No CrossRef data available.
Article contents
Bivalve systematics during the 20th century
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 20 May 2016
Abstract
Over the past 75 years, the higher-level taxonomy of bivalves has received less attention than that of their fellow molluscs, gastropods. The publication of the bivalve volumes of the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology in 1969 was not followed by an explosion of study into the evolution of bivalves; rather, with only one or two exceptions, bivalve workers were noticeably absent from the cladistic and molecular revolutions that were taking place during the 1970s and 1980s, even as gastropods received considerable attention. Over the past ten years, cladistics and molecular systematics have begun to be applied to solve problems of bivalve evolutionary biology. These studies, most of which have been undertaken by paleontologists, have halted the stagnation in bivalve systematics. Bivalve systematics looks to have an exciting future, as the excellent fossil record of the Bivalvia will be used in conjunction with cladistics and molecular systematics to solve problems in not just bivalve evolution but evolutionary biology in general.
- Type
- Research Article
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © The Paleontological Society
References
Adamkewicz, S. L., and Harasewych, M. G.
1994. Use of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers to assess relationships among beach clams of the genus Donax
. The Nautilus, Supplement, 2:51–60.Google Scholar
Adamkewicz, S. L., and Harasewych, M. G.
1996. Systematics and biogeography of the genus Donax (Bivalvia: Donacidae) in eastern North America. American Malacological Bulletin, 13:97–103.Google Scholar
Adamkewicz, S. L., Harasewych, M. G., Blake, J., Saudek, D., and Bult, C. J.
1997. A molecular phylogeny of the bivalve mollusks. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 14:619–629.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baco, A. R., Smith, C. R., Peek, A. S., Roderick, G. K., and Vrijenhoek, R. C.
1999. The phylogenetic relationships of whale-fall vesicomyid clams based on mitochondrial COI DNA sequences. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 182:137–147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bieler, R.
1988. Phylogenetic relationships in the gastropod family Architectonicidae, with notes on the family Mathildidae (Allogastropoda). Malacological Review, Supplement
4:205–240.Google Scholar
Bieler, R.
1992. Gastropod phylogeny and systematics. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 23:311–338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bieler, R., and Mikkelsen, P. M.
1992. Preliminary phylogenetic analysis of the bivalve family Galeommatidae. American Malacological Bulletin, 9:157–164.Google Scholar
Bogan, A. E., and Hoeh, W. R.
2000. On becoming cemented: Evolutionary relationships among genera in the freshwater bivalve family Etheriidae (Bivalvia, Unionoida). Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 177:159–168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boss, K. J.
1978. Taxonomic concepts and superfluity in bivalve nomenclature. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 284:417–424.Google Scholar
Boss, K. J.
1982. Mollusca, p. 945–1166. In
Parker, S. P. (ed.), Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms. Volume 2. McGraw-Hill, New York.Google Scholar
Bretsky, S. S.
1971. Evaluation of the efficacy of numerical taxonomic methods: An example from the bivalve mollusks. Systematic Zoology, 20:204–222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, D. C.
2000. Molecular evidence on the evolution of the Bivalvia. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 177:31–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, D. C., Hoekstra, K. J., and Carter, J. G.
1998. 18S ribosomal DNA and evolutionary relationships within the Bivalvia, p. 75. In
Johnston, P. A. and Haggart, J. W. (eds.), Bivalves: An Eon of Evolution. University of Calgary Press, Calgary.Google Scholar
Canapa, A., Barucca, M., Marinelli, A., and Olmo, E.
2000. Molecular data from the 16s rRNA gene for the phylogeny of Pectinidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia). Journal of Molecular Evolution, 50:93–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Canapa, A., Marotta, I., Rollo, F., and Olmo, E.
1996. Phylogenetic analysis of Veneridae (Bivalvia): comparison of molecular and paleontological data. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 43:517–522.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Canapa, A., Marotta, I., Rollo, F., and Olmo, E.
1999. The small-subunit rRNA gene sequences of venerids and the phylogeny of Bivalvia. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 48:463–468.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carter, J. G. (ed.). 1990. Skeletal Biomineralization: Patterns, Processes and Evolutionary Trends. New York, van Rostrand Reinhold, 2 Volumes, 832 +101 p.Google Scholar
Carter, J. G., Campbell, D. C., and Campbell, M. R.
2000. Cladistic perspectives on early bivalve evolution. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 177:47–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coan, E. V., Scott, P. V., and Bernard, F. R.
