No CrossRef data available.
Article contents
Uppermost Cambrian-lower Ordovician faunas and Laurentian platform sequence stratigraphy, eastern New York and Vermont
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 20 May 2016
Abstract
The Cambrian–Ordovician boundary is a type 1 depositional sequence boundary with dramatic local erosional incision in restricted marine facies on the easternmost New York Promontory. The systemic boundary is bracketed below by Late Cambrian, upper Cordylodus proavus Zone (s.s). conodonts from carbonates of the upper Little Falls Formation (=Whitehall Formation, abandoned). Presumed Lower Ordovician ellesmeraceratoid cephalopods from the upper Little Falls are uppermost Cambrian and among the oldest known in North America. The overlying deepening–shoaling cycle of the Tribes Hill Formation (=Cutting and Great Meadows Formations, abandoned) is the local expression of a lowermost Ordovician (Rossodus manitouensis Zone) depositional sequence recognizable across Laurentia. Complete replacement of conodonts takes place in the late Tremadocian or Tremadocian–Arenigian boundary interval with onlap of the “Fort Ann Formation” across the paleokarst cap of the Tribes Hill. The trilobites Hystricurus sp. and Symphysurina myopia Westrop new species occur in less restricted, thrombolitic facies of the middle Tribes Hill that have the highest conodont diversity. Ulrichodina Furnish, 1938, emend. is regarded as the senior synonym of the conodont Colaptoconus Kennedy, 1994 (=Glyptoconus Kennedy, 1980).
- Type
- Research Article
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © The Paleontological Society
References
Barnes, C. R., and Tuke, M. F.
1970. Conodonts from the St. George Formation (Ordovician), northern Newfoundland. Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin
187, p.79–97.Google Scholar
Betz, F. Jr.
1939. Geology and mineral deposits of the Canada Bay area, northern Newfoundland. Geological Survey of Newfoundland, Bulletin
16, 63 p.Google Scholar
Billings, E.
1859. Descriptions of some new species of trilobites from the Lower and Middle Silurian rocks of Canada. Canadian Naturalist, 4:367–383.Google Scholar
Billings, M. P., Rodgers, J., and Thompson, J. B. Jr.
1952. Geology of the Appalachian highlands of east-central New York, southern Vermont, and southern New Hampshire. Geological Society of America, 65th Annual Meeting, Guidebook, 71 p.Google Scholar
Boyce, W. D.
1989. Early Ordovician trilobite faunas of the Boat Harbour and Catoche formations (St. George Group) in the Boat Harbour-Cape Norman area, Great Northern Peninsula, western Newfoundland. Newfound Department of Mines and Energy, Geological Survey Branch, Report 89-3, 169 p.Google Scholar
Brainerd, E., and Seely, H. M.
1890. The Calciferous Formation in the Champlain valley. American Museum of Natural History Bulletin, 3:1–23.Google Scholar
Branson, E. B., and Mehl, M. G.
1933. Conodont studies, 1 and 2. University of Missouri Studies, 8:1–167.Google Scholar
Brett, K. D., and Westrop, S. R.
1996. Trilobites of the Lower Ordovician (Ibexian) Fort Cassin Formation, Champlain valley region, New York State and Vermont. Journal of Paleontology, 70:408–427.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brezinski, D. K., Repetski, J. E., and Taylor, J. F.
1999. Stratigraphic and paleontologic record of the Sauk III regression in the central Appalachians. National Park Service, Geologic Resources Division Technical Report NPS/NRGRD/GRDTR-
99:32–41.Google Scholar
Bryant, I. D., and Smith, F. M. P.
1990. A composite tectonic-eustatic origin for shelf sandstones at the Cambrian–Ordovician boundary in North Greenland. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 147:795–810.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cady, W. M.
1945. Stratigraphy and structure of west-central Vermont. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 56:515–558.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clarke, J. M.
1903. Classification of the New York series of geological formations. New York State Museum, Handbook
19, 55 p.Google Scholar
Cleland, H. F.
1900. The Calciferous in the Mohawk valley. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 3:1–26.Google Scholar
Collins-Wait, D., and Lowenstein, T. K.
