Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-q99xh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T05:00:21.711Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A Cladid-Dominated Early Mississippian Crinoid and Conodont Fauna from Kerman Province, Iran and Revision of the Glossocrinids and Rhenocrinids

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 August 2017

G. D. Webster ,
C. G. Maples ,
R. Mawson  and
M. Dastanpour
G. D. Webster
Affiliation:
Department of Geology, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-2812, USA,
C. G. Maples
Affiliation:
Department of Geological Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington 47405, USA,
R. Mawson
Affiliation:
Centre for Ecostratigraphy and Palaeobiology, Macquarie University, New South Wales 2109, Australia,
M. Dastanpour
Affiliation:
Department of Geology, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran,
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

A moderately diverse crinoid fauna from the Early Mississippian, Tournaisian, part of the Bahram Formation is reported from exposures in the vicinities of Hutk and Shams Abad, north of Kerman in southeastern Iran. Conodonts from the crinoid-bearing beds represent two faunas and indicate an age of Upper Siphonodella crenulata Biozone to Gnathodus typicus Biozone. Recognition of a Tournaisian age for this part of the Bahram Formation revises the previously assigned Famennian age and indicates that Famennian strata are much thinner, if present, in southeastern Iran.

The fauna occurs in thin-bedded marls and limestones at the top of a shaley slope-forming sequence that grades upward into resistant cliff-forming limestones. Most crinoid specimens are crowns (many retaining part of the proximal stem) that have been flattened by compaction. At the genus level the crinoids include five camerates, three cladid dendrocrinids, ten other cladids, three flexibles, and one articulate. In addition, loose arm fragments and occasional cup fragments are common, along with abundant pluricolumnals and columnals in the fauna. Dominance of cladids over camerates probably reflects the argillaceous sediment in the mixed carbonate/siliciclastic platform environment of the fauna.

This is the most diverse Tournaisian fauna reported from the northern margin of Gondwana and represents an equatorial fauna living at approximately 20°S latitude. Stronger affinities are with North American and European crinoid faunas than with Chinese and Australian faunas. Shallow-shelf conodonts from the crinoid-bearing beds are dominated by species of Polygnathus. Palaeoniscoid fish remains and shark teeth from the same beds support a shallow-shelf environment.

New taxa proposed are Dichocrinus shamsensis new species; D. labyrinthus new species; Springeracrocrinus conicus new species; Atelestocrinus hutkensis new species; Zangucrinus abadensis new genus and species; Glossocrinacea new superfamily; Gelasinocrinus revimentus new genus and species; Amabilicrinidae new family; Amabilicrinus iranensis new genus and species, A. bahramensis new species; Derorhethocrinus elongatus new genus and species; Corematocrinidae new family; Lorocrinus zanguensis new genus and species; Blothrocrinus yazdii new species; Culmicrinus cylindratus new species; Paracosmetocrinus delicatus new species; Taxocrinus quadribrachiatus new species; Meristocrinus ovatus new species; and Hutkocrinus kermanensis new genus and species.

Revision of the Glossocrinidae also resulted in designation of two new genera not present in the Iranian fauna: Bufalocrinus new genus (type species Catactocrinus? torus Webster and Hafley, 1999, from the Late Devonian, Famennian, of Colorado) and Nudalocrinus new genus (type species Culmicrinus jeffersonensis Laudon and Severson, 1953, from the Tournaisian of Montana).

