Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-q99xh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T05:08:15.024Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Access to land for urban farming in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: histories, benefits and insecure tenure*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 November 2011

Leslie McLees*
Affiliation:
Department of Geography, 1251 University of Oregon, Condon Hall 107, Eugene, Oregon 974023, USA

Abstract

People in sub-Saharan Africa rely on a variety of informal mechanisms to gain access to land for urban farming. However, the literature on land tenure focuses on gaining access to land for housing, whereas farming, which is highly visible in the urban landscape of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, requires farmers to negotiate their access in ways distinct from housing. A close examination of four open-space farms in Dar es Salaam reveals that there are different methods of gaining access to land for farming as opposed to housing. Additionally, theorising this access reveals that the landowners who allow farmers on their land for food production also derive benefits. This can provide a framework for current efforts to integrate urban agriculture into the city zoning plans.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

This research was funded through a National Science Foundation Doctoral Dissertation Research Improvement Grant #1030677 and the Sasakawa Young Leaders Fellowship Fund. The author would like to thank the urban farmers in Dar es Salaam who shared their experiences, and the Sustainable Cities PLUS Network for providing local support in Dar es Salaam, as well as the Geography writing group at the University of Oregon and three anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments.

References

REFERENCES

Briggs, J. 1991. ‘The peri-urban zone of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: recent trends and changes in agricultural land use’, Transactions of the British Institute of Geographers 16, 3: 319–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Briggs, J. & Mwamfupe, D.. 2000. ‘Peri-urban development in an era of structural adjustment in Africa: the city of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania’, Urban Studies 37, 4: 797809.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bruce, J. 2000. ‘African tenure models at the turn of the century: individual property models and common property models’, Land Reform 1: 1727.Google Scholar
Chachage, C. S. & Chachage, C. S. L.. 2005. ‘Nyerere: nationalism and post-colonial developmentalism’, African Sociological Review 8, 2: 158–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CIA. The World Factbook. Available online at: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/.Google Scholar
Coldham, S. 1995. ‘Land tenure reform in Tanzania: legal problems and perspectives’, Journal of Modern African Studies 33, 2: 227–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conway, K. 2006. ‘Building the food secure city: incremental progress brings about change’, Urban Poverty and Environment Program Initiative, Federal Government of Canada, Ottawa, International Development Research Centre. Growing Better Cities: Case Studies.Google Scholar
Daily News, online edition. 2010. ‘Urban planners urged to set aside arable land’, 9 August, available at: http://www.dailynews.co.tz/home/?n=12313.Google Scholar
Dongus, S. 2001. ‘Urban vegetable production in Dar es Salaam (Tanzania): GIS supported analysis of spatial changes from 1992–1999’, in AFT Reports, 12 July. Freiburg, 100–44.Google Scholar
Dongus, S. et al. 2009. ‘Urban agriculture and Anopheles habitats in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania’, Geospatial Health 3, 2: 189210.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ezedinma, C. & Comfort, C.. 1999. ‘A comparative analysis of urban agricultural enterprises in Lagos and Port Harcourt, Nigeria’, Environment and Urbanization 11, 2: 135–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foeken, D. 2005. Urban Agriculture in East Africa as a Tool for Poverty Reduction: a legal and policy dilemma. Leiden: Africastudiecentrum.Google Scholar
Foeken, D., Sofer, M. & Mlozi, M.. 2004. ‘Urban agriculture in Tanzania: issues of sustainability’, Research Report 75. Leiden: Africastudiecentrum.Google Scholar
Hendriks, B. 2008. ‘The social and economic impacts of peri-urban access to land and secure tenure for the poor: the case of Nairobi, Kenya’, International Development Planning Review 30, 1: 2766.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoogland, M. 2003. ‘City planning and urban agriculture in Dar es Salaam’, unpublished paper for RUAF: Land Use E-conference, available at: http://www.ruaf.org/book/export/html/2297.Google Scholar
Ikejiofor, U. 2006. ‘Equity in informal land delivery: insights from Enugu, Nigeria’, Land Use Policy 23, 4: 448–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobi, P. 1997. ‘Importance of vegetable production in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania’, Urban Vegetable Promotion Project, Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar
Jenkins, P. 2001. ‘Strengthening access to land for housing for the poor in Maputo, Mozambique’, International Journal of Urban & Regional Research 25, 3: 629–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kalokola, S. 2010. ‘Death lurks in that plate of vegetables: public in grave danger as experts warn of toxic greens on sale’, The Citizen, Dar es Salaam, 31.1.2010.Google Scholar
Kiango, S. & Likoko, T.. 1996. ‘Vegetable production on open spaces in Dar es Salaam city’, Urban Vegetable Promotion Project, Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar
Kironde, J. M. L. 1995. ‘Access to land by the urban poor in Tanzania: some findings from Dar es Salaam’, Environment and Urbanization 7, 1: 7796.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kironde, J. M. L. 1997. ‘Land policy options for urban Tanzania’, Land Use Policy 14, 2: 99117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kironde, J. M. L. 2006. ‘The regulatory framework, unplanned development and urban poverty: findings from Dar es Salaam, Tanzania’, Land Use Policy 23, 4: 460–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leduka, R. C. 2006. ‘Explaining informal land delivery processes and institutions in African cities: conceptual framework and emerging evidence’, South African Review of Sociology 37, 1: 119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maxwell, D. 1995. ‘Alternative food security strategy: a household analysis of urban agriculture in Kampala’, World Development 23, 10: 1669–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maxwell, D. 1996. ‘Highest and best use? Access to urban land for semi-subsistence production’, Land Use Policy 13, 3: 181–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mlozi, M. 1994. ‘Inequitable agricultural extension services in the urban context: the case of Tanzania’, in Stromquist, N. P., ed. Education in Urban Areas: cross cultural dimensions. Westport, CT: Praeger, 105–28.Google Scholar
Mlozi, M. 1997. ‘Impacts of urban agriculture in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania’, The Environmentalist 17, 2: 115–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mlozi, M. 2003. ‘Legal and policy aspects of urban agriculture in Tanzania’, unpublished paper for RUAF: Land Use E-conference, available at: http://www.ruaf.org/book/export/html/2297.Google Scholar
Mougeot, L. J. A. 1994. ‘Urban food production: evolution, official support and significance’, Cities Feeding People Series Report 8, Ottawa: International Development Research Centre.Google Scholar
Mwegoha, W. & Kihampa, C.. 2010. ‘Heavy metal contamination in agricultural soils and water in Dar es Salaam city, Tanzania’, African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 4, 11: 763–9.Google Scholar
Myers, G. 2003a. Verandahs of Power: colonialism and space in urban Africa. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.Google Scholar
Myers, G. 2003b. ‘Designing power: forms and purposes of colonial model neighborhoods in British Africa’, Habitat International 27, 2: 193204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myers, G. 2005. Disposable Cities: garbage, governance and sustainable development in urban Africa. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing.Google Scholar
Nkurunziza, E. 2007. ‘Informal mechanisms for accessing and securing urban land rights: the case of Kampala, Uganda’, Environment and Urbanization 19, 2: 509–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nyakeke, B. & Kimboy, F.. 2010. ‘Politicians, economists fault JK House speech’, The Citizen, Dar es Salaam, 20.7.2010.Google Scholar
Obia, G. 1992. ‘Book review: A City of Farmers’, The Professional Geographer 44, 2: 227–8.Google Scholar
Ojalammi, S. 2006. ‘Contested lands: land disputes in semi-arid parts of northern Tanzania’, PhD thesis, Department of Geography, University of Helsinki.Google Scholar
Payne, G. A. 2004. ‘Land tenure and property rights: an introduction’, Habitat International 28, 2: 167–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Payne, G. A., Durand-Lasserve, A. & Rakodi, C.. 2009. ‘The limits of land titling and home ownership’, Environment and Urbanization 21, 2: 443–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rakodi, C. 1988. ‘Urban agriculture: research questions and Zambian evidence’, Journal of Modern African Studies 26, 3: 495515.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ribot, J. & Peluso, N. L.. 2003. ‘A theory of access’, Rural Sociology 68, 2: 153–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, J. 2002. ‘Global and world cities: a view from off the map’, International Journal of Urban & Regional Research 26: 3531–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, J. 2006. Ordinary Cities: between modernity and development. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Sanyal, B. 1985. ‘Urban agriculture: who cultivates and why? A case study of Lusaka, Zambia’, Food and Nutrition Bulletin 7, 3: 1424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sawio, C. J. 1994. ‘Who are the urban farmers of Dar es Salaam?’, in Egziabher, A., Lee-Smith, D., Maxwell, D., Memon, P., Mougeot, L. & Sawio, C., eds. Cities Feeding People: an examination of urban agriculture in East Africa. Ottawa: International Development Research Centre, 2546.Google Scholar
Sikor, T. 2006. ‘Analyzing community-based forestry: local, political and agrarian perspectives’, Forestry Policy and Economics 8, 4: 339–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smiley, S. 2010. ‘Expatriate everyday life in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: colonial origins and contemporary legacies’, Social and Cultural Geography 11, 4: 327–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strasberg, P. & Kloeck-Jenson, S.. 2002. ‘Challenging conventional wisdom: smallholder perceptions and experience of land access and tenure security in the cotton belt of Northern Mozambique’, Working Paper 48: Mozambique series. Land Tenure Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison.Google Scholar
United Republic of Tanzania (URT). 1997. Agriculture and Livestock Policy. Dar es Salaam: Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operative Development.Google Scholar
URT. 1999. The Land Act. Dar es Salaam: Parliament of the United Republic of Tanzania.Google Scholar
URT. 2000. National Human Settlements Development Policy. Dar es Salaam: Ministry of Lands and Human Settlements Development.Google Scholar

Interviews

Dar es Salaam regional agriculture extension agent 30.7.10.

Drive-In group leader 27.7.10.

Ilala Boma, agriculture extension agent, 26.7.10.

Msimbazi farmer 29.6.10.

Tazara-Mchicha group leader 6.6.10.

WAMTE group leader 29.6.10.