1994. Diagenesis of Cambro-Ordovician Beekmantown Group carbonates, southern Champlain valley, New York. Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, 26(3):11, 12.Google Scholar
Cooper, R. A., Nowlan, G. S., and Williams, S. H.
2001. Global stratotype section and point for base of the Ordovician System. Episodes, 24:19–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cushman, R. V.
1941. Geology of the central part of the Lake Champlain lowland. Unpublished M. Sc. thesis, Northwestern University, 120 p.Google Scholar
Desbiens, S., Bolton, T. E., and Mccracken, A. D.
1996. Fauna of the lower Beauharnois Formation (Beekmantown Group, Lower Ordovician), Grand-Île, Quebec. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 33:1132–1153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Druce, E. C., and Jones, P. J.
1971. Cambro-Ordovician conodonts from the Burke River structural belt, Queensland, Australia. Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology, and Geophysics of Australia, Bulletin 110, 158 p.Google Scholar
Dzik, , 1976. Remarks on the evolution of Ordovician conodonts. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 21:395–455.Google Scholar
Eichenberg, W.
1930. Conodonten aus dem Kulm des Harzes. Paläontologisches Zeitschrift, 12:177–182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ethington, R. L., and Clark, D. L.
1971. Lower Ordovician conodonts in North America, p. 63–82. In
Sweet, W. C. and Bergström, S. M. (eds.), Symposium on Conodont Biostratigraphy. Geological Society of America, Memoir 127, 499 p.Google Scholar
Ethington, R. L., and Clark, D. L.
1981. Lower and Middle Ordovician conodonts from the Ibex area, western Millard County, Utah. Brigham Young University Geology Studies, 28, 155 p.Google Scholar
Ethington, R. L., and Repetski, J. E.
1984. Paleobiogeographic distribution of Early Ordovician conodonts in central and western United States. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 196:89–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ethington, R. L., Engel, K. M., and Elliott, K. L.
1987. An abrupt change in conodont faunas in the Lower Ordovician of the Midcontinent Province, p. 111–127. In
Aldridge, R. J. (ed.), Paleobiology of Conodonts. British Micropalaeontological Society Series, 347 p.Google Scholar
Fåhraeus, L. E., and Nowlan, G. S.
1978. Franconian (Late Cambrian) to early Champlainian (Middle Ordovician) conoodnts from the Cow Head Group, western Newfoundland. Journal of Paleontology, 52:444–471.Google Scholar
Fisher, D. W.
1954. Lower Ordovician (Canadian) stratigraphy of the Mohawk valley, New York. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 66:71–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, D. W.
1962a. Correlation of the Cambrian rocks in New York state. New York State Museum, Map and Chart Series No. 2.Google Scholar
Fisher, D. W.
1962b. Correlation of the Ordovician rocks in New York state. New York State Museum, Map and Chart Series No. 3.Google Scholar
Fisher, D. W.
1977. Correlation of Hadrynian, Cambrian, and Ordovician rocks in New York State. New York State Museum, Map and Chart 25.Google Scholar
Fisher, D. W.
1984. Bedrock geology of the Glens Falls–Whitehall region, New York. New York State Museum, Map and Chart Series No. 35.Google Scholar
Fisher, D. W., and Hansen, G. F.
1951. Revisions in the geology of Saratoga Springs, New York, and vicinity. American Journal of Science, 249:795–814.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, D. W., and Mazzulo, S. J.
1976. Lower Ordovician (Gasconadian) Great Meadows Formation in eastern New York. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 87:1443–1448.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flower, R. H.
1964. The nautiloid order Ellesmeroceratida (Cephalopoda). New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Memoir 12.Google Scholar
Flower, R. H.
1968a. Fossils from the Smith Basin Limestone of the Fort Ann region. New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Memoir 22, p. 21–27.Google Scholar
Flower, R.
1968b. Fossils from the Fort Ann Formation. New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Memoir 22, p. 29–34.Google Scholar
Fortey, R. A.
1979. The Ordovician of Spitsbergen, and its relevance to the base of the Middle Ordovician in North America, p. 33–40. In
Skehan, J. W. and Osberg, P. H. (eds.), The Caledonides in the U.S.A. Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg.Google Scholar
Fortey, R. A.