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Paleontology , Volume 77 , Issue S60: Paleontological Society Memoir 60. A Cladid-Dominated Early Mississippian Crinoid and Conodont Fauna from Kerman Province, Iran and Revision of the Glossocrinids and Rhenocrinids , May 2003 , pp. 1 - 35
Copyright
Copyright © 2003, The Paleontological Society 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Angelin, N. P. 1878. Iconographia Crinoideorum: in stratis Sueciae Siluricis fossilium. 1–62, 29 pl., Samson and Wallin, Holmiae.Google Scholar
Ausich, W. I. 1998. Early phylogeny and subclass division of the Crinoidea (Phylum Echinodermata). Journal of Paleontology, 72:499–510.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ausich, W. I., and Lane, N. G. 1980. Field trip 2: platform communities and rocks of the Borden Siltstone delta (Mississippian) along the south shore of Monroe reservoir, Monroe County, Indiana, p. 36–67. In Field Trips 1980 from the Indiana University Campus, Bloomington. Department of Geology, Indiana University and Indiana Geological Survey.Google Scholar
Ausich, W. I., and Lane, N. G. 1982. Crinoids from the Edwardsville Formation (Lower Mississippian) of southern Indiana. Journal of Paleontology, 56:1343–1361, 2 pl. Google Scholar
Ausich, W. I., Kammer, T. W., and Lane, N. G. 1979. Fossil communities of the Borden (Mississippian) delta in Indiana and northern Kentucky. Journal of Paleontology, 53:1182–1196.Google Scholar
Austin, T., and Austin, T. 1843a. XXXIII.—Description of several new genera and species of Crinoidea. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 1, 11(69):195–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Austin, T., and Austin, T. 1843b–1847. A monograph on recent and fossil Crinoidea, with figures and descriptions of some Recent and fossil allied genera. 1, 2:1–32, pl. 1–4, frontispiece (1843); 3:33–48, pl. 5–6 (1844); 4:49–64, pl. 7–8 (1845); 5:65–80, pl. 9–10 (1846); 6–8:81–128, pl. 11–16 (1847); 128 p., 16 pl., London and Bristol. Google Scholar
Bachtel, S. L., and Dorobek, S. L. 1998. Mississippian carbonate ramp-to-basin transitions in south-central New Mexico: sequence stratigraphic response to progressively steepening out-ramp profiles. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 68:1189–1200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bassler, R. S., and Moodey, M. W. 1943. Bibliographic and faunal index of Paleozoic pelmatozoan echinoderms: Geological Society of America Special Paper 45:1–734.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bather, F. A. 1899. A phylogenetic classification of the Pelmatozoa. British Association for the Advancement of Science (1898), p. 916–923.Google Scholar
Baumiller, T. K., and Meyer, D. L. 2000. Crinoid postures in oscillating current: insights into some biomenchanical aspects of passive filter feeding. Geological Society of America Program/Abstracts, 32(7):372.Google Scholar
Branson, C. C., and Mehl, M. G. 1934. Conodont studies no. 4, Conodonts from the Bushberg Sandstone and equivalent formations of Missouri. Missouri University Studies, 8(4):265–300.Google Scholar
Brice, D. 2001. Personal communication, May 2001.Google Scholar
Brice, D., Mistiaen, B., and Rohart, J.-C. 1999. New data on distribution of brachipods, rugose corals and stromatoporoids in the Upper Devonian of central and eastern Iran. Paleobiogeographic implications. Annales de la Société Géologique du Nord, 7(2):21–32.Google Scholar
Broadhead, T. W. 1981. Carboniferous camerate crinoid subfamily, Dichocrininae. Palaeontographica, Abt. A, 176:81–157, 15 pl. Google Scholar
Bronn, H. G. 1848–49. Index palaeontologicus, unter Mitwirking der Herren Prof. Göppert, H. R. und von Meyer, H.: Handbuch einer Geschichte der Nature, 5, Abt. 1, (1, 2), Pt. 3, A. Nomenclator Palaeontologicus; A–M:1–775; N–Z:776–1381, Stuttgart.Google Scholar