2000. Bivalve Seashells of North America. Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 764 p.Google Scholar
Cooley, L. R., and Ó Foighil, D.
2000. Phylogenetic analysis of the Sphaeriidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) based on partial mitochondrial 16S rDNA gene sequences Invertebrate Biology, 119:299–308.Google Scholar
Cope, J. C. W.
1996. The early evolution of the Bivalvia, p. 361–370. In
Taylor, J. (ed.), Origin and Evolutionary Radiation of the Mollusca. Oxford University Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Cope, J. C. W.
1997. The early phylogeny of the Class Bivalvia. Palaeontology, 40:713–746.Google Scholar
Cope, J. C. W.
2000. A new look at early bivalve evolution. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 177:81–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cossmann, M., and Peyrot, A.
1909. Conchologie néogenique de l'Aquitaine. Société Linnéènne de Bordeaux, Actes, 63:89–100.Google Scholar
Cox, L. R.
1960. Thoughts on the classification of the Bivalvia. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London, 34:60–88.Google Scholar
Cox, L. R.
1969. General features of Bivalvia, p. 3–129. In
Moore, R. C. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Pt. N, Mollusca 6, Bivalvia. The Geological Society of America and the University of Kansas Press, Lawrence.Google Scholar
Dall, W. H.
1889. On the hinge of pelecypods and its development, with an attempt toward a better subdivision of the group. American Journal of Science, 38:445–462.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dall, W. H.
1895. Contributions to the Tertiary fauna of Florida, Pt. III, a new classification of the Pelecypoda. Transactions of the Wagner Free Institute of Science, 3:485–570.Google Scholar
Dall, W. H.
1913. Pelecypoda, p. 421–507. In
von Zittel, K. A. (ed.), Textbook of Palaeontology. MacMillan and Co., New York.Google Scholar
Davis, G. M.
1979. The origin and evolution of the gastropod family Pomatiopsidae, with emphasis on the Mekong River Triculinae. The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Monograph, 20:1–120.Google Scholar
Davis, G. M.
1982. Historical and ecological factors in the evolution, adaptive radiation, and biogeography of freshwater mollusks. American Zoologist, 22:375–395.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, G. M.
1983. Relative roles of molecular genetics, anatomy, morphometries and ecology in assessing relationships among North American Unionidae (Bivalvia). Systematics Association Special Volume, 24:193–222.Google Scholar
Davis, G. M.
1984. Genetic relationships among some North American Unionidae (Bivalvia): sibling species, convergence, and cladistic relationships. Malacologia, 25:629–648.Google Scholar
Davis, G. M., and Fuller, S. L. H.
1981. Genetic relationships among Recent Unionacea (Bivalvia) of North America. Malacologia, 20:217–253.Google Scholar
Davis, G. M., Kuo, Y.-H., Hoagland, K. E., Chen, P.-L., Yang, H.-M., and Chen, D.-J.
1984.
Kunmingia, a new genus of Triculinae (Gastropoda: Pomatiopsidae) from China: phenetic and cladistic relationships. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 136:165–193.Google Scholar
Duk, M. A. M. van, Madsen, O., Catzeflis, F., Stanhope, M. J., deJong, W. W., and Pagel, M.
2001. Protein sequence signatures support the African clade of mammals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 98:188–193.Google Scholar
Franc, A.
1960. Classe de bivalves, p. 1845–2219. In
Grasse, P.-P. (ed.), Traité de Zoologie. Masson et Cie, Paris.Google Scholar
Frischer, M. E., Williams, J., and Kenchington, E.
1998. A molecular phylogeny of some major groups of Pectinidae inferred from 18S rRNA gene sequences, p. 213–221. In
Johnston, P. A. and Haggart, J. W. (eds.), Bivalves: An Eon of Evolution. University of Calgary Press, Calgary.Google Scholar
Geyer, G., and Streng, M.
1998. Middle Cambrian pelecypods from the Anti-Atlas, Morocco. Revista Española de Paleontología, No. extraordinario, Homenajeal Prof. Gonzalo Vidal, 83–86.Google Scholar
Graf, D. L., and Ó Foighil, D.
2000. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of 28S rDNA supports a Gondwanan origin for Australasian Hyriidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionoida). Vie Milieu, 50:245–254.Google Scholar
Harasewych, M. G.
1984. Comparative anatomy of four primitive muricacean gastropods: implications for trophonine phylogeny. American Malacological Bulletin, 3:11–26.Google Scholar
Harper, E. M., Hide, E. A., and Morton, B.