1983. Cambrian–Ordovician trilobites from the boundary beds in western Newfoundland and their phylogenetic significance. Special Papers in Palaeontology, 30:179–211.Google Scholar
Fortey, R. A.
1984. Global earlier Ordovician transgressions and regressions and their biological implications, p. 37–63. In
Bruton, D. L. (ed.), Aspects of the Ordovician System. Palaeontological Contributions of the University of Oslo, No. 295.Google Scholar
Furnish, W. M.
1938. Conodonts from the Prairie du Chien (Lower Ordovician) beds of the upper Mississippi valley. Journal of Paleontology, 12:318–340.Google Scholar
Harris, R. W., and Harris, B.
1965. Some West Spring Creek (Ordovician, Arbuckle) conodonts from Oklahoma. Oklahoma Geology Notes, 25:34–47.Google Scholar
Hintze, L. F.
1953. Lower Ordovician trilobites from western Utah and eastern Nevada. Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey, Bulletin 48.Google Scholar
Hupé, P.
1953. Classification des trilobites. Annales de géologique du Maroc, 39:61–168.Google Scholar
Ji, Z., and Barnes, C. R.
1993. A major conodont extinction event during the Early Ordovician within the Midcontinent Realm. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 104:37–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ji, Z., and Barnes, C. R.
1994. Lower Ordovician conodonts of the St. George Group, Port au Port Peninsula, western Newfoundland, Canada. Palaeontographica Canadiana, No. 11, 149 p.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kennedy, D. J.
1980. A restudy of conodonts described by Branson and Mehl, 1933, from the Jefferson City Formation, Lower Ordovician, Missouri. Geologica et Palaeontologica, 14:47–76.Google Scholar
Kennedy, D. J.
1994.
Colaptoconus (Conodonta), a replacement name for Glyptoconus Kennedy, 1981, non Glyptoconus von Moellendorff, 1894. Journal of Paleontology, 68:1417.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knight, I., and James, N. P.
1987. The stratigraphy of the Lower Ordovician St. George Group, western Newfoundland: the interaction between eustasy and tectonics. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 24:1927–1951.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knopf, E. B.
1962. Stratigraphy and structure of the Stissing Mountain area, Dutchess County, New York. Stanford University Publications, Geological Sciences, 7:1–55.Google Scholar
Kobayashi, T.
1955. The Ordovician fossils from the McKay Group in British Columbia, western Canada, with a note on the Early Ordovician paleogeography. Journal of the Faculty of Science, University of Tokyo, 9:355–493.Google Scholar
Landing, E.
1993. Cambrian–Ordovician boundary in the Taconic allochthon, eastern New York, and its interregional correlation. Journal of Paleontology, 67:1–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landing, E.
1998. No evidence for cycles in wave-dominated Tribes Hill Formation (Lower Ordovician, east-central New York). Northeastern Geology and Environmental Sciences, 20:208–211.Google Scholar
Landing, E., and Barnes, C. R.
1981. Conodonts from the Cape Clay Formation (Lower Ordovician), southern Devon Island, Arctic Archipelago. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 18:1609–1628.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landing, E., Ludvigsen, R., and Von Bitter, P. H.
1980. Upper Cambrian to Lower Ordovician conodont biostratigraphy and biofacies, Rabbitkettle Formation, District of Mackenzie. Royal Ontario Museum Life Science Contributions, 126, 42 p.Google Scholar
Landing, E., Barnes, C. R., and Stevens, R. K.
1986. Tempo of earliest Ordovician graptolite faunal sucession: conodont based correlations from the Tremadocian of Quebec. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 23:1928–1949.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landing, E., Westrop, S. R., and Knox, L. A.
1996. Conodonts, stratigraphy, and relative sea-level changes of the Tribes Hill Formation (Lower Ordovician, east-central New York). Journal of Paleontology, 70:656–680.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lehnert, O., Miller, J. F., and Repetski, J. E.
1997. Paleogeographic significance of Clavohamulus hintzei Miller (Conodonta) and other Ibexian conodonts in an Early Paleozoic carbonate platform facies of the Argentine Precordillera. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 109:429–443.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ludvigsen, R., and Westrop, S. R.