Burdick, D. W., and Strimple, H. L. 1983. Genevievian and Chesterian crinoids of Albama. Geological Survey of Alabama, Bulletin (1982), 121:1–277, 25 pl. Google Scholar
Chen, X., and Webster, G. D. 1994. Sedimentology, tectonic control and evolution of a Lower Mississippian carbonate ramp with offshore bank, central Wyoming to eastern Idaho and northeastern Utah, U.S.A. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir 17:557–587.Google Scholar
Chen, X., Derewetzky, A. N., and Webster, G. D. 1994. Evaluation of the Kinderhookian-Osagean (Lower Mississippian) boundary in the Cordillera, western United States. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir 17:877–890.Google Scholar
Chen, Z.-T., Wei, W.-L., and Dai, G.-X. 1997. One new genus of crinoid from Lower Carboniferous of Guilin area, Guangxi, China. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 36:52–57, 2 pls. Google Scholar
Cooper, C. L. 1939. Conodonts from a Bushberg-Hannibal horizon in Oklahoma. Journal of Paneontology, 13:379–422, pls. 39–47. Google Scholar
Dastanpour, M. 1996. The Devonian System in Iran: a review. Geological Magazine, 133(2):159–170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dastanpour, M., and Bassett, M. G. 1998. Post-conference field excursion guide: Palaeozoic sequences in the Kerman Region, 17–20 December 1998. Shahid Bahonar University, 21 p.Google Scholar
Dewey, C. P. 1985. The palaeogeographic significance of Lower Carboniferous crustaceans (ostracodes and peracarids) from western Newfoundland and central Nova Scotia, Canada. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 49:175–188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Druce, E. C. 1969. Devonian and Carboniferous conodonts form the Bonaparte Gulf Basin, northern Australia. Australian Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics, Bulletin 98:1–243.Google Scholar
Elrick, M., and Read, J. F. 1991. Cyclic ramp-to-basin carbonate deposits, Lower Mississippian, Wyoming and Montana: a combined field and computer modelling study. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 61:1194–1224.Google Scholar
Gahn, R. J., and Kammer, T. W. 2002. The cladid crinoid Barycrinus from the Burlington Limestone (early Osagean) and the phylogenetics of the Mississippian botryocrinids. Journal of Paleontology, 76:123–133.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldring, W. 1923. The Devonian crinoids of the State of New York. New York State Museum, Memoir 16:1–670, 60 pl. Google Scholar
Hall, J. 1861. Descriptions of new species of crinoidea; from investigations of the Iowa Geological Survey. Preliminary notice. 18 p., Albany, New York; C. van Benthuysen.Google Scholar
Hashimoto, K. 2001. Pennsylvanian camerate crinoids from the Akiyoshi Limestone Group, southwest Japan. Bulletin of the Akiyoshi-dai Museum of Natural History No. 36, 16 p., 5 pls. Google Scholar
Haude, R., and Thomas, E. 1992. Die unter-karbonischen Crinoiden von “Kohleiche” bei Wuppertal, p. 307–361. In Thomas, E. (ed.), Oberdevon und Unterkarbon von Aprath im Bergischen Land (Nördliches Rheinisches Schiefergebirge). Verlag Sven von Loga, Köln.Google Scholar
Hoare, R. D., and Aghababalu, B. 2001. Large Devonian and Mississippian rostroconchs (Mollusca) from Iran. Journal of Paleontology, 75:1047–1051.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaekel, O. 1918. Phylogenie und System der Pelmatozoen. Paläeontologische Zeitschrift, 3(1):1–128.Google Scholar
Jell, P. A. 1999. Silurian and Devonian crinoids from central Victoria. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 43(1):1–114.Google Scholar
