Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dzt6s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T08:40:54.018Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Late Changhsingian fauna of the northwestern Caucasus Mountains, Russia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 May 2016

G. V. Kotlyar ,
Y. D. Zakharov  and
I. V. Polubotko
G. V. Kotlyar
Affiliation:
All-Russia Geological Research Institute (VSEGEI), Sredny pr., 74, St. Petersburg 199106,
Y. D. Zakharov
Affiliation:
Far-East Geological Institute, Far East Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Pr. 100-letiya, 159, Vladivostok-22, 690022,
I. V. Polubotko
Affiliation:
All-Russia Geological Research Institute (VSEGEI), Sredny pr., 74, St. Petersburg 199106,
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Upper Changhsingian strata occur as isolated outcrops in the Malaya Laba and Belaya river basins in the Peredovoy Range of the northwestern Caucasus Mountains and include shelfal limestone, reefal and biohermal buildups, and terrigenous clastics, here placed in the Belalabinskaya Group. These lithofacies contain a varied and rich assemblage of brachiopods, bivalves, ammonoids, inozoan sponges, and algae. This biota is Late Changhsingian in age and correlates with similar biotas described in south China, the Pamir Mountains, South Primorye in far eastern Russia, and Transcaucasia. The brachiopod genera and biotic assemblages are very similar to those of the Cathaysian Subprovince of the Tethyan Province. Two new families, Labaellidae and Licharewiconchidae; four new genera, Labaella, Licharewiconcha, Tethysiella, and Nikitinia; a new diagnosis of Caucasoproductus; and four new species of brachiopods, Rhipidomella caucasica, Cathaysia caucasica, Nikitinia licharewi, and Licharewina praetriassica, are described. One new genus and species of ammonoid, Neoglassoceras caucasicus, and one new species of bivalve, Claraioides labensis, are described.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Paleontology , Volume 78 , Issue 3 , May 2004 , pp. 513 - 527
Copyright
Copyright © The Paleontological Society 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Beyrich, H. 1865. Ueber eine Kohlenkalkfauna von Timor. Abhandlung Konighlischen Akademia Wissenschaft. Berlin: 61–96.Google Scholar
Bittner, A. 1901. Ueber Pseudomonotis telleri und verwandte Arten der unteren Trias. Jahrbuch der geologischen Reichsanstalt, 50(4):559–592.Google Scholar
Bogoslovskaya, M. F. 1984. Ammonoids, p. 248–257. In Kotlyar, G. V. and Stepanov, D. L. (eds.), Main Features of Stratigraphy of Permian System in the USSR. Trudy VSEGEI, n. s., 286, Leningrad. (In Russian).Google Scholar
Chao, Y. T. 1927. Productidae of China, Pt. I: Producti. Geological Survey of China, Palaeontologica Sinica, ser. B, 5(20), 244 p., 16 pls.Google Scholar
Chao, K., and Liang, X. 1965. P. 1813–126. In Chao, K. (eds.), Permian Ammonoid-bearing formation of South China. Science Sinica, 14 (12). (In Chinese).Google Scholar
Ching, Y. K. 1966. In Wang, Y., Ching, Y. K., and Fang, D. B. (eds.), Brachiopod Fossils. Science Press, Beijing. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Clark, D. L. 1959. Conodonts from the Triassic Nevada and Utah. Journal of Paleontology, 33:305–312.Google Scholar
Colani, M. 1924. Nouville contribution a l'etude des Fusulinides de l'Extreme-Orien. Memoire Servey Geology Indochine, 11(1), 191 p.Google Scholar
Cuvier, G. 1797. Tableau elementaire de l'Histoire natirelle des Animaux. Baudouin, Paris, 710 p.Google Scholar