2000. Relationships between the extant Anomalodesmata: A cladistic test. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 177:129–143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harte, M. E.
1998. Is Cyclininae a monophyletic subfamily of Veneridae (Bivalvia)? Malacologia, 40:297–304.Google Scholar
Havlíček, V., and KŘíŽ, J.
1978. Middle Cambrian Lamellodonta simplex Vogel: ‘bivalve’ turned brachiopod Trematobolus simplex (Vogel). Journal of Paleontology, 52:972–975.Google Scholar
Healy, J. M.
1989. Spermiogenesis and spermatozoa in the relict bivalve genus Neotrigonia: relevance to trigoniid relationships, particularly Unionoidea. Marine Biology, 103:75–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Healy, J. M.
1995. Sperm ultrastructure in the marine bivalve families Carditidae and Crassatellidae and its bearing on unification of the Crassatelloidea with the Carditoidea. Zoologica Scripta, 24:21–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Healy, J. M.
1996. Molluscan sperm ultrastructure: correlation with taxonomic units within the Gastropoda, Cephalopoda and Bivalvia, p. 99–113. In
Taylor, J. (ed.), Origin and Evolutionary Radiation of the Mollusca. Oxford University Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Healy, J. M., Keys, J. L., and Daddow, L. Y. M.
2000. Comparative sperm ultrastructure in pteriomorphian bivalves with special reference to phylogenetic and taxonomic implications. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 177:169–190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hennig, W.
1950. Grundzüge einer Theorie der Phylogenetischen Systematic Berlin, Deutscher Centralverlag, 370 p.Google Scholar
Hoeh, W. R., Black, M. B., Gustafson, R., Bogan, A. E., Lutz, R. A., and Vrijenhoek, R. C.
1998. Testing alternative hypotheses of Neotrigonia (Bivalvia: Trigonoida) phylogenetic relationships using cytochrome oxidase subunit I DNA sequences. Malacologia, 40:267–278.Google Scholar
Houbrick, R. S.
1984. Revision of higher taxa in genus Cerithidea (Mesogastropoda: Potamididae) based on comparative morphology and biological data. American Malacological Bulletin, 2:1–10.Google Scholar
Houbrick, R. S.
1988. Cerithioidean phylogeny. Malacological Review, Supplement
4:88–128.Google Scholar
Huelsenbeck, J. P.
1994. Comparing the stratigraphic record to estimates of phylogeny. Paleobiology, 20:470–483.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jell, P.
1980. Earliest known pelecypod on Earth—a new Early Cambrian genus from South Australia. Alcheringa, 4:233–239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kenchington, E. L., Roddick, D. L., Singh, R. K., and Bird, C. J.
1994. Analysis of small-subunit rRNA gene sequences from six families of molluscs. Journal of Marine Biotechnology, 1:215–217.Google Scholar
Keys, J. L., and Healy, J. M.
2000. Relevance of sperm ultrastrcture to the classification of giant clams (Mollusca, Cardioidea, Cardiidae, Tridacninae). Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 177:191–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindberg, D. R.
1988. The Patellogastropoda. Malacological Review, Supplement
4:35–63.Google Scholar
Liu, F.-G. R., Miyamoto, M. M., Freire, N. P., Ong, P. Q., Tennant, M. R., Young, T. S., and Gugel, K. F.
2001. Molecular and morphological supertrees for eutherian (placental) mammals. Science, 291:1786–1789.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lydeard, C., Minton, R. I., and Williams, J. D.
2000. Prodigious polyphyly in imperilled freshwater pearly-mussels (Bivalvia: Unionidae): A phylogenetic test of species and generic designations. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 177:145–158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacKinnon, D.
1982.
Tuarangia paparua n. gen. and n. sp., a late Middle Cambrian pelecypod from New Zealand. Journal of Paleontology, 56:589–598.Google Scholar
MacKinnon, D.
1985. New Zealand late Middle Cambrian molluscs and the origin of the Rostroconchia and Bivalvia. Alcheringa, 9:65–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miyazaki, J. M., and Mickevich, M. F.
1982. Evolution of Chesapecten (Mollusca; Bivalvia, Miocene-Pliocene) and the biogenetic law. Evolutionary Biology, 15:367–409.Google Scholar
Morris, N. J.