Jell, P. A., and Theron, J. N. 1999. Early Devonian echinoderms echinoderms from South Africa. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 43(1):115–200.Google Scholar
Kammer, T. W. 1984. Crinoids from the New Providence Shale Member of the Borden Formation (Mississippian) in Kentucky and Indiana. Journal of Paleontology, 58:115–130.Google Scholar
Kammer, T. W., and Ausich, W. I. 1992. Advanced cladid crinoids from the Middle Mississippian of the east-central United States: primitivegrade calyces. Journal of Paleontology, 66:461–480.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kiessling, W., Flügel, E., and Golonka, J. 1999. Paleoreef maps: evaluation of a comprehensive database on Phanerozoic reefs. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 83(10):1552–1587.Google Scholar
Kirk, E. 1940. Seven new genera of Carboniferous Crinoidea Inadunata. Journal of the Washington Academy of Science, 30:321–334.Google Scholar
Kirk, E. 1941. Four new genera of Mississippian Crinoidea Inadunata. Journal of Paleontology, 15:81–88, pl. 17–18. Google Scholar
Kirk, E. 1948. Two new inadunate crinoid genera from the Middle Devonian. American Journal of Science, 246:701–710, 1 pl. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klapper, G. 1966. Upper Devonian and Lower Mississippian conodont zones in Montana, Wyoming and South Dakota. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions Paper, 3:1–43.Google Scholar
Lane, H. R. 1975. Correlation of the Mississippian rocks southern New Mexico and west Texas utilizing conodonts, p. 87–97. In Pray, L. C. (ed.), Guidebook to the Mississipipnan Shelf Edge and Basin Facies Carbonates, Sacramento Mountains and Southern New Mexico Region. Dallas Geological Society Guidebook.Google Scholar
Lane, H. R., Sandberg, C. A., and Ziegler, W. 1980. Taxonomy and phylogeny of some Lower Carboniferous conodonts and preliminary standard post-Siphonodella zonation. Geologica Palaeontologica, 14:117–164.Google Scholar
Lane, N. G., Waters, J. A., and Maples, C. G. 1997. Echinoderm faunas of the Hongguleleng Formation, Late Devonian (Famennian), Xinjiang-Uygur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China. Journal of Paleontology, 71(Supplement to 2):1–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lane, N. G., Maples, C. G., and Waters, J. 2001a. Revision of Late Devonian (Famennian) and some Early Carboniferous (Tournaisian) crinoids and blastoids from the type Devonian area of North Devon. Palaeontology, 44:1043–1080.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lane, N. G., Maples, C. G., and Waters, J. 2001b. Revision of Strunian (Etroeungtian) crinoids and blastoids from Germany. Paläontologisch Zeitschrifte, 75:233–252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laudon, L. R. 1933. The stratigraphy and paleontology of the Gilmore City Formation of Iowa. University of Iowa Studies, 15(2):1–74, 7 pl. Google Scholar
Laudon, L. R. 1941. New crinoid fauna from the Pitkin Limestone of Northeastern Oklahoma. Journal of Paleontology, 15:384–391, pl. 56, 57. Google Scholar
Laudon, L. R., and Bowsher, A. L. 1951. Mississippian formations of Sacramento Mountains, New Mexico. American Association of Petrolum Geologists, Bulletin, 25:2107–2160.Google Scholar
Laudon, L. R., and Severson, J. L. 1953. New crinoid fauna, Mississippian, Lodgepole Formation, Montana. Journal of Paleontology, 27:505–536, pl. 51–55. Google Scholar
Maples, C. G., and Archer, A. W. 1989. Paleoecological and sedimentological significance of bioturbated crinoid calyces. Palaios, 4:379–383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mcintosh, G. C. 1984. Devonian cladid inadunate crinoids; Family Botryocrinidae Bather, 1899. Journal of Paleontology, 58:1260–1281.Google Scholar
