Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-r5fsc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-30T19:39:35.707Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Discourses on Eritrean Nationalism and Identity

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 November 2008

John Sorenson
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Since Italy's defeat in World Ward II, Ethiopia has pressed its claim to Eritrea. Following an abortive federation imposed by the United Nations in 1950, Haile Selassie annexed the former Italian colony in 1962, and for the last three decades Eritreans have fought for their independence.

Type
Articles
Information
The Journal of Modern African Studies , Volume 29 , Issue 2 , June 1991 , pp. 301 - 317
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1991

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 See Rubenson, Sven, The Survival of Ethiopian Independence (London, 1976);Google ScholarLevine, Donald N., Greater Ethiopia: the evolution of a multiethnic society (Chicago and London, 1974);Google ScholarTamrat, Taddesse, Church and State in Ethiopia, 1270–1527 (Oxford, 1972).Google Scholar For critique, see Donham, Donald and James, Wendy (eds.), The Southern Marches of Ethiopia (Cambridge, 1986),Google Scholar and GebreMedhin, Jordan, Peasants and Nationalism in Eritrea (Trenton, NJ, 1989).Google Scholar

2 Selassie, Bereket Habte, Conflict and Intervention in the Horn of Africa (New York and London, 1980);Google ScholarDavidson, Basil, Cliffe, Lionel, and Bereket, Habte Selassie (eds.), Behind the War in Eritrea (Nottingham, 1980);Google ScholarPool, David, Eritrea: Africa's longest war (London, 1979);Google Scholar and Sherman, Richard, Eritrea: the unfinished revolution (New York, 1980).Google Scholar

3 Tegegn, Melaku, ‘Eritrea:problems of the national movement’, in Proceedings 4th International Conference on the Horn of Africa (New York, 1989), p. 143.Google Scholar

4 Tseggai, Araia, ‘Historical Analysis of Infrastructural Development in Italian–Eritrea, 1885–1941’, in The Journal of Eritrean Studies (Grambling, LA), 1, 1, 1986, pt. 1, pp. 19–33, and pt. 2, 1, 2, 1987, pp. 10–25;Google ScholarGebre-Medhin, Jordan, ‘European Colonial Rule and the Transformation of Eritrean Rule Life’, in Horn of Africa (Summit, NJ), 6, 2, 1983, pp. 50–60.Google Scholar See Mesghenna, Yemane, Italian Colonialism: a case study of Eritrea, 1869–1934 (Maryland, 1989), for examination of Italian motives and achievements.Google Scholar

5 Lefort, René, Ethiopie: la révolution hérétique (Paris, 1981), p. 43,Google Scholar later published as Ethiopia: an heretical revolution? (London, 1983).Google Scholar

6 Marina, and Ottaway, David, Ethiopia: empire in revolution (New York and London, 1978),Google Scholar and Halliday, Fred and Molyneux, Maxine, The Ethiopian Revolution (London, 1981).Google Scholar

7 Markakis, John, National and Class Conflict in the Horn of Africa (Cambridge, 1987).Google Scholar

8 Dawit, Wolde Giorgis, Red Tears (Trenton, NJ, 1989);Google ScholarErlich, Haggai, The Struggle Over Eritrea, 1962–1978 (Stanford, 1983);Google ScholarHaile, Getachew, ‘The Unity and Territorial Integrity of Ethiopia’, in The Journal of Modern African Studies (Cambridge), 24, 3, 09 1986, pp. 465–87;Google Scholar and Negash, Tekeste, Italian Colonialism in Eritrea, 1882–1941: policies, praxis and impact (Stockholm, 1987).Google Scholar

9 Erlich, , op. cit. pp. 3–4.Google Scholar

10 Ibid. p. 20; Henze, Paul, Rebels and Separatists in Ethiopia: resistance to a Marxist regime (Santa Monica, 1985), p. 5;Google Scholar and Levine, Donald N., ‘Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa’, in committee of Feorign Relations, United State Senate, Washington, D.C., 1976, p. 49.Google Scholar

11 Trevaskis, G. K. N., Eritrea: a colony in transtion, 1941–1952 (London, 1960).Google Scholar

12 Ellingson, Lloyd, ‘The Emergence of Political Parties in Eritrea, 1941–1950’, in The Journal of American History (Cambridge), 18, 2, 1977, pp. 263–5.Google Scholar

