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The Southern African Pleasure Periphery, 1966–83

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 November 2008

Jonathan Crush  and
Paul Wellings
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Extract

Both Lesotho and Swaziland possess a well-developed rhetoric advocating disengagement from South Africa, exemplified most recently in their joint commitment to the Southern African Development Co-ordination Conference. Nevertheless, both countries remain firmly fastened to their dominant neighbour and committed to development strategies which tend to perpetuate such ties. The implications of continued social and economic domination by South Africa have not been lost on analysts of these two small, nominally independent Southern African states.

Type
Articles
Information
The Journal of Modern African Studies , Volume 21 , Issue 4 , December 1983 , pp. 673 - 698
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1983

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References

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page 674 note 1 Government of Swaziland, Third National Development Plan, 1978–9 to 1982–3 (Mbabane, 1978);Google Scholar Government of Lesotho, Third National Development Plan, 1980–1 to 1985–6 (Maseru, 1980);Google Scholar and Sores Inc., Tourist Market Diversification Survey: Kingdom of Swaziland (Montreal, 1980).Google Scholar

page 674 note 2 The concept of the ‘pleasure periphery’ is developed in Turner, Louis and Ash, John, The Golden Hordes: international tourism and the pleasure periphery (London, 1975),Google Scholar and Turner, Louis, ‘The International Division of Leisure: tourism and the Third World’, in World Development, 4, 3, 03 1976, pp. 253–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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page 678 note 1 Wellings, Paul A. and Crush, Jonathan S., ‘Tourism and Dependency in Southern Africa: the prospects and planning of tourism in Lesotho’, in Applied Geography (Guildford), 3, 3, 07 1983, pp. 205–23.Google Scholar

page 678 note 2 The practice of statistical projection has continued unabashed. Sores Inc., op. cit., recently predicted an annual influx of over 200,000 tourists into Swaziland by the mid-1980s on very tenuous grounds.

page 679 note 1 Sunday Times (Johannesburg), 23 01 1983.Google Scholar

page 679 note 2 Turner, , op. cit. p. 253.Google Scholar

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page 680 note 1 Government of Swaziland, Second National Development Plan, 1973 to 1977 (Mbabane, 1973).Google Scholar

page 680 note 2 Associated Research Consultants, Development Plan for Tourism for Lesotho. This fall reflects the growing relative importance of Bloemfontein as a source region. In 1976, 45 per cent of tourists stayed one night in Lesotho; by 1980, the corresponding figure was 75 per cent.

page 681 note 1 For further analysis of the changing spatial patterns and temporal rhythms of tourist movements to Lesotho, see Wellings and Crush, loc.cit. pp. 205–23.

page 681 note 2 Kadt, de, op. cit.Google Scholar

page 682 note 1 Fair, T. J. Denis, Towards Balanced Spatial Development in Southern Africa (Pretoria, 1981).Google Scholar

page 685 note 1 Government of Swaziland, Third National Development Plan, p. 121, and Government of Lesotho, Third National Development Plan, p. 255.

page 685 note 2 Holiday Inns Promotion Brochure, ‘Swazi Spa's Holiday Valley’, n.d.

page 685 note 3 Ibid.

page 685 note 4 Lesotho National Tourist Office Brochure, ‘Lesotho's Magic Mountain Kingdom’, n.d.

page 685 note 5 Noronha, Raymond, Social and Cultural Dimensions of Tourism (Washington, D.C., 1979), World Bank Staff Working Paper No. 326, p. 19.Google Scholar

page 686 note 1 For the enclave character of Third-World tourism in general, see Stephen Britton, loc. cit.

page 686 note 2 Turner, and Ash, op. cit. p. 69.Google Scholar

page 687 note 1 Mphuthing, M., ‘Prostitution in Lesotho’, National University of Lesotho, Roma, 1980.Google Scholar

page 687 note 2 ‘What's to Be Done About Our Street Girls?’, in Times of Swaziland (Mbabane), 12 01 1978;Google Scholar ‘Moves Against Night Movers’, in Ibid. 1 February 1978; and ‘Hotel Girls Fined’, in Ibid. 30 March 1978.