Mcintosh, G. C. 2001. Devonian cladid crinoids: families Glossocrinidae Goldring, 1923 and Rutkoskicrinidae, new family. Journal of Paleontology, 75:783–807.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Messing, C. G., Rosesmyth, M. C., Mailer, S. R., and Miller, J. E. 1988. Relocation movement in a stalked crinoid (Echinodermata). Bulletin of Marine Science, 42:480–487.Google Scholar
Miller, J. S. 1821. A natural history of the Crinoidea, or lily-shaped animals; with observations on the genera, Asteria, Euryale, Comatula and Marsupites. Bryan & Co. 1–150, numerous unnumbered plates (Bristol, England).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, S. A. 1889. North American geology and paleontology. Western Methodist Book Concern, Cincinnati, 664 p., 1194 figs. Google Scholar
Miller, S. A. 1890. The structure, classification and arrangement of American Palaeozoic crinoids into families. American Geologist, 6:275–286, 340–357. Google Scholar
Miller, S. A., and Gurley, W. F. E. 1890. Description of some new genera and species of Echinodermata from the Coal Measures and Subcarboniferous rocks of Indiana, Missouri, and Iowa: Journal Cincinnati Society of Natural History, v. 13, no. 1, p. 1–25, pl. 1–4. Google Scholar
Miller, S. A., and Gurley, W. F. E. 1891. Description of some new genera and species of Echinodermata from the Coal Measures and Subcarboniferous rocks of Indiana, Missouri, and Iowa, p. 327–373, pl. 1–10. In Indiana Department of Geology and Natural Resources, 16th Annual Report. Google Scholar
Miller, S. A., and Gurley, W. F. E. 1895. Description of new species of Palaeozoic Echinodermata. Illinois State Museum, Bulletin 6:1–62, 5 pl. Google Scholar
Miller, S. A., and Gurley, W. F. E. 1896. Description of new and remarkable fossils from the Palaeozoic rocks of the Mississippi Valley: Illinois State Museum, Bulletin 8:1–65, 5 pl. Google Scholar
Moore, R. C., and Laudon, L. R. 1943. Evolution and classification of Paleozoic crinoids. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 46:1–151, 14 pl. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, R. C., and Strimple, H. L. 1969. Explosive evolutionary differentiation of unique group of Mississippian-Pennsylvanian camerate crinoids (Acrocrinidae). University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Paper 39, 44 p.Google Scholar
Moore, R. C., and Teichert, C., (eds.). 1978. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Pt. T, Echinodermata 2, Crinoidea: 3 vols., Geological Society of America and University of Kansas, Lawrence, 1026 p.Google Scholar
Morris, J., 1843. A catalogue of British fossils. Comprising all the genera and species hitherto described; with reference to their geological distribution and to the localities in which they have been found (first edition). John Van Voorst, London, 222 p.Google Scholar
Münster, G. G. 1839–1846. Beschreibung einiger neuen Crinoideen aus der Uebergangs-formation. Beitrage zur Petrefacten-Kunde, 7 vols, 1:1–124, 19 pl. (Crinoids, 1:31–34, pl. 1, 16) Google Scholar
Rhodes, F. H. T., Austin, R. L., and Druce, E. C. 1969. British Avonian Carboniferous conodont faunas, and their value in local and intercontinental correlation. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Geology) Supplement 5:1–313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roemer, C. F. 1852–54. Erste Periode, Kohlen-Gebirge. In Lethaea Geognostica, H. G. BRONN, 1851–1856 (third edition). E. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart, 2:1–788, 10 pl. Google Scholar
Ruttner, A., Nabavi, M. H., and Hajian, J. 1968. Geology of the Shirgesht area (Tabas area, east Iran). Geological Survey of Iran, Report No. 4:1–133.Google Scholar
Sando, W. J., Mamet, B. L., and Dutro, J. T. Jr. 1969. Carboniferous megafaunal and microfaunal zonation in the northern Cordillera of the United States. U.S. Geological Survey, Professional Paper 613E:1–29.Google Scholar
