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The title of this article betrays its comparative character: an attempt to outline in broad strokes the political experiences of the United States and Africa spanning 1787 and 1966. The first date marks the year of the Philadelphia Convention whose concern, as it developed, was to draw up an entirely new constitutional framework that was ‘adequate to the exigencies of government and the preservation of the Union’, in place of the ‘weak, deficient and inadequate’ Articles of Confederacy.
page 371 note 1 See Hamilton, Alexander, Madison, James, and Jay, John, The Federalist (London, 1961 edn.), p. 197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
page 371 note 2 Brook, W. R., ‘Introduction’, in Hamilton, Madison, and Jay, op. cit. p. v.Google Scholar
page 371 note 3 Ibid.
page 371 note 4 Ibid.
page 372 note 1 Woddis, Jack, Africa: the way ahead (New York, 1963), p. 118.Google Scholar
page 372 note 2 Thompson, W. Scott, Ghana's Foreign Policy, 1957–1966: diplomacy, ideology, and the new state (Princeton, 1969), p. 242.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
page 372 note 3 Nkrumah, Kwame to the Assembly of Heads of State and Government of Africa in Addis Ababa in May 1963Google Scholar; see his Revolutionary Path (New York, 1973), p. 234.Google Scholar
page 373 note 1 Wheare, K. C., Federal Government (London, 1967), p. 1.Google Scholar
page 373 note 2 See MacMahon, A. W. (ed.), Federalism: mature and emergent (New York, 1955), p. 23.Google Scholar
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page 373 note 4 Hamilton, Madison, and Jay, op. cit. p. 90.
page 373 note 5 Nkrumah, Kwame, Handbook for Revolutionary Warfare: a guide to the armed phase of the African revolution (London, 1968), pp. 36–7.Google Scholar
page 374 note 1 Hamilton, Madison, and Jay, op. cit. pp. 5–6.
page 374 note 2 Nkrumah, Kwame in addresses to the O.A.U. Summits of 1963 and 1964; See his Revolutionary Path, pp. 236–7 and 284.Google Scholar
page 375 note 1 Hamilton, Madison, and Jay, op. cit. pp. 67–8.
page 375 note 2 Nkrumah, Kwame in addresses to the O.A.U. Summits of 1963, 1964, and 1965; Revolutionary Path, pp. 242, 251, 282, 307–8.Google Scholar
page 375 note 3 Ibid. 1965, pp. 304–5.
page 375 note 4 Ibid. p. 464.
page 375 note 5 Hamilton, Madison, and Jay, op. cit. p. 25.
page 376 note 1 Ibid. O.A.U. Summit of 1964; Revolutionary Path, p. 282.
page 376 note 2 Hamilton, Madison, and Jay, op. cit. p. 19.
page 376 note 3 Ibid. p. 87.
page 376 note 4 Nkrumah, Kwame, address to the Ghana National Assembly, 21 June 1963; Revolutionary Path, p. 267.Google Scholar
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page 376 note 6 Hamilton, Madison, and Jay, op. cit. p. 69.
page 376 note 7 Nkrumah, O.A.U. Summit of 1964; Revolutionary Path, p. 278.
page 377 note 1 Hamilton, Madison, and Jay, op. cit. pp. 61–2.
page 377 note 2 Nkrumah, Revolutionary Path, p. 224.
page 377 note 3 Hamilton, Madison, and Jay, op. cit. p. 14.
page 377 note 4 Nkrumah, Kwame, Africa Must Unite (London, 1963). p. 96.Google Scholar
page 377 note 5 Hamilton, Madison, and Jay, op. cit. p. 50.
page 377 note 6 Ibid. pp. 205–6.
page 378 note 1 Nkrumah, Revolutionary Path, p. 225.
page 378 note 2 Ibid.
page 378 note 3 Nkrumah, O.A.U. Summit of 1963; Revolutionary Path, p. 241.
page 378 note 4 Hamilton, Madison, and Jay, op. cit. p. 51.
page 378 note 5 Nkrumah, O.A.U. Summit of 1964; Revolutionary Path, p. 284.
