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Regional Organisations and African Underdevelopment: the Collapse of the East African Community

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 November 2008

Agrippah T. Mugomba
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Extract

For better or worse, Africa is coming of age. The golden epoch of high hopes for pan-African co-operation and unity has passed. In its place is coming a new era of confrontation, ideological conflict and even ‘African imperialism’ that threatens everything pan-Africanists believed in and were crusading for… at the dawn of [the] continent's independence from colonial rule. The change in the nature of pan-African politics from lofty idealism to hard-nosed realpolitik is nowhere more evident than in the present paralysis of the Organisation of African Unity. The Angolan crisis and now the Spanish Sahara dispute have laid bare the new realities of the African continent in a revealing and even devastating manner. – The Montreal Star, 16 March 1976.

Type
Articles
Information
The Journal of Modern African Studies , Volume 16 , Issue 2 , June 1978 , pp. 261 - 272
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1978

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References

page 263 note 1 In January 1977, T.A.N.U. and the Afro Shirazi Party merged into a single national political organisation called Chama Cha Mapinduzi (the Revolutionary Party).

page 263 note 2 For an analysis of Kenyan ‘sub-imperialism’, see Shaw, Timothy M., ‘International Stratification in Africa: sub-imperialism in Southern and Eastern Africa’, in Journal of Southern African Affairs (Baltimore), 11, 2, 04 1977, pp. 145–65.Google Scholar

page 265 note 1 African Development (London), 02 p. E.A.15.Google Scholar Amon Nsekela was then a member of the now defunct East African Assembly and head of the Tanzanian National Bank of Commerce.

page 265 note 2 Ibid.

page 266 note 1 See Godfrey, Martin and Langdon, Steven, ‘Partners in Underdevelopment? The Transnationalisation Thesis in a Kenyan Context’, in Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics (Leicester), XIV, 1, 03 1976, pp. 42–63,Google Scholar and Leys, Colin, Underdevelopment in Kenya: the political economy of neo-colonialism, 1964–1971 (London, 1975).Google Scholar

page 267 note 1 Afrian Development, loc. cit. p. E.A. 17. See also Seidman, Ann W., Comparative Development Strategies in East Africa (Nairobi, 1972), p. 5.Google Scholar

page 267 note 2 See Mutharika, B. W. T., Toward Multinational Economic Co-operation in Africa (New York, 1972), pp. 267–76.Google Scholar

page 268 note 1 Cf. McMaster, Carolyn, Malawi: foreign policy and development (Brighton, 1974).Google Scholar

page 268 note 2 For a rather unconvincing attempt at discussing the divergent foreign policies in East Africa, see Gitelson, Susan Aureia, ‘Policy Options for Small States: Kenya and Tanzania reconsidered’, in Studies in Comparative International Development (Beverly Hills), XII, 2, Summer 1977, pp. 29–57.Google Scholar

page 269 note 1 It could be argued, of course, that a consistent pattern of foreign policy behaviour can be discerned from Uganda's conduct of international relations since 1972. The trend, while characterised by both continuities and discontinuities, has been to progressively radicalise the country's external image – to the extent of making the previous Obote régime appear very ‘moderate’. Perhaps the key ingredient missing in Amin's foreign policy has been a clearlydefined ideological profile. For the ‘boomerang’ pattern of international behaviour which has emerged, see Gitelson, Susan Aurelia, ‘Major Shifts in Recent Ugandan Foreign Policy’, in African Affairs (London), 76, 304, 07 1977, pp. 359–80.Google Scholar And on Amin's political beliefs, see Motani, Nizar A., ‘From Ideology to “Idi-ology”: Uganda under Obote and Amin’, in Africa Report (New York), 21, 5, 09–10 1976, p. 50.Google Scholar

page 269 note 2 See Yu, George T., China and Tanzania: a study in co-operative interaction (Berkeley, 1970),Google Scholar and China's African Policy: a study of Tanzania(New York, 1975).Google Scholar

page 269 note 3 See Enahoro, Peter, ‘East Africa: arms race’, in Africa (London), 48, 08 1975, pp. 10–12;Google ScholarStrategic Survey, 1976 (London, 1977), pp. 59–60; and Deutsch, Richard H., ‘Fuelling the African Arms Race’, in Africa Report, 22, 2, 03–04 1977, pp. 50–2.Google Scholar

page 270 note 1 On subordinate or penetrated political systems and dominant or intrusive systems, see Rosenau, James N., The Scientific Study of Foreign Policy (New York, 1971), pp. 116–32 and 318–24;Google ScholarCantori, Louis J. and Spiegel, Steven L., The International Politics of Regions (Englewood Cliffs, 1970), pp. 1–41;Google Scholar and Grundy, Kenneth W., ‘Intermediary Power and Global Dependency: the case of South Africa’, in International Studies Quarterly (Beverly Hills), 20, 4, 12 1976, especially pp. 553–63.Google Scholar

page 270 note 2 See also Copson, Raymond W., ‘East Africa and the Indian Ocean – a Zone of Peace?’, in African Affairs, 76, 304, 07 1977, pp. 339–58;Google ScholarMugomba, Agrippah T., The Foreign Policy of Despair: Africa and the sale of arms to South Africa (Nairobi, 1977), pp. 68–115,Google Scholar and Robbs, Peter, ‘Africa and the Indian Ocean’, in Africa Report, 21, 3, 05–06 1976, pp. 41–5.Google Scholar

page 270 note 3 Weekly Review (Nairobi), cited in African Development, 11 1975, p. 20.Google Scholar

page 271 note 1 See Pentland, Charles, ‘The Regionalization of World Politics: concepts and evidence’, in International Journal (Toronto), 30, 4, Autumn 1975, pp. 599–630,Google Scholar and also McCall, Louis A., Regional Integration: a comparison of European and Central American dynamics, Sage Professional Papers in International Studies, Vol. IV (Beverly Hills and London, 1976), especially pp. 5–19.Google Scholar