1983. Franconian trilobites of New York. New York State Museum Memoir
23, 83 p.Google Scholar
Ludvigsen, R., Pratt, B. R., and Westrop, S. R.
1987. The myth of a eustatic sea level drop near the base of the Ibexian Series, p. 65–70. In
Landing, E. (ed.), The Canadian Paleontology & Biostratigraphy Seminar—Proceeding of Meeting, September 26–29, 1986. New York State Museum Bulletin 462, 147 p.Google Scholar
Mazzulo, S. J.
1974. Sedimentology and depositional environments of the Cutting and Fort Ann Formations (Lower Ordovician) in New York and adjacent southwestern Vermont. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Rennselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, 203 p.Google Scholar
Miller, J. F.
1969. Conodont faunas and biostratigraphy of the Upper Cambrian and lowest Ordovician, House Range, Utah. Journal of Paleontology, 43:413–439.Google Scholar
Miller, J. F.
1984. Cambrian and earliest Ordovician conodont evolution, biofacies and provincialism, p. 43–68. In
Clark, D. L. (ed.), Conodont Biofacies and Provincialism. Geological Society of America Special Paper 196.Google Scholar
Miller, J. F., Taylor, M. E., Stitt, J. H., Ethington, R. L., Hintze, L. F., and Taylor, J. F.
1982. Potential Cambrian–Ordovician boundary stratotype sections in the western United States, p. 155–180. In
Bassett, M. G. and Dean, W. T. (eds.), The Cambrian–Ordovician Boundary: Sections, Fossil Distributions, and Correlations. National Museum of Wales, Geological Series No. 3, 227 p.Google Scholar
Mound, M. C.
1968. Conodonts and biostratigraphy of the lower Arbuckle Group (Ordovician), Arbuckle Mountains, Oklahoma. Micropaleontology, 14:393–434.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Müller, K. J.
1959. Kambrische Conodonten. Deutsche Geologische Gesellschaft, Zeitschrift, 111:434–485.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Müller, K. J.
1964. Conodonten aus dem unteren Ordovizium von Sudkorea. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen, 119:93–102.Google Scholar
Nicoll, R. S., Miller, J. F., Nowlan, G. S., Repetski, J. E., and Ethington, R. L.
1999.
Iapetonudus (n. gen.) and Iapetognathus Landing, unusual earliest Ordovician multilelment conodont taxa and their utility for biostratigraphy. Brigham Young University Geology Studies, 44:27–101.Google Scholar
Nogami, Y.
1967. Kambrische Conodonten von China, Teil 2: Conodonten aus den hoch oberkambrische Yencho-Schichten. Kyoto University College of Science Memoirs, Series B, 33:211–219.Google Scholar
North American Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature. 1983. North American stratigraphic code. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 67:841–875.Google Scholar
Nowlan, G. S.
1976. Late Cambrian to Late Ordovician conodont evolution and biostratigraphy of the Franklinian miogeosyncline, eastern Canadian Arctic Islands. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Waterloo, 591 p.Google Scholar
Palmer, A. R.
1971. The Cambrian of the Appalachian and eastern New England regions, eastern United States, p. 169–217. In
Holland, C. H. (ed.), Cambrian of the New World. Wiley-Interscience, New York.Google Scholar
Pander, C. H.
1856. Monographie der fossilen Fische des Silurischen Systems der russisch-baltischen Gouvernements. Akademie der Wissenschaften, St Petersburg, 91 p.Google Scholar
Parsons, B. P., and Clark, D. L.
1999. Conodonts and the Cambrian–Ordovician boundary in Wisconsin. Wisconsin Geoscience, 17:1–10.Google Scholar
Poulsen, C.
1937. On the Lower Ordovician faunas of East Greenland. Meddelelser om Gr⊘nland, 119:1–72.Google Scholar
Quadras, J. F., and von Moellendorff, O. F.
1894. Diagnoses specierum novarum ex insulis Phillippinus. Nachrichtblatt der deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft, 26:81–104.Google Scholar
Raymond, P.
1913. Revision of the species which have been referred to the genus Bathyurus
. Victoria Memorial Museum Bulletin, 1:51–69.Google Scholar
Repetski, J. E.