Dagys, A. S. 1963. Upper Triassic Brachiopods of the Southern USSR. Izdatelstvo Nauka, Moscow, 248 p. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Davidson, T. 1858. A monograph of the British fossil Brachiopoda, Pt. 4: The Permian Brachiopoda. Paleontographical Society Monographs, 51 p.Google Scholar
Deprat, J. 1912. Etude des Fusulinides de Chine et d'Indochine et classification des calcaires a fusulines. Memoire Servey Geology Indochine, 1(3):1–76.Google Scholar
Diener, C. 1912. Himalayan fossils. The Permocarboniferous fauna of Chitichun, no. 1. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, Palaeontologia Indica, ser. 15, 1(3):1–105, 13 pls.Google Scholar
Fang, Z.-J. 1993. On “Claraia“ (Bivalvia) of Late Permian. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 32(6):653–661. (In Chinese with English abstract)Google Scholar
Fredericks, G. N. 1912. Zametka o nekotorykh verkhnepaleozoiskikh okamenelostyakh iz okrestnostei gor. Krasnoufimska. Razanski University, 269 p. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Fredericks, G. N. 1928. Contributions to the classification of the genus Productus. Izvestiya Geologicheskogo Comiteta (Leningrad), 46(7):773–792.Google Scholar
Gavrilova, V. A. 1996. To the systematic of the Triassic Pterinopectinidae (Bivalvia). Paleontologicheskiy Zhurnal, 4:7–15. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Gemmellaro, G. 1887. La fauna dei calcari con Fusulina della valle delfiume Sosio nella Provincia di Palermo. Societa di Scienze Naturali ed Economiche di Palermo Giornale, 19:1–106.Google Scholar
Gemmellaro, G. 1891. Sopra un nuovo genere di brachiopodi proveniente dei calcari con Fusulina della Provinicia di Palermo. Societa di Scienze Naturali ed Economiche di Palermo Bolluten, 4:22–23.Google Scholar
Gemmellaro, G. 1898–99. La fauna dei calcari con Fusulina della valle del fiume Sosio nella Provincia di Palermo. Brachiopoda. Societa di Scienze Naturali ed Economiche di Palermo Giornale, 22:95–14.Google Scholar
George, T. N. 1931. Ambocoelia Hall and certain similar British Spiriferidae. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 87(1):30–61, pls. 3–5.Google Scholar
Girty, G. H. 1910. New genera and species of Carboniferous fossils from the Fayetteville shale of Arkansas. New York Academy of Science Annals, 20(2):189–238.Google Scholar
Grunt, T. A. 1965. Superfamily Athyracea, p. 237–253. In Ruzhencev, V. E. and Sarytcheva, T. G. (eds.), Development and Change of Marine Organisms at the Paleozoic-Mesozoic Boundary. Akademia Nauk SSSR, Moscow. Paleontologicheskii Institut, Trudy, 108 p. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Grunt, T. A., and Dmitriev, V. U. 1973. Permian brachiopods of the Pamirs. Trudy PIN AN SSSR, 136, 209 p. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Guo, I. 1985. Description of the new taxa, p. 653–661. In Fang, Z. (ed.), On “Claraia“ (Bivalvia) of Late Permian (1993). Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 32 (6). (In Chinese with English abstract)Google Scholar
Hill, D. 1950. The Productinae of the Artinskian Cracow fauna of Queensland. University of Queensland Papers, Department of Geology, 3(2):1–36.Google Scholar
Huang, T. K. 1932. Late Permian Brachipods of southwest China, Pt. I. Geological Survey of China. Palaeontological Sinica, ser. B, 9(1), 138 p., 9 pls.Google Scholar
Huang, T. K. 1933. Late Permian Brachipods of southwest China, Pt. II. Geological Survey of China. Palaeontological Sinica, ser. B, 9(2), 172 p., 11 pls.Google Scholar
Huxley, T. H. 1869. An Introduction to the Classification of Animals. John Churchill and Sons, London, 145 p.Google Scholar
Hyatt, A. 1884. Genera of fossil cephalopods. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, 12:253–338.Google Scholar