1978. The infaunal descendants of the Cycloconchidae: an outline of the evolutionary history and taxonomy of the Heteroconchia, superfamilies Cycloconchacea to Chamacea. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 284B:259–275Google Scholar
Morris, N., and Fortey, R. A.
1976. The significance of Tironucula gen. nov. to the study of bivalve evolution. Journal of Paleontology, 50:701–709.Google Scholar
Morton, B.
1987. The functional morphology of Neotrigonia margaritacea (Bivalvia: Trigoniacea) with a discussion of phylogenetic affinities. Records of the Australian Museum, 39:339–354.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morton, B.
1996. The evolutionary history of the Bivalvia, p. 337–359. In
Taylor, J. (ed.), Origin and Evolutionary Radiation of the Mollusca. Oxford University Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Murphy, W. J., Eizirik, E., Johnson, W. E., Zhang, Y. P., Ryder, O. A., and O'Brien, S. J.
2001. Molecular phylogenetics and the origin of placental mammals. Nature, 409:614–618.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neumayr, M.
1884. Zur morphologie des Bivalven schlosses. K. K.
Akademie der Wissenschaftlichen, Wien, Naturwissenschaftliche-Mathematische Classe, Sitzungberichte, 88:385–418.Google Scholar
Nevesskaia, L. A., Scarlato, O. A., Starobogatov, Ya. I., and Eberzin, A. G.
1971. Novie predstavlenia o sisteme dvustvorchatikh molliuskov. Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal, 1971(2):3–20Google Scholar
Newell, N.
1965. Classification of the Bivalvia. American Museum Novitates, 2206:1–25.Google Scholar
Newell, N. D.
1969. Classification of Bivalvia, p. N205–N218. In
Moore, R. C. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Pt. N, Mollusca 6, Bivalvia. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence.Google Scholar
Newell, N. D., and Boyd, D. W.
1989. Phylogenetic implications of shell microstructure in the Pseudomonotidae, extinct Bivalvia. American Museum Novitates, 2933:1–12.Google Scholar
Ó Foighil, D., and Jozefowicz, C. J.
1999. Amphi-Atlantic phylogeography of direct-developing lineages of Lasaea, a genus of brooding bivalves. Marine Biology, 135:115–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ó Foighil, D., Jennings, R., Park, J. K., and Merriwether, D. A.
2001. Phylogenetic relationships of mid-oceanic ridge and continental lineages of Lasaea spp. (Mollusca: Bivalvia) in the northeastern Atlantic. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 213:165–175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Park, J. K., and Ó Foighil, D.
2000. Sphaeriid and corbiculid clams represent separate heterodont bivalve radiations into freshwater environments. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 14:75–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peek, A. S., Gustafson, R. G., Lutz, R. A., and Vrijenhoek, R. C.
1997. Evolutionary relationships of deep-sea hydrothermal vent and cold-water seep clams (Bivalvia: Vesicomyidae): Results from mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I. Marine Biology, 130:151–161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pelseneer, P.
1889. Sur la classification phylogenetique des pélécypodes. Bulletin scientifique de la France et de la Belgique, 20:27–52.Google Scholar
Pelseneer, P.
1891. Contribution à l'étude des lamellibranches. Archives de Biologie, 11:147–312.Google Scholar
Pelseneer, P.
1911. Les lamellibranches de l'expédition du Siboga, partie anatomique. Siboga Expeditie, 53a:1–125.Google Scholar
Pohlo, R.
1982. Evolution of the Tellinacea (Bivalvia). Journal of Molluscan Studies, 48:245–256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pojeta, J. Jr.
1975.
Fordilla troyensis Barrande and early pelecypod phylogeny. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 67:363–384.Google Scholar
Pojeta, J. Jr.
1987. Class Pelecypoda, p. 386–435. In
Boardman, R. S., Cheetham, A. H., and Rowell, A. J. (eds.), Fossil Invertebrates. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Boston.Google Scholar
Pojeta, J. Jr.
2000. Cambrian Pelecypoda (Mollusca). American Malacological Bulletin, 15:157–166.Google Scholar
Pojeta, J. Jr., and Runnegar, B.
1985. The early evolution of diasome molluscs, p. 295–336. In
Trueman, E. R. and Clarke, M. R. (eds.), The Mollusca, volume 10, Evolution. Academic Press, Orlando, FL.Google Scholar
Pojeta, J. Jr., Runnegar, B., Morris, N. J., and Newell, N. D.