page 379 note 1 Nkrumah, O.A.U. Summit of 1963; ibid. p. 238.
page 379 note 2 Butler, James, ‘British Convicts Shipped to American Colonies’, in The American Historical Review (Washington, D.C.), 2, 1, 10 1896, p. 12.Google Scholar
page 379 note 3 Ibid. pp. 12 and 33.
page 379 note 4 Hamilton, Madison, and Jay, op. cit. p. 38.
page 379 note 5 Ibid. pp. 53–4.
page 380 note 1 Cited in Woddis, op. cit. p. 118.
page 380 note 2 Nkrumah, O.A.U. Summit of 1964; Revolutionary Path, pp. 288–9.
page 380 note 3 Nkrumah, address to the Ghana National Assembly, 21 June 1963; Revolutionary Path, p. 269.
page 380 note 4 Haas, E. B., The Obsolescence of Regional Integration Theory (Berkeley, 1975), Research Series No. 25, p. 14.Google Scholar
page 380 note 5 Haas, E. B., ‘International Integration: the European and the universal process’, in International Organization (Cambridge, Mass.), Summer 1961, p. 389.Google Scholar
page 380 note 6 Haas, op. cit. p. 13.
page 381 note 1 Haas, E. B., ‘The Study of Regional Integration: reflections on the joy and anguish of pre-theorizing’, in International Organization, 24, 4, 1970, p. 629.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
page 381 note 2 Hamilton, Madison, and Jay, op. cit. p. 30.
page 381 note 3 Ibid. pp. 329–30.
page 382 note 1 ibid. p. 451.
page 382 note 2 ibid. p. 147.
page 382 note 3 ibid. p. 16.
page 382 note 4 ibid. p. 53.
page 382 note 5 Nkrumah, Revolutionary Path, pp. 230–1.
page 383 note 1 Nkrumah, address to the Ghana National Assembly, 21 June 1963; Revolutionary Path, p. 274.
page 383 note 2 Ibid. p. 250.
page 383 note 3 Nkrumah, O.A.U. Summit of 1963; Revolutionary Path, p. 235.
page 384 note 1 Huntington, Samuel P., Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven and London, 1968), pp. 134–5.Google Scholar
page 384 note 2 Cited in Wilson, James Q., American Government: institutions and policies (Lexington, Mass., 1983 edn.), p. 19.Google Scholar
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page 385 note 1 Nkrumah, O.A.U. Summit of 1964; Revolutionary Path, p. 296.
page 385 note 2 Nkrumah, O.A.U. Summit of 1963; ibid. pp. 235–8. ‘The essence of neo-colonialism’, as Nkrumah spelt it out, is that the state which is subject to it is, in theory, independent and has all the outward trappings of international sovereignty. In reality its economic system and thus its political policy is directed from outside’. See his Neo-Colonialism: the last stage of imperialism (New York, 1966), p. ix. Among other means, this system of political-economic controls from afar is exercised through puppet régimes which preside over the controlling foreign power's interests, and the military mechanisms of the forces d'interventions which are stationed in the neo-colonies to maintain the status quo.Google Scholar
page 386 note 1 See First, Ruth, Power in Africa (New York, 1970), pp. 379–82;Google ScholarStockwell, John, In Search of Enemies (New York, 1978), pp. 160 and 201; and The New York Times, 9 May 1978, p. 6.Google Scholar
page 386 note 2 See United States Senate, An Interim Report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities (Washington, D.C., 1975) ch. III A.Google Scholar
page 386 note 3 See Kegley, C. W. and Wittkopf, E. R., American Foreign Policy: pattern and process (New York, 1982 edn.), p. 71.Google Scholar
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page 387 note 1 See Grundy, Kenneth and Weinstein, M., ‘Nkrumah and Political Uses of Imagination’, in Transition (Kampala), VI, 30, 04/05 1967.Google Scholar
page 387 note 2 Nkrumah, Kwame, I speak of Freedom: a statement of African ideology (London, 1961), p. 221.Google Scholar
page 388 note 1 Nkrumah, Accra, 1965; Revolutionary Path, p. 307.