Ichikawa, K. 1958. Zur Taxionomia und Phylogenie der triadischen “Pteriidae” (Lamellibranchiata) mit besonderer Beruchsichtigung der Gattungen Claraia, Eumorphotis, Oxytoma und Monotis. Palaeontographica, 3(A):131–212.Google Scholar
Iljina, T. G. 1998. Permian stratigraphy and Rugose assemblages of the Southeastern Pamirs. Stratigraphiya. Geologicheskaya correlyatsiya, 6(1):12–35. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Kayser, E. 1881. Mitteilungen ueber die Fauna des Chinesischen Kohlenkalks von Lo-Ping. Zeitung der Deuschen Geologischen Gesellschaft, 33:351–352.Google Scholar
Kayser, E. 1883. Oebercarbonische Fauna von Loping. In von Richthofen, F. (ed.), China, Volume 4. D. Reimer, Berlin, 269 p., 54 pls.Google Scholar
Kotlyar, G. V. 1989. Brachiopoda, p. 117–125. In Kotlyar, G. V., Zakharov, Y. D., Kropatcheva, G. S., Pronina, G. P., Chedija, I. O., and Burago, V. I. (eds.), Evolution of the Latest Permian Biota. Midian Regional Stage in the USSR. Izdatelstvo Nauka, Leningrad. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Kotlyar, G. V., Zakharov, Y. D., and Pronina, G. P. 1999. Changhsingian of Russia and adjacent regions, p. 241–253. In Burov, B. V., Esaulova, N. K., and Gubareva, V. S. (eds.), Upper Permian Stratotype of the Volga Region. Izdatelstvo GEOS, Moscow. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Kotlyar, G. V., Zakharov, Y. D., Kropatcheva, G. S., Pronina, G. P., Chedija, I. O., and Burago, V. I. 1989. Evolution of the Latest Permian Biota. Midian Regional Stage in the USSR. Izdatelstvo Nauka, Leningrad, 185 p. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Kotlyar, G. V., Zakharov, Y. D., Koczyrkevicz, B. V., Kropatcheva, G. S., Rostovtsev, K. O., Chedija, I. O., Vuks, G. P., and Guseva, E. A. 1983. Evolution of the Latest Permian Biota. Dzhulfian and Dorashamian Regional Stages in the USSR. Izdatelstvo Nauka, Leningrad, 200 p. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Kulikov, M. V., and Tkachuk, G. A. 1979. On finding of Claraia (Bivalvia) in the Upper Permian deposits of Northern Caucasus. Doklady AN USSR, 245(4):905–908. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Liao, Z. T. 1980. Brachiopod assemblage from the Upper Permian and Permian-Triassic boundary beds, south China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 17(2):239–295. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Liao, Z. T., and Meng, F. Y.Late Changxingian Brachiopods from Huatang of Chen Xian county, south Hunan. Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology Memoir, 22:71–94.Google Scholar
Licharew, B. K. 1925. Novyi predstavitel brachiopod iz verkhnepaleozoiskikh otlozhenii Severnogo Kavkaza. Izvestiya Geologicheskogo Komiteta, 43(6):7–13. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Licharew, B. K. 1928. On some rare and new representatives of brachiopods from Lower Permian deposits of Northern Caucasus. Izvestiya Geologicheskogo Comiteta, 47(3):261–296. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Licharew, B. K. 1930. On two new representatives of the family Productidae from the Lower Permian of North Caucasus. Doklady AN SSSR, A(16):436–440. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Licharew, B. K. 1932a. Fauna of Permian deposits of Northern Caucasus. 1. Brachiopoda. Subfamily Orthotetinae Waagen. Trudy Vsesoyuznogo geologo-razvedochnogo ob'edineniya, 215:3–54. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Licharew, B. K. 1932b. Fauna of Permian deposits of Northern Caucasus. 2. Brachiopoda. Family Lyttoniidae Waagen. Trudy Vsesoyuznogo geologo-razvedochnogo ob'edineniya, 215:55–84. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Licharew, B. K. 1936. Permian Brachiopoda of the Northern Caucasus. Families Chonetidae Hall and Clarke, and Productidae Gray. Monograph on Paleontology of the USSR (Leningrad-Moscow), 39(1):1–151. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Licharew, B. K. 1960. Family Chonetellidae Licharew, 1960, p. 223–238. In Sarycheva, T. G. (ed.), Osnovy Paleontologii, Mshanki, Brak-hiopody. Izdatelstvo AN USSR, Moscow. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Linné, C. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae. Ed. 10(1).Google Scholar
Lobanova, O. V. 1979. Ob otnesenii Pseudomonotis permiana s Novoi Zemli k rodu Claraia. Paleontological Journal, 4:128. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Miklukho-Maklay, K. V. 1954. Foraminifers of the Upper Permian Deposits of the Northern Caucasus. Trudy VSEGEI, Leningrad, 123 p. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Miklukho-Maklay, K. V. 1956. Upper Permian deposits of the Northwestern Caucasus, p. 60–78. In Tolstikhina, M. M. (ed.), Materialy pogeologii Evropeiskoi territorii SSSR, Materialy VSEGEI, n. s., 14 p. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Muir-Wood, H. M. 1928. The British Carboniferous Producti, II. Productus (sensu stricto) semireticulatus and longispinus groups. Geological Survey of the United Kingdom (Palaeontology) Memoir, 3(1), 217 p.Google Scholar
Muir-Wood, H. M., and Cooper, G. A. 1960. Morphology, Classification and Life Habits of the Productoidea (Brachiopoda). Geological Society of America Memoirs, 81, 447 p.Google Scholar
Muromtseva, V. A. 1981. Bivalve mollusks, p. 26–51. In Ustritsky, V. I. (ed.), Permian Deposits of Novaya Zemlya. Izdatestvo Nauka, Leningrad. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Nakamura, K., Kato, M., and Choi, D. R. 1970. On Permundaria, a new genus of the brachiopod family Linoproductidae. Journal of Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Ser. IY, Geology and Mineralogy, 14(3):293–299.Google Scholar
Nakazawa, K. 1977. On Claraia of Kashmir and Iran. Journal Palaeontology. Society of India, 20:191–204.Google Scholar
Nakazawa, K. 1981. Permian and Triassic Bivalves of Kashmir. Geological Survey of India Memoir. Palaeontologia Indica, n. s., 46:89–117.Google Scholar
Newell, N. D. 1938. Late Paleozoic pelecypods: Pectinacea. Kansas Geological Survey Publication, 10(1), 123 p.Google Scholar
Newell, N. D., and Boyd, D. W. 1995. Pectinoid bivalves of the Permian-Triassic crisis. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 227, 95 p.Google Scholar
Oehlert, D. P. 1890. Note sur differents groups etablis dans le genre Orthis et en particulier sur Rhipidomella Oehlert (=Rhipidomys Oehlert, olim). Journal Conchyliologie, ser. 3(30):366–374.Google Scholar
Patte, E. 1935. Fossiles Paleozoiques et Mesozoiques du Sud-Ouest de la Chine. Paleontologica Sinica, ser. B., 15(2), 50 p. (In French)Google Scholar
Polubotko, I. V. 2001. Order Pectinoida Newell and Boyd, 1995. Superfamili Pterinopectinacea Newell, 1937. Famili Pterinopectinidae Newell, 1937, p. 89–96. In Rozanov, A. Y., and Schevyrev, A. A. (eds.), Atlas of Triassic Invertebrata of the Pamirs. Izdatelstvo Nauka, Moscow. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Pronina, G. P. 1990. Late Permian Smaller Foraminifers of Transcaucasia and their stratigraphic significance. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, VSEGEI, Leningrad, 163 p. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Pronina-Nestell, G. P., and Nestell, M. K. 2001. Late Changhsingian foraminifers of the Northwestern Caucasus. Micropaleontology, 47(4):1–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, V. N. 1932. Geological review of area of the Triassic and Paleozoic of the Laba and Belaya River basins in the Northern Caucasus. Trudy Vsesoyuznogo geologo-razvedochnogo ob'edineniya, 226, 58 p. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Rostovtsev, K. O. 1984. Crimea-Caucasus Province, p. 157–160. In Kotlyar, G. V. and Stepanov, D. L. (eds.), Main Features of Stratigraphy of Permian System in the SSSR. Trudy VSEGEI, n. s., 286, Leningrad. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Ruzhencev, V. E. 1960. Printsipy sistematiki, sistema i filogeniya paleozoiskikh ammonoidei. Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta AN USSR, 33, 331 p. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Ruzhencev, V. E. 1962. Superorder Ammonoidea. Common part. In Orlov, Y. A. (ed.), Osnovy paleontologii. Mollyuski—golovonogie, 1. Moscow, 243–334. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Sarytcheva, T. G. 1960. Family Linoproductidae Stehli, 1954, p. 229–231. In Sarytcheva, T. G. (ed.), Osnovy Paleontologii, Mshanki, Brak-hiopody. Izdatelstvo AN USSR, Moscow.Google Scholar
Sarytcheva, T. G. 1965. Description of the brachiopoda taxa, p. 209–232. In Ruzhencev, V. E. and Sarytcheva, T. G. (eds.), Development and Change of Marine Organisms at the Paleozoic-Mesozoic Boundary. Akademia Nauk SSR, Moscow. Paleontologicheskii Institut, Trudy, 108 p. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Sarytcheva, T. G., Licharew, B. K., and Sokolskaya, A. N. 1960. Order Productida, p. 223–238. In Sarytcheva, T. G. (ed.), Osnovy Paleontologii, Mshanki, Brakhipody. Izdatelstvo AN USSR, Moscow.Google Scholar
Schellwien, E. 1900. Beitrage zur Systematik der Strophomeniden des Obereh Palaeozoicum. Neues Jahrbuch Mineralogischen, Geologischen und Palaeontologoschen, 1:1–15.Google Scholar
Schuchert, C. 1913. Class 2. Brachiopoda, p. 335–420. In von Zittel, K. A. (trans. and ed. ByEastman, C. D.), Text-book of Palaeontology, Volume 1 (second edition). Macmillan, London.Google Scholar
Stehli, F. G. 1954. Lower Leonardian Brachiopoda of the Sierra Diablo. American Museum of Natural History Bulletin, 105:257–358.Google Scholar
Stoyanov, A. A. 1910. On the character of the boundary of Paleozoic and Mesozoic near Djulfa. Zapiski Peterburgskogo Mineralogichesko-go Obshchestva, 2(47):61–135.Google Scholar
Sweet, W. C. 1973. Conodontophorida Eichenberg, 1930, p. 423–472. In Teichert, C., Kummel, B., and Sweet, W. (eds.), Permian-Triassic Strata, Kuh-e-Ali Bashi, Northwestern Iran. Museum of Comparative Zoology Bulletin (Harvard University), 1945.Google Scholar
Toumanskaya, O. G. 1939. On the correlation of Permian sediments of the USSR with the sediments of other countries. Bulletin Moskovskogo obshchestva ispytatelei prirody, otdel geologii, 17(2–3):17–27. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Tschernyschew, T. 1889. Allgemeine Geologische Karte von Russland. Memoire du Comite Geologique, 3(4), 393 p. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Tschernyschew, T. 1914. Upper Paleozoic fauna of the Darvaz. Trudy Geologicheskogo Komiteta, 104:1–66. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Waagen, W. H. 1872. On the occurrence of Ammonites, associated with Ceratites, and Goniatites in the Carboniferous deposits of the Salt Range. Memoir of the Geological Survey of India, 9:351–358.Google Scholar
Waagen, W. H. 1979. Salt Range fossils: Productus limestone fossils, Pisces-Cephalopoda. Memoir of the Geological Survey of India, Palaeontologia Indica, ser. 13, 1:22–42.Google Scholar
Waagen, W. H. 1882–1884. Salt Range fossils: Productus limestone fossils, Pt. 4(2). Brachiopoda: Memoir of the Geological Survey of India, Palaentologia Indica, 13(1):329–770, pls. 25-86.Google Scholar
Waterhouse, J. B. 1975. New Permian and Triassic Taxa. University of Queensland Paper, Department of Geology, 7(1):1–23, 1, 2.Google Scholar
Waterhouse, J. B. 1976. World correlations for Permian marine faunas. University of Queensland Papers, Department of Geology, 7(2), 232 p.Google Scholar
Waterhouse, J. B., and Gupta, V. J. 1983. An early Djulfian (Permian) brachiopod fauna from Upper Shyok Valley, Karakorum Range, and the implications for dating of allied faunas from Iran and Pakistan. Contributions to Himalayan Geology, (Hindustan, Dehli), 2:188–233, pls. 1–4.Google Scholar
White, J. B., and John, O. St. 1867. Description of new Subcarboni-ferous fossils collected upon the Geological Survey of Iowa; together with a notice of new generic characters involved in two species of Brachiopoda. Transactions of the Chicago Academy of Science, 1:115–127.Google Scholar
Xu, G., and Grant, R. E. 1994. Brachiopods Near the Permian-Triassic Boundary in South China. Smithsonian Contribution in Paleobiology, 76, 68 p.Google Scholar
Yin, H. 1982. Uppermost Permian (Changxingian) Pectinacea from South China. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 88(3):337–386.Google Scholar
Yin, H. 1985a. On the transition Beds and the Permian-Triassic boundary in South China. Newsletters Stratigraphy, 15(1):13–27.Google Scholar
Yin, H. 1985b. Bivalves near the Permian-Triassic boundary in South China. Journal Paleontology, 59(3):572–600.Google Scholar
Zakharov, Y. D. 1985. To question about the type of the Permian-Triassic boundary. Bulletin Moskovskogo obshchestva ispytatelei prirody, Otdel geologii, 60(5):59–70. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Zakharov, Y. D. 1988. Type and hypotype of the Permian-Triassic boundary. Memoire della Societa Geologica Italiana, 34(1986):277–289.Google Scholar
Zakharov, Y. D. 1999. Description of the new taxa, p. 241–253. In Burov, B. V., Esaulova, N. K., and Gubareva, V. S. (eds.), Upper Permian Stratotype of the Volga Region. Izdatelstvo GEOS, Moscow. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Zakharov, Y. D., and Pavlov, A. M. 1986. Permian cephalopods of Primorye region and the problem of Permian zonal stratification in Tethys, p. 5–32. In Zakharov, Y. and Onoprienko, Y. (eds.), Correlation of Permian-Triassic Sediments of East USSR. Far-Eastern Scientific Center, Izdatelstvo AN USSR, Vladivostok. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Zakharov, Y. D., and Rybalka, S. V. 1987. A standard for the Permian-Triassic in the Tethys, p. 6–48. In Zakharov, Y. D. and Onoprienko, Y. I. (eds.), Problems of the Permian-Triassic Biostratigraphy of the East USSR. DVNC AN SSSR, Vladivostok. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Zakharov, Y. D., Kotlyar, G. V., and Oleinikov, A. V. 1995. Late Dorashamian (Late Changhsingian) invertebrates of Far East and peculiarities of volcanism of level of the Permian-Triassic in west circum-Pacific. Tikhookeanskaya Geologiya, 14(1):40–49. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Zhang, Z. M. 1980. On the ligament area, systematic position and evolutionary relationship of Claraia. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 19(6):433–444.Google Scholar
Zhao, J., Liang, X., and Zheng, Z. 1978. Late Permian cephalopods of South China. Palaeontologica Sinica, n. s., 12:1–194. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Zittel, K. A. 1884. Cephalopoda. Handbuch der Palaeontologi. Mollusca and Arthropoda. Munchen, Liepzig, Abt. 1(2):329–522.Google Scholar