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The Technological Dependence of Developing Countries

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 November 2008

Surendra J. Patel
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Extract

In less than two centuries the process of industrialisation has spread from a tiny triangle in Britain to nearly 25 per cent of the world population. But it has so far largely by-passed the Third World, including China and socialist East Asia, and the southern periphery of Europe from Portugal to Bulgaria. These developing countries account for almost 75 per cent of the world population, but for only 20 per cent of the world income. On the other hand, the developed countries, with only 25 per cent of the population, have an average income per capita about ten times as high, and account for as much as 80 per cent of the real world output.

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Articles
Information
The Journal of Modern African Studies , Volume 12 , Issue 1 , March 1974 , pp. 1 - 18
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1974

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References

Page 1 note 1 Snow, C. P., The Two Cultures and a Second Look (New York, 1963), p. 73.Google Scholar

Page 2 note 1 For details, see Blackett, P. M. S., ‘Technology and World Advancement’, in Advancement of Science (London), XV, 1957;Google ScholarKuznets, Simon S., Modern Economic Growth: rate, structure, and spread (New Haven, 1967 edn.), p. 463;Google Scholar and also Landes, David S., The Unbound Prometheus: the technological change and industrial development in Western Europe from 1750 to the present (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 27–8.Google Scholar

Page 2 note 2 See Patel, Surendra J., ‘Economic Distance between Nations: its origin, measurement, and outlook’, in The Economic Journal (London), LXXIV, 03 1964.Google Scholar

Page 3 note 1 Dingle, H., in an extensive review in Science Progress (London), 146, 1949,Google Scholar of Bernal's, J. D. pioneering work, The Social Function of Science (London, 1939),Google Scholar pointed Out ten different ways in which he had used the concept ‘science’. In reply, Bernal, stated in his Science and History (Harmondsworth, 1969),Google Scholar that for a concept ‘so wide-ranging in time, connection and category’, multiplicity of aspect and reference must be the rule.

Page 3 note 2 For a discussion of some of these features, see Kuznets, op. cit. pp. 286 and 501.

Page 3 note 3 See Patel, Surendra J., ‘World Economy in Transition, 1850–2060’, in Feinstein, C. H. (ed.), Socialism, Capitalism and Economic Growth: essays presented to Maurice Dobb (Cambridge, 1967), p. 257.Google Scholar During the last two decades, the growth rate has been as high as 5 per cent, or even more, for a number of countries in both the East and the West.

Page 4 note 1 See ibid. pp. 256–7.

Page 4 note 2 Marx, Karl, Preface to first edition of Das Kapital, dated 26 07 1867.Google Scholar

Page 4 note 3 See Landes, op. cit. especially ch. 3, ‘Continental Emulation’, and ch. 4, ‘Closing the Gap’.

Page 5 note 1 Cf. ‘Transfer of Technology, including Know-How and Patents: elements of a programme of work for UNCTAD’, Geneva, 07 1970,Google Scholar U.N.C.T.A.D. document TD/B/310.

Page 6 note 2 For a detailed discussion of the direct and indirect ways of acquiring these elements, see Cooper, Charles and Sercovitch, Francisco, ‘The Channels and Mechanisms for the Transfer of Technology from Developed to Developing Countries’, Geneva, 04 1971,Google Scholar U.N.C.T.A.D. document TD/B/AC. 11/5.

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Page 6 note 2 Based on U.N.C.T.A.D. document TD/B/310, ch. 2.

Page 7 note 1 For an elaboration of the conceptual framework dealing with problems of bargaining weakness and ways of overcoming this, see United Nations, Guidelines for the Study of Transfer of Technology to Developing Countries (New York, 1972).Google Scholar

Page 8 note 1 For details, see ‘Major Issues Arising from the Transfer of Technology to Developing Countries’, Geneva, 12 1972,Google Scholar U.N.C.T.A.D. documents TD/B/AC. 11/10 and Add. 1.

Page 10 note 1 For details on the number of scientists and associated expenditures, see Bemal, J. D., Science in History (Harmondsworth, 1969), vol. II, p. 659, and vol. III, p. 714.Google Scholar

Page 11 note 1 ‘Policies Relating to the Transfer of Technology of the Countries of the Andean Pact: their foundations’, a study by the Junta del Acuerdo de Cartagena, November 1971, TD/107.

Page 12 note 1 See Penrose, Edith Tilton, The Economics of the International Patent System (Baltimore, 1951),Google Scholar and ‘International Patenting and the Less Developed Countries’, in The Economic Journal, LXXXIII, 09 1973;Google Scholar also Anderfelt, Ulf, International Patent Legislation and Developing Countries (The Hague, 1971).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Page 15 note 1 Government of Mexico, Law on the Transfer of Technology and the Use and Exploitation of Patents and Trademarks (Mexico, 1973),Google Scholar published as U.N.C.T.A.D. document TD/B/AC. 11/13, Geneva, 1973. The full text can also be found in International Legal Materials (Washington), XVI, 2, 03 1973.Google Scholar

Page 17 note 1 International Chamber of Commerce, Guidelines for Interneitional Investment (Paris, 1972),Google Scholar introduction.

Page 18 note 1 ‘Review and Appraisal of the Implementation of the International Development Strategy: Report by the Secretary-General of UNCTAD’, Geneva, 03 1973, para. 103.Google Scholar