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The ‘Normalisation’ of Intra-African Diplomatic Activity

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 November 2008

David H. Johns
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Extract

The first substantive point raised in the 1972 communiqué issued by Premier Chou En-Lai and President Richard Nixon at the conclusion of their meetings in Peking, was that ‘extensive, earnest and frank discussions were held… on the normalisation of relations' between their two countries.1 In other words, after more than 20 years of non-recognition and hostility, it was agreed to accept areas of disagreement, and to move towards co-operation in matters of mutual interest. There was an implicit acknowledgement of the futility of efforts, either to initiate instant revolution, or to prevent basic changes inside the nation-state system, and of the inevitable need to work within the realities of international power.

Type
Articles
Information
The Journal of Modern African Studies , Volume 10 , Issue 4 , December 1972 , pp. 597 - 610
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1972

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References

Page 597 note 1 The Egyptian Gazette (Cairo), 28 02 1972.Google Scholar

Page 597 note 2 Zartman, I. William, International Relations in the New Africa (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1966), p. 80.Google Scholar

Page 597 note 3 Wallerstein, Immanuel, Africa: the politics of unity (New York, 1967), pp. 19–20, and 43–65.Google Scholar

Page 598 note 1 ‘The Kinshasa Declaration’, reprinted in Catherine Hoskyns (ed.), Case Studies in African Diplomacy, Number 2, The Ethiopia–Somali–Kenya Dispute, 1960–67 (Dar as Salaam, Institute of Public Administration, 1969), p. 82.Google Scholar

Page 598 note 2 Quoted in Africa Research Bulletin (Exeter), 15 10 1970.Google Scholar

Page 599 note 1 Zartman, op. cit. p. 59.

Page 599 note 2 Zartman, I. William, ‘National Interest and Ideology’, in McKay, Vernon (ed.), African Diplomacy (New York, 1966), p. 52.Google Scholar

Page 599 note 3 McGowan, Patrick J., ‘The Pattern of African Diplomacy: a quantitative comparison’, in the Journal of Asian and African Studies (Leiden), iv, 3, 07 1969, pp. 202–21.Google Scholar

Page 600 note 1 Source: Europa rearbook, 1971 (London, 1971), vol. II.Google Scholar

Page 602 note 1 Tearbook, Europa, 1971 (London, 1971), vol. ii.Google Scholar

Page 609 note 1 Source: as for Table 1. Minimum normalisation = at least unilateral exchange of diplomats. Intermediate normalisation = at least unilateral establishment of missions. Complete normalisation = reciprocal establishment of missions.