page 687 note 3 Ibid. 12 January 1978.

page 687 note 4 See Britton, Robert, ‘The Image of the Third World in Tourism Marketing’, in Annals of Tourism Research, 6, 07–09 1979, pp. 318–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

page 687 note 5 An estimated 75 per cent of the solt-machine clientele at the Holiday Inn Casino in Maseru are Basotho; personal communication, Tommy Kai, May 1982.

page 687 note 6 International Labour Office, Options for a Dependent Economy: development, employment and equity problems in Lesotho (Addis Ababa, 1979).Google Scholar

page 688 note 1 This is a general characteristic of pleasure periphery tourism; see Turner and Ash, op. cit.

page 688 note 2 Government of Swaziland, Third National Development Plan, and Government of Lesotho, Third National Development Plan.

page 688 note 3 The figures for all modern wage-earners include the small numbers employed in the formal production of handicrafts.

page 688 note 4 Letter from ‘A Hungry Mother’, in Times of Swaziland, 27 January 1982.

page 689 note 1 Stevenson, and Kellogg, , Tourism in Swaziland, Vol. 1, Project Report (Toronto, 1973).Google Scholar

page 689 note 2 Steigenberger Consulting, op. cit.

page 689 note 3 Government of Swaziland, Third National Development Plan.

page 690 note 1 Innes, Duncan and O'Meara, Dan, ‘Class Formation and Ideology: the Transkei region’, in Review of African Political Economy (London), 7, 09–12 1976, pp. 69–86.Google Scholar

page 690 note 2 Martin Legassick and Harold Wolpe, ‘The Bantustans and Capital Accumulation in South Africa’, in Ibid. pp. 87–107.

page 690 note 3 Maré, Gerhard, African Population Relocation in South Africa (Johannesburg, 1980).Google Scholar See also Southall, Roger, South Africa's Transkei: the political economy of an ‘independent’ bantustan (London, 1982).Google Scholar

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page 691 note 5 Coker, Christopher, ‘Bophuthatswana and the South African Homelands’, in The World Today (Welwyn Garden City), 39, 6, 06 1983, pp. 231–40.Google Scholar

page 693 note 1 Another dimension of this alliance concerns the funds raised by the Homeland Governments as part of their capital commitments to casino developments. In the case of Bophuthatswana, over R 15 million was obtained by a direct loan from Pretoria.

page 693 note 2 See Wellings and Crush, loc. cit., for further discussion of the corporate structure of the hotel industry in Southern Africa.

page 693 note 3 The Constant stream of North American and British entertainers to Sun City, many of whom appear to have little conception of the implication of their visits, also confers an important cultural legitimacy on their own society in the eyes of white South Africans.

page 694 note 1 Sunday Times, 19 December 1982, reported that the two corporations were actively considering a merger of their casino interests to mitigate ‘wasteful competition’.

page 694 note 2 The final collapse of a casino in Venda built by an Afrikaans entrepreneur, led him to sue the leaders of that Homeland for R5 million, since they bad agreed that the income from Pretoria would be used as security in the event of failure. According to the Sunday Times, 27 April 1983, the South African Government is now in the ludicrous position of having to direct a proportion of its R 100 million aid to Venda to bail out independent-minded Venda slum-lords.

page 694 note 3 See ‘Satan's Breeding Place’, in Ibid. 13 September 1981, on the proposed Thaba Nchu casino.

page 694 note 4 The Star (Johannesburg), 2 07 1980.Google Scholar

page 694 note 5 Streek, Barry and Wicksted, Richard, Render unto Kaiser: a Transkei dossier (Johannesburg, 1981);Google Scholar and Green, Philippa and Hirsch, Alan, ‘The Ciskei: the political economy of control’, in South African Labour Bulletin (Durban), 7, 4–5, 02 1982, pp. 65–85.Google Scholar

page 695 note 1 For example, Southern Sun is constructing a R100 million hotel and conference complex in Johannesburg. There are also plans afoot to buy into the North American casino industry.

page 696 note 1 Adapted from Wellings and Crush, loc. cit. p. 219.