Schmidt, W. E. 1930. Die Echinodermen des deutschen Unterkarbons. Abhandlungen der Preussichen Geologischen Landesanstalt, n.s., 122(1):1–92, 3 pl. Google Scholar
Simms, M. J., and Sevastopulo, G. D. 1993. The origin of articulate crinoids. Palaeontology, 36:91–109.Google Scholar
Springer, F. 1906. Discovery of the disk of Onychocrinus and further remarks on the Crinoidea Flexibilia. Journal of Geology, 14:467–523, pl. 4–7. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Springer, F. 1913. Crinoidea, p. 173–243. In Von Zittel, K. A. (ed.), Textbook of Paleontology (translated and edited by C. R. Eastman) (2nd edition). Macmillan & Co., Ltd., London.Google Scholar
Springer, F. 1920. The Crinoidea Flexibilia. Smithsonian Institution Publication 2501:1–486, pl. A–C, 1–76. Google Scholar
Springer, F. 1926. Unusual forms of fossil crinoids: Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, 67(9):1–137, 26 pl. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stöcklin, J., and Setudehnia, A. 1991. Stratigraphic lexicon of Iran. Geological Survey of Iran, Report No. 18:1–376.Google Scholar
Stöcklin, J., Eftekhar-Nezhad, J., and Hushmand-Zadeh, A. 1965. Geology of the Shotori Range (Tabas area, east Iran). Geological Survey of Iran, Report, 3:1–69.Google Scholar
Strimple, H. L. 1967. Aphelecrinidae, a new family of inadunate crinoids. Oklahoma Geology Notes, 27:81–85, 1 pl. Google Scholar
Strimple, H. L., and Watkins, W. T. 1969. Carboniferous crinoids of Texas with stratigraphic implications. Palaeontographica Americana, 6(40):139–275, pl. 30–56. Google Scholar
van Sant, J. F., and Lane, N. G. 1964. Crawfordsville (Indiana) crinoid studies. Echinodermata Article 7, The University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, 1–136.Google Scholar
Wachsmuth, C., and Springer, F. 1880–1886. Revision of the Palaeocrinoidea. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Pt. I. The families Ichthyocrinidae and Cyathocrinidae (1880), p. 226–378, pl. 15–17 (separate repaged p. 1–153, pl. 1–3). Pt. II. Family Sphaeroidocrinidae, with the sub-families Platycrinidae, Rhodocrinidae, and Actinocrinidae (1881):177–411, pl. 17–19 (separate repaged, 1–237, pl. 17–19). Pt. III, Sec. 1. Discussion of the classification and relations of the brachiate crinoids, and conclusion of the generic descriptions (1885):225–364, pl. 4–9 (separate repaged, 1–138, pl. 4–9). Pt. III, Sec. 2. Discussion of the classification and relations of the brachiate crinoids, and conclusion of the generic descriptions (1886):64–226 (separate repaged to continue with section 1, 139–302). Google Scholar
Wanner, J. 1924. Die permischen Krinoiden von Timor: Jaarbook van net Mijnwezen Nederlandes Oost-Indie, Verhandlungen (1921), Gedeelte, 3:1–348, 22 pl. Google Scholar
Webster, G. D. 1974. Crinoid pluricolumnal noditaxis patterns. Journal of Paleontology, 48:1283–1288.Google Scholar
Webster, G. D. 1997. Lower Carboniferous echinoderms from northern Utah and western Wyoming. Utah Geological Survey Bulletin 128, Paleontology Series, 1:1–65.Google Scholar
Webster, G. D. In press. Bibliography and Index of Paleozoic crinoids, coronates, and hemistreptocrinoids, 1758–199. Geological Society of America Special Paper 363.Google Scholar
Webster, G. D., Davis, L. E., and Wickwire, D. W. 1987. Lithostratigraphy and biostratigraphy of Early Mississippian strata of southeastern Idaho and northeastern Utah, U.S.A. Courier Forsch. Institute Senckenberg, 98:179–191.Google Scholar