1972. Rostroconchia: A new class of bivalved mollusks. Science, 177:264–267.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ponder, W. F. (ed.). 1988a. Prosobranch phylogeny. Malacological Review, Supplement 4.Google Scholar
Ponder, W. F.
1988b. The truncatelloidean (=rissoacean) radiation—a preliminary phylogeny. Malacological Review, Supplement
4:129–164.Google Scholar
Prezant, R.
1998. Classification, p. 224–226. In
Beesley, P. L., Ross, G. J. B., and Wells, A. (eds.), Mollusca, The Southern Synthesis, Pt. A, Fauna of Australia, volume 5. Collingwood, Victoria, CSIRO Publishing.Google Scholar
Purchon, R. D.
1956. The stomach in the Protobranchia and Septibranchia. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 127:511–525.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Purchon, R. D.
1957. The stomach in the Filibranchia and Pseudolamellibranchia. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 129:29–60.Google Scholar
Purchon, R. D.
1958. The stomach in the Eulamellibranchia; stomach type IV. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 131:487–525.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Purchon, R. D.
1959. Phylogenetic classification of the Lamellibranchia, with special reference to to the Protobranchia. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London, 33:224–230.Google Scholar
Purchon, R. D.
1960a. The stomach in the Eulamellibranchia; stomach types IV and V. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 135:431–489.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Purchon, R. D.
1960b. Phylogeny in the Lamellibranchia, p. 69–82. In Proceedings of the Centenary and Bicentenary Congress of Biology, Singapore 1958.Google Scholar
Purchon, R. D.
1978. An analytical approach to a classification of the Bivalvia. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 284:425–436.Google Scholar
Purchon, R. D.
1987. Classification and evolution of the Bivalvia: An analytical study. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 316:277–302.Google Scholar
Purchon, R. D.
1990. Stomach structure, classification and evolution of the Bivalvia, p. 73–82. In
Morton, B., (ed.), The Bivalvia—Proceedings of a Memorial Symposium in Honour of Sir Charles Maurice Yonge, Edinburgh, 1986. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong.Google Scholar
Rice, E. L., Roddick, D., and Singh, R. K.
1993. A comparison of molluscan (Bivalvia) phylogenies based on paleontological and molecular data. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology, 2:137–146.Google Scholar
Ridewood, W. G.
1903. On the structure of the gills of Lamellibranchia. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 195:147–284.Google Scholar
Roe, K. J., and Lydeard, C.
1998. Molecular systematics of the freshwater mussel genus Potamilus (Bivalvia, Unionidae). Malacologia, 39:195–205.Google Scholar
Roopnarine, P. D.
1996. Systematics, biogeography and extinction of chionine bivalves (Bivalvia: Veneridae) in tropical America: Early Oligocene-Recent. Malacologia, 38:103–142.Google Scholar
Roopnarine, P. D.
2001. A history of diversification, esxtinction, and invasion in tropical America as deerived from species-level phytogenies of chionine genera (family Veneridae). Journal of Paleontology, 75:644–657.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenberg, G., Tillier, S., Tillier, A., Kuncio, G. S., Hanlon, R. T., Masselot, M., and Williams, C. J.
1997. Ribosomal RNA phylogeny of selected major clades in the Mollusca. Journal of Molluscan Studies, 63:301–309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Runnegar, B.
1983. Molluscan phylogeny revisited. Memoir, Association of Australasian Palaeontologists, 1:121–144.Google Scholar
Runnegar, B., and Bentley, C.
1983. Anatomy, ecology and affinities of the Australian Early Cambrian bivalve Pojetaia runnegari Jell. Journal of Paleontology, 57:73–92.Google Scholar
Runnegar, B., and Pojeta, J. Jr.
1974. Molluscan phylogeny: The paleontological viewpoint. Science, 186:311–317.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Runnegar, B., and Pojeta, J. Jr.
1992. The earliest bivalves and their descendants. American Malacological Bulletin, 9:117–122.Google Scholar
Salvini-Plawen, L. V., and Steiner, G.
1996. Synapomorphies and plesiomorphies in higher classification of Mollusca, p. 29–51. In
Taylor, J. (ed.), Origin and Evolutionary Radiation of the Mollusca. Oxford University Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Schneider, J. A.
1992. Preliminary cladistic analysis of the bivalve family Cardiidae. American Malacological Bulletin, 9:145–155.Google Scholar
Schneider, J. A.
1995. Phylogeny of the Cardiidae (Mollusca, Bivalvia): Protocardiinae, Laevicardiinae, Lahilliinae, Tulongocardiinae subfam. n. and Pleuriocardiinae subfam. n.