1982. Conodonts from the El Paso Group (Lower Ordovician) of westernmost Texas and southern New Mexico. New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources, Memoir 40, 121 p.Google Scholar
Repetski, J. E., Harris, A. G., and Stamm, N. R.
1995. An overview of conodonts from New Jersey, p. 191–208. In
Baker, J. E. B. (ed.), Contributions to the Paleontology of New Jersey. Geological Association of New Jersey, 12, 315 p.Google Scholar
Repetski, J. E., Loch, J. D., and Ethington, R. L.
1998. Conodonts and biostratigraphy of the Lower Ordovician Roubidoux Formation in and near the Ozark National Scenic Riverways, southeastern Missouri. National Park Service, Technical Report NPS/NRGRD/GRDTR-
98:109–115.Google Scholar
Rodgers, J.
1937. Stratigraphy and structure in the upper Champlain valley. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 48:1573–1586.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodgers, J., and Fisher, D. W.
1969. Paleozoic rocks in Washington County, N.Y., west of the Taconic klippe, p. 6.1–6.12. In
Bird, J. M. (ed.), Guidebook for Field Trips in New York, Massachuseetts, and Vermont. New England Intercollegiate Geological Conference, 61st Annual Meeting, State University of New York at Albany.Google Scholar
Ross, C. A., and Ross, J. R. P.
1995. North American Ordovician depositional sequences and correlations, p. 309–313. In
Cooper, J. D., Droser, M. L., and Finney, S. C. (eds.), Ordovician Odyssey: Short Papers for the Seventh International Symposium on the Ordovician System. Society for Economic Paleontology and Mineralogy, Pacific Section, Fullerton, California, 498 p.Google Scholar
Ross, R. J. Jr.
1951. Stratigraphy of the Garden City Formation in northeastern Utah, and its trilobite faunas. Peabody Museum of Natural History, Bulletin 6.Google Scholar
Ross, R. J. Jr, and 27 Other Authors. 1982. The Ordovician System in the United States. International Union of Geological Scientists, Publication No. 12, 73 p.Google Scholar
Runkel, A. C., Miller, J. F., Mckay, R. M., Shaw, T. H., and Bassett, D. J.
1999. Cambrian–Ordovician boundary strata in the central Midcontinent of North America. Acta Universitatis Carolinae—Geologica, 43:17–20.Google Scholar
Smith, M. P.
1991. Early Ordovician conodonts of East and North Greenland. Meddelelser on Gr⊘nland, 26, 81 p.Google Scholar
Serpagli, E.
1974. Lower Ordovician conodonts from Precordilleran Argentina (Province of San Juan). Bolletino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana, 13:17–98.Google Scholar
Stitt, J. H.
1983. Trilobites, biostratigraphy, and lithostratigraphy of the McKenzie Hill Limestone (Lower Ordovician), Wichita and Arbuckle Mountains, Oklahoma. Oklahoma Geological Survey, Bulletin, 134.Google Scholar
Stouge, S.
1984. Conodonts from the Middle Ordovician Table Head Formation, western Newfoundland. Fossils and Strata, 16, 145 p.Google Scholar
Stouge, S., and Boyce, W. D.
1983. Fossils of northwestern Newfoundland and southeastern Labrador: conodonts and trilobites. Government of Newfoundland and larrador, Department of Mines and Energy, Report 83-3, 55 p.Google Scholar
Sweet, W. C., Ethington, R. L., and Barnes, C. R.
1971. North American Middle and Upper Ordovician conodont faunas, p. 163–193. In
Sweet, W. C. and Bergström, S. M. (eds.), Symposium on conodont biostratigraphy. Geological Society of America Memoir 127.Google Scholar
Taylor, M. E., and Halley, R. B.
1974. Systematics, environment, and biogeography of some Late Cambrian and Early Ordovician trilobites from eastern New York state. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 834, 38 p.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, M. E., and Landing, E.
1981. Biostratigraphy of the Cambrian–Ordovician transition in the Bear River Range, Utah and Idaho, western United States, p. 181–191. In
Bassett, M. G. and Dean, W. T. (eds.), The Cambrian–Ordovician boundary: sections, fossil distributions, and correlations. National Museum of Wales, Geological Series No. 3, 227 p.Google Scholar
Taylor, J. F., Repetski, J. R., and Orndorff, R. C.
1992. The Stonehenge transgression: a rapid submergence of the central Appalachian platform in the Early ordovician, p. 409–418. In
Webby, B. D. and Laurie, J. R. (eds.), Global Perspectives on Ordovician Geology. Proceedings on the Sixth International Symposium on the Ordovician System. Balkema, 760 p.Google Scholar
Thomas, W. A.
1977. Evolution of the Appalachian–Ouachita salients and recesses from reentrants and promontories in the continental margin. American Journal of Science, 277:1233–1278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ulrich, E. O.
1911. Revision of the Paleozoic systems. Geological Society of America, Bulletin, 22:618–640.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ulrich, E. O., and Cushing, H. P.
1910. Age and relationships of the Little Falls Dolostone (Calciferous) of the Mohawk valley. New York State Museum Bulletin, 140:97–140.Google Scholar
van Wagoner, J. C., Posamentier, H. W., Mitchum, R. M., Vail, P. R., Sarg, J. F., Loutit, T. S., and Hardenbol, J.
1988. An overview of the fundamentals of sequence stratigraphy and key definitions, p. 39–45. In
Wilgus, C. K., Posamentier, H., Ross, C. A., and Kendall, C. G. St. C. (eds.), Sea-level Changes: An Integrated Approack. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Special Publication No. 42, 407 p.Google Scholar
van Wamel, W. A.
1974. Conodont biostratigraphy of the Upper Cambrian and Lower Ordovician of north-western Öland, southeastern Sweden. Utrecht Micropaleontological Bulletin, 10, 126 p.Google Scholar
Walch, J. E. I.
1771. Die Naturgeschichte der Versteinerungen, zur Erläuterung der Knorrischen Sammlung von Merkwürdigkeiten der Natur. Dritter Theil, Paul Jonathan Felstecker, Nürnberg, 235 p.Google Scholar
Walcott, C. D.
1924. Cambrian geology and paleontology 5, no. 2. Cambrian and lower Ozarkian trilobites. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 75:53–60.Google Scholar
Webby, B. D.
1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy, 36:1–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Welby, C. W.
1961. Bedrock geology of the central Champlain valley of Vermont. Vermont Geological Survey, Bulletin 14.Google Scholar
Westrop, S. R.
1995. Sunwaptan and Ibexian (Upper Cambrian-lower Ordovician) trilobites of the Rabbitkettle Formation, Mountain River area, northern Mackenzie Mountains, northern Canada. Palaeontographica Canadiana
12.Google Scholar
Westrop, S. R., Knox, L. A., and Landing, E.
1993. Lower Ordovician (Ibexian) trilobites from the Tribes Hill Formation, central Mohawk valley, New York state. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 30:1618–1633.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wheeler, R. R.
1942. Cambrian–Ordovician boundary in the Adirondack-border region. American Journal of Science, 240:518–524.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitfield, R. P.
1889. Observations on some imperfectly known fossils from the Calciferous sandrock of Lake Champlain and description of several new forms. American Museum of Natural History Bulletin, 2:41–63.Google Scholar
Williams, H.
1978. Tectonic lithofacies map of the Appalachian orogen. Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Map 1.Google Scholar
Williams, S. H., Barnes, C. R., O'Brien, F. H. C., and Boyce, W. D.
1994. A proposed global stratotype for the second series of the Ordovician System: Cow Head Peninsula, western Newfoundland. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 42:219–231.Google Scholar
Wilmarth, M. G.
1938. Lexicon of geologic names of the United States (including Alaska). U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin
896, 2396 p.Google Scholar
Winston, D., and Nicholls, H.
1967. Late Cambrian and Early Ordovician faunas from the Wilberns Formation of central Texas. Journal of Paleontology, 41:66–96.Google Scholar
Xu, G.-H., and Lai, C.-G.
1983. Cephalopods from the Sanyuodong Group of Yichang, Hubei Province. Bulletin of the Yichang Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, 6:183–206.Google Scholar
Zenger, D. H.
1981. Stratigraphy and petrology of the Little Falls Dolostone (Upper Cambrian), east-central New York. New York State Museum, Map and Chart 34, 138 p.Google Scholar