Webster, G. D., Hafley, D. J., Blake, D. B., and Glass, A. 1999. Crinoids and stelleroids (Echinodermata) from the Broken Rib Member, Dyer Formation (Late Devonian, Famennian) of the White River Plateau, Colorado. Journal of Paleontology, 73(3):461–486.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webster, G. D., and Jell, P. A. 1999a. New Carboniferous crinoids from eastern Australia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 43(1):237–238.Google Scholar
Webster, G. D., and Jell, P. A. 1999b. New Permian crinoids from eastern Australia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 43(1):279–340.Google Scholar
Webster, G. D., Yazdi, M., Dastanpour, M., and Maples, C. 2001. Preliminary analysis of Devonian and Carboniferous crinoids and blastoids from Iran. In Tahiri, A., and El Hassani, A. (eds.), Proceedings of the Subcommission on Devonian Stratigraphy (SDS)-IGCP421. Travaux de l'Institute Scientifique, Rabat, Série Géologie et Géographie Physique (2000), N$dg 20:108–115.Google Scholar
Wendt, J., Kaufmann, B., Belka, Z., Farian, N., and Bavanpur, A. K. 2002. Devonian/Lower Carboniferous stratigraphy, facies patterns and palaeontology of Iran, part I, Southeastern Iran. Acta Geologica Polonica, 52(2):129–168.Google Scholar
Whitfield, R. P. 1905. Notice of a new crinoid and a new mollusk from the Portage rocks of New York. American Museum Natural History, Bulletin 21(2):17–20, pl. 1–4. Google Scholar
Williams, H. S. 1882. New crinoids from the rocks of the Chemung period of New York State. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 17–34, 1 pl. Google Scholar
Wright, J. 1945. Tyrieocrinus (gen. nov.) and Scotiacrinus (gen. nov.) and seven new species of inadunate crinoids from the Carboniferous limestones of Scotland and Yorkshire: Geological Magazine, v. 82, p. 114–125, pl. 2–3. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, J. 1948. Scytalocrinus seafieldensis sp. nov. and a rare Ureocrinus from the Carboniferous limestones of Fife; with notes on a blastoid and two crinoids from the Carboniferous limestone of the Clitheroe area: Geological Magazine, v. 85, p. 48–52, pl. 5. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, J. 1950–1960. The British Carboniferous Crinoidea. Palaeontographical Society, Monograph, 1(1):1–24, pl. 1–7, 1950; 1(2):25–46, pl. 8–12, 1951a; 1(3):47–102, pl. 13–31, 1951b; 1(4):103–148, pl. 32–40, 1952a; 1(5):149–190, pl. 41–47, 1954a; 2(l):191–254, pl. 48–63, 1955a; 2(2):255–272, pl. 64–67, 1955b; 2(3):273–306, 68–75, 1956b; 2(4):307–328, pl. 76–81, 1958. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, J., and Ramsbottom, W. H. C. 1960. The British Carboniferous Crinoidea: Palaeontographical Society Monograph 2(5):329–347, pl. A–B. Google Scholar
Yakovlev, N. N. 1926. On Cystoblastus, Nymphaeoblastus, and Acrocrinus [O Cystoblastus, Nymphaeoblastus i Acrocrinus.] Izvestiy Geologicheskogo Komiteta, Leningrad, 45(2):43–49, 1 pl. Google Scholar
Yakovlev, N. N. 1954. Gigantskie morskie lilii iz kamennougolnkh otlozenii Kazakhstana Blothrocrinus litvinovitschae sp. n. [A gigantic crinoid from the Carboniferous deposits of Kazakhstan, Blothrocrinus litvinovitschae sp. n.]. Izvestia Akademii Nauk USSR, Seriya Geologicheskaya, 99(4):113–115. (In Russian) Google Scholar
Yazdi, M. 1996. Late Devonian-Carboniferous conodont biostratigraphy of the Tabas area, eastern Iran. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Macquarie University, Centre for Ecostratigraphy and Palaeobiology, Sydney, 200 p.Google Scholar
Yazdi, M. 1999. Late Devonian-Carboniferous conodonts from eastern Iran. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 105(2):167–200.Google Scholar
Zittle, K. A. von. 1876–80. Handbuch der Palaeontologie, Band 1, Palaeozoologie. Abt. 1:1–765, R. Oldenbourg, München, Leipzig (1879). (Echinoderms, p. 308–560)Google Scholar
Zittle, K. A. von. 1895. Grundzüge der Palaeontologie (Palaeozoologie) (first edition). 971 p., R. Oldenbourg, München.Google Scholar