13 Selassie, Bereket Habte, Eritrea and the United Nations (Trenton, NJ, 1989);Google ScholarFenet, Alin, ‘The Right of the Eritrean Prople to Self-Determination, in Cliffe, Lionel and Davidson, Basil (eds.), The Long Struggle of Ertitea of Independence and Constructive Peace (Trenton, NJ, 1988);Google ScholarEdmond, J. Keller, Revolutionary Ethiopia: from empire to people's republic (Boomington, 1988);Google ScholarSerapiao, Luis B., ‘International Law and Self-Determination: the case of Eritrea’, in Issue (Waltham, MA), 15, 1985, pp 3–8;Google Scholar Semere Halie, ‘The Otrigins and Demise of the Ethipoia-Ertirea Federation’, in ibid. pp. 9–17; and Fiessehatzion, Tekie, ‘The International Dimensions of the Ertirean Question’, in Horn of Africa, 6, 2, 1982, pp. 7–24.Google Scholar

14 Selassie, Bereket Habte, ‘The Eritrean Question in International Law’, in Horn of Africa, 6, 2, 1983, pp. 25–30.Google Scholar

15 Permanent Peoples' Tribunal of th International League for the Righs and Liberation of Peoples, The Eritrean Case (Rome, 1982,Google Scholar and International Commission of Jurists, ‘Eritrea's Claim to Self-Determination’, in The Review (Geneva), 26, 06 1981, pp. 8–14.Google Scholar

16 Araya, Mesfin, ‘The Eritrean Question: an alternative explanation’, in The Journal of Modern African Studies, 28, 1, 03 1990, pp. 79–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

17 See documents reproduced in The Journal of Eritrean Studies, especially, 2, 1, 1987, pp. 37–52, and 2, 2, 1988, pp. 25–40.Google Scholar

18 Mesfin, loc. cit, and Getachew, loc. cit.Google Scholar

19 Trevaskis, op. cit.Google Scholar

20 Mesfin, , loc. cit. p. 91.Google Scholar

21 Ibid. p. 83. See, for example, Pankhurst, Sylvia, British Policy in Eritrea and Northern Ethiopia (Woodford Green, Essex, 1946),Google ScholarThe Ethiopian People: their right and progress (Woodford Green, n.d.),Google Scholar and with Pankhurst, Richard, Ethiopia and Eritrea: the last phase of the reunion struggle (Woodford Green, 1953).Google Scholar

22 Greenfield, Richard, Ethiopia:a new political history (London, 1965), p. 305.Google Scholar

23 Mesfin, , loc. cit. p. 90.Google Scholar

24 Getachew, , loc. cit. p. 479.Google Scholar

25 See Spencer, John, Ethiopia at Bay: a personal account of the Haile Selassie years (Algonac, MI, 1984).Google Scholar

26 Dawit, , op. cit. p. 77.Google Scholar

27 Markakis, , op. cit. p. 63.Google Scholar

28 Ellingson, , loc. cit. pp. 263–5.Google Scholar

29 Melaku, , loc. cit. p. 153.Google Scholar

30 Erlich, , op. cit.Google Scholar

31 Henze, Paul, ‘Behind the Ethiopian Famine’, in Encounter (London), 67, 1, 06 1986, p. 7.Google Scholar

32 Pateman, Roy, Eritrea: even the stones are burning (Trenton, NJ, 1990), p. 93.Google Scholar

33 Halliday, and Molyneux, , op. cit.Google Scholar

34 Markakis, , op. cit.Google Scholar

35 Petras, James F. and Morley, Morris H., ‘The Ethiopian Military State and Soviet-US Involvement in the Horn of Africa’, in Review of African Political Economy (Sheffield), 30, 09 1984, pp. 21–31.Google Scholar

36 Medhanie, Tesfatsion, Eritrea: dynamics of a national question (Amsterdam, 1986).Google Scholar

37 Duignan, Peter and Gann, L. H., ‘Hope for Africa’, in Anderson, Annelise and Bark, Dennis L. (eds.), Thinking About America (Stanford, 1988), pp. 139–51;Google Scholar and Kaplan, Robert K., Surrender or Starve (Boulder, 1988).Google Scholar