Zoologica Scripta, 24:321–346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schneider, J. A.
1998a. Phylogeny of stem-group eucardiids (Bivalvia: Cardiidae) and the significance of the transitional fossil Perucardia
. Malacologia, 40:37–62.Google Scholar
Schneider, J. A.
1998b. Phylogeny of the Cardiidae (Bivalvia): phylogenetic relationships and morphological evolution within the subfamilies Clinocardiinae, Lymnocardiinae, Fraginae and Tridacninae. Malacologia, 40:321–373.Google Scholar
Schneider, J. A., and Carter, J. G.
2001. Evolution and phylogenetic significance of cardioidean shell microstructure. Journal of Paleontology, 75:607–643.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schneider, J. A., and Ó Foighil, D.
1999. Phylogeny of giant clams (Cardiidae: Tridacninae) based on partial mitochondrial 16s rDNA gene sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 13:59–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seilacher, A.
1984. Constructional morphology of bivalves: evolutionary pathways in primary versus secondary soft-bottom dwellers. Palaeontology, 27:207–234.Google Scholar
Simões, M. G., Marques, A. C., Cruz de Mello, L. H., and Anelli, L. E.
1997. Phylogenetic analysis of the genera of the extinct family Megadesmidae (Bivalvia, Anomalodesmata), with remarks on its paleoecology and taxonomy. Journal of Comparative Biology, 2:75–90.Google Scholar
Skelton, P. W., and Benton, M. J.
1993. Mollusca: Rostroconchia, Scaphopoda, and Bivalvia, p. 237–263. In
Benton, M. J. (ed.), The Fossil Record, 2. Chapman and Hall, London.Google Scholar
Skelton, P. W., and Smith, A. B.
2000. A preliminary phylogeny for rudist bivalves: sifting grades from clades. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 177:97–127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skelton, P. W., Crame, J. A., Morris, N. J., and Harper, E. M.
1990. Adaptive divergence and taxonomic radiation in post-Paleozoic bivalves. Systematics Association Special Volume, 42:91–117.Google Scholar
Sokal, R. R., and Rohlf, F. J.
1981. Biometry. W. H. Freeman and Company, New York, 859 p.Google Scholar
Starobogatov, Ya. I.
1992. Morphological basis for phylogeny and classification of Bivalvia. Ruthenica, 2:1–25.Google Scholar
Steiner, G., and Hammer, S.
2000. Molecular phylogeny of the Bivalvia inferred from 18S rRNA sequences with particular reference to the Pteriomorphia. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 177:11–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steiner, G., and Muller, M.
1996. What can 18S rRNA do for bivalve phylogeny? Journal of Molecular Evolution, 43:58–70.Google Scholar
Taylor, J. D., and Glover, E. A.
1997. The lucinid bivalve genus Cardiolucina (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Lucinidae): systematics, anatomy and relationships. Bulletin of the natural History Museum, London (Zoology), 63:93–122.Google Scholar
Thiele, J.
1935. Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde, Volume 2, p. 779–1154. Gustav Fischer, Jena.Google Scholar
Waller, T. R.
1978. Morphology, morphoclines and a new classification of the Pteriormorphia (Mollusca: Bivalvia). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 284:345–365.Google Scholar
Waller, T. R.
1990. The evolution of ligament systems in the Bivalvia, p. 49–71. In
Morton, B. (ed.), The Bivalvia—Proceedings of a Memorial Symposium in Honour of Sir Charles Maurice Yonge, Edinburgh, 1986. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong.Google Scholar
Waller, T. R.
1993. The evolution of “Chlamys“ (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Pectinidae) in the tropical western Atlantic and eastern Pacific. American Malacological Bulletin, 10:195–249.Google Scholar
Waller, T. R.
1998. Origin of the molluscan class Bivalvia and a phylogeny of major groups, p. 1–47. In
Johnston, P. A. and Haggart, J. W. (eds.), Bivalves: An Eon of Evolution. University of Calgary Press, Calgary.Google Scholar
Winnepenninckx, B., Backeljau, T., and deWachter, R.
1994. Small ribosomal subunit RNA and the phylogeny of Mollusca. The Nautilus, Supplement
2:98–110.Google Scholar
Winnepenninckx, B., Backeljau, T., and deWachter, R.
1996. Investigation of molluscan phylogeny on the basis of 18s rRNA sequences. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 13:1306–1317.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed