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The ‘New Woman’ and Traditional Norms in Tanzania

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 November 2008

Marjorie J. Mbilinyi
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Extract

Tanzania is engaged in a struggle to become a democratic socialist and developed nation. The implications of socialist ideology for actual policy planning and implementation still have not been fully clarified. Certain questions concerning the economic base are especially important, in particular the desirable relationship of every citizen to the production processes of the country. The possibility of further alienation of the worker from the process of production in the context of nationalisation and state-controlled industrialisation has already been identified by several observers.1 The pervasive nature of the dual economy in the ‘development of under-development’ has also been analysed with respect to Tanzania.2 What is consistently disregarded, however, is the peculiar place of women in the midst of change and counter-change.

Type
Articles
Information
The Journal of Modern African Studies , Volume 10 , Issue 1 , May 1972 , pp. 57 - 72
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1972

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References

Page 57 note 1 E.g. Issa G. Shivji, ‘Tanzania — The Silent Class Struggle’, paper presented to the Universities of East Africa Social Sciences Conference, Dar es Salaam, December 1970.

Page 57 note 2 See Szentes, Tomas, The Political Economy of Underdevelopment (Budapest, 1971).Google Scholar

Page 58 note 1 Belden, Jack, ‘Sex and Revolution,’ in Monthly Review (New York), XXII, 4, 09 1970.Google Scholar

Page 58 note 2 Fanon, Frantz, A Dying Colonialism (London, 1970), p. 89.Google Scholar

Page 58 note 3 Belden, loc. cit. p. 57.

Page 59 note 1 Goodenough, W. N., ‘Rethinking “Status” and “Role”: toward a general model of the cultural organization of social relationships’, in Banton, M. (ed.), The Relevance of Models for Social Anthropology (London, 1965), African Studies Association Monograph, i, p. 4.Google Scholar

Page 59 note 2 Paulme, D. (ed.), Women of Tropical Africa (Berkeley. 1963).Google Scholar

Page 60 note 1 Levine, R. A. ‘Sex Roles and Economic Change in Africa’, in Ethnology (Pittsburgh), iv, 2, 04 1966, p. 186.Google Scholar

Page 60 note 2 Ibid. p. 187.

Page 61 note 1 See A. Lebeuf, ‘The Role of Women in the Political Organisation of African Societies’, in D. Paulme, op. cit. ch. 4, and Lefaucheux, M., ‘The Contribution of Women to the Economic and Social Development of African Countries,’ in International Labour Review (Geneva), LXVI, I, 07 1962.Google Scholar

Page 61 note 2 Smelser, N.J., ‘Towards a Theory of Modernization’, in Dalton, G. (ed.), Tribal and Peasant Economies (Garden City, N.Y., 1967).Google Scholar

Page 61 note 3 Levine, op. cit. p. 188.

Page 62 note 1 Wills, J., ‘Peasant Farming and the Theory of the Firm’, in Rural Development Review Papers (Kampala, mimeo.), 68, 1968,Google Scholar and ‘A Study of Time Allocation by Rural Women and Their Place in Decision-Making: preliminary findings from Embu District,’ ibid. 44, 1967.

Page 62 note 2 See Minturn and Lambert, op. cit.; and Ottenberg, P. V., ‘The Changing Economic Position of Women Among the Afikpo Ibo,’ in Bascom, O. and Herskovits, M., Continuity and Change in African Countries (Chicago, 1959).Google Scholar

Page 62 note 3 Swantz, M., Religious and Magical Rites of Bantu Women in Tanzania (Dar en Salaam, 1966).Google Scholar

Page 62 note 4 See Chabaud, Jacqueline, The Education and Advancement of Women (Paris, 1970),Google Scholar and Mbilinyi, M. J., The Education of Girls in Tanzania (Dar es Salaam, 1969).Google Scholar

Page 63 note 1 Source: Tanzania Second Five-Tear Plan for Economic and Social Development, 1st July 1969 – 30th June 1974 (Dar es Salaam, 1969), vol. I, table I, p. 149.

Page 63 note 2 Lefaucheux, loc. cit. p. 27.

Page 63 note 3 Ibid p. 30.

Page 64 note 1 Source: Central Statistical Bureau, Dar es Salaam, preliminary figures from 1967 Census for mainland Tanzania, i.e. excluding Zanzibar.

Page 64 note 2 Source: ibid.

Page 65 note 1 The percentages for Tanzania are derived from preliminary figures from the 1967 census of the mainland. For a more complete analysis of the developing occupational structures in several African nations, see Marjorie J. Mbilinyi, background paper to United Nations Seminar on the Participation of Women in Economic Life, held in Gabon, 27 July– 9 August, 1971; SO 245/3(9).

Page 67 note 1 The Standard (Dar es Salaam), 22 January 1971.

Page 68 note 1 Kassam, F. M., ‘Comments on the White Paper’, in East African Law Review (Dar as Salaam), II, 3, 12 1969, p. 337.Google Scholar

Page 68 note 2 E. R. Wolf, ‘Types of Latin American Peasantry,’ in Dalton, op. cit.

Page 69 note 1 Moore, W. E. and Tuniin, M. M., ‘Some Social Functions of Ignorance’, in American Sociological Review (Albany), XIV, 1949.Google Scholar The parentheses indicate my own comments.

Page 69 note 2 Ibid. p. 795.

Page 70 note 1 My monograph on The Education of Girls in Tanzania was based on a preliminary field study in 1968. This article draws on a major study conducted in 1969; for the methodology and findings, see my paper on ‘Traditional Attitudes Towards Women’, Universities of East Africa Social Sciences Conference, December 1970.

Page 72 note 1 See Rweyemamu, J. F., ‘The Structure of Tanzanian Industry,’ University of Dar es Salaam,Google Scholar Economic Research Bureau Paper 75.2, mimeo.