38 Korn, David A., Ethiopia, the United States and the Soviet Union (London and Sydney, 1986).Google Scholar

39 Henze, , Rebels and Separatists in Ethiopia.Google Scholar

40 Firebrace, James with Holland, Stuart, Never Kneel Down: drought, development and liberation in Eritrea (Trenton, NJ, 1985);Google ScholarJordan, , Peasants and Nationalism in Eritrea; Rochard Leonard, ‘Poular Participation in Liberation and Revolution’, in Cliffe and Davidson (eds.), op. cit. pp. 105–35;Google Scholar and Patemen, Roy,‘Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité: aspects of the Eritrean rveolution’, in The Journal of Modern African Studies, 28, 3, 09 1990, pp. 457–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

41 Jansson, Kurt, Harris, Michael and Penrose, Angela, The Ethiopian Famine (London, 1987).Google Scholar

42 Mesfin, , loc. cit. p. 92.Google Scholar

43 Smith, Anthony D., State and Nation in the Third World (New York, 1983), p. 126.Google Scholar

44 Mesfin, , loc. cit. p. 92.Google Scholar

45 Ibid. p. 98.

46 ‘Address by Ramadan Mohamed Nur’, in National Union of Eriteran Women, Voice of the Eritrean Women (n.p.), 09, pp. 8–9.Google Scholar

47 ‘Eritrea Takes Stock’, in Africa Confidential (London), 28, 9, 1987, p. 2.Google Scholar

48 Gamst, Frederick C., ‘Conflict in the Horn of Africa’, in Foster, Mary LeCron and Rubinstein, Robert A. (eds.), Peace and War (New Brunswick, 1986);Google ScholarHorowitz, Donald L., Ethnic Groups in Conflict (Berkeley, 1985); and Smith, State and National in the Third World.Google Scholar

49 Smith, Anthony D., Theories of Nationalism (New York, 1983 edn.), pp. 217 and 219.Google Scholar

50 Mesfin, , loc. cit.Google Scholar

51 Smith, , State and Nation in the Third World, p. 66.Google Scholar

52 Wodaja, Kifle, ‘Redefining the Problems of the Horn of Africa’, in Proceedings 1st International Conference on the Horn of Africa (New York, 1986), pp. 39–48.Google Scholar

53 Melaku, , loc. cit. p. 144.Google Scholar

54 Jordan, , Peasants and Nationalism in Eritrea.Google Scholar

55 Triulzi, Alessandro, ‘Competing Views of National Identity in Ethiopia’, in Lewis, I. M., (ed.), Nationalism and Self Determination in the Horn of Africa (London, 1983), pp. 111–27.Google Scholar

56 Eshete, Andreas, ‘Beyond National Self-Determination: a comment’, in Proceedings 1st International Conference on the Horn of Africa, pp. 23–8.Google Scholar

57 Melaku, , loc. cit. p. 147.Google Scholar

58 Babu, Abdulrahman Mohamed, ‘The Eritrean Question in the Context of African Conflicts and Superpower Rivalries’, in Cliffe and Davidson (eds.), op. cit. pp. 47–63.Google Scholar

59 Nzongola-Ntalaja, , ‘The National Question and the Crisis of Instability in Africa’, in Hansen, Emmanuel (ed.), Africa: perspectives on peact and development (London, 1987), pp. 56–86.Google Scholar

60 Andreas, , loc. cit. p. 25.Google Scholar

61 Mesfin, , loc. cit. pp. 79 and 100.Google Scholar

62 Ayele, Negussay, ‘On the Determinants of Prospects for Peace and Development on the Horn of Africa: the other side of the coin’, in Proceedings 3rd International Conrerence on the Horn of Africa (New York, 1988), pp. 111–20.Google Scholar

63 Araya, Mesfin, ‘Reflections on Eritrean Nationalism’, in Proceedings 1st International Conference on the Horn of Afica, pp. 11–17.Google Scholar

64 Melaku, loc, cit.Google Scholar

65 Dawit, , Letter to Editor, in Gureza (London), 2, 1990, p. 9.Google Scholar

66 Dawit, , Red Tears.Google Scholar

67 Andreas, , loc. cit. p. 25.Google Scholar

68 Halliday, and Molyneux, , op. cit. p. 192.Google Scholar

69 Dawit, , Red Tears, p. 112.Google Scholar

70 Mesfin, , ‘The Eritrean Question’.Google Scholar

71 Levine, , ‘Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa’, pp. 43–9.Google Scholar