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Post-Apartheid South Africa and Its Neighbours: a Maritime Transport Perspective

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 November 2008

Okechukwu C. Iheduru
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The official dismantling of apartheid, the release of Nelson Mandela after 27 years imprisonment in Febuary 1990, and especially the first multi-racial elections in April 1994 followed by the inauguration of the Government of National Unity (GNU), have marked this decade as the most fascinating in the history of South Africa.

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The Journal of Modern African Studies , Volume 34 , Issue 1 , March 1996 , pp. 1 - 26
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Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1996

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References

1 Bowman, Larry W., ‘The Subordinate State System of Southern Africa’, in International Studies Quarterly (Guildford, Surrey), 12, 3, 09 1968, pp. 231–61.Google Scholar Since then, several studies have further explored this line of research, notably, in the 1970s, Grundy, Kenneth, Confrontation and Accommodation in Southern Africa: the limits of independence (Berkeley, CA, 1973)Google Scholar, and Shaw, Timothy M. and Heard, Kenneth A. (eds.), Cooperation and Conflict in Southern Africa: papers on a regional subsystem (Washington, DC, 1977).Google Scholar

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12 Kennedy, op. cit. pp. 1–2.

13 Probably the best known account of South Africa's destabilisation strategies is Hanlon, Joseph, Beggar Your Neighbours: apartheid power in Southern Africa (London and Bloomington, 1986).Google Scholar See also, Johnson, Phyllis and Martin, David (eds.), Destructive Engagement: Southern Africa at war (Harare, 1986) and Apartheid Terrorism: the destabilization report (London and Bloomington, 1989);Google Scholar and Smith, Susanna, Frontline Africa: the right to a future (Oxford, 1990).Google Scholar

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26 Ellison, loc. cit. pp. 313–18. See also, Bamford, Brian R., The Law of Shipping and Carriage in South Africa (Cape Town, 1983);Google ScholarJones, Thomas, The International Shipping Industry and South Africa's Seaborne Trade (Pretoria, 1987);Google Scholar and Berridge, Geoffrey, The Politics of the South African Run: European shipping and Pretoria (London and New York, 1987).Google Scholar

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28 For an account of the collapse of the maritime conferences in West and Central Africa, and of Euro-African transport relations since the 1980s, see Iheduru, Okechukwu C., