Paleozoic crinoids 1981-1985. Geological Society of America Microform Publication, 18, 236 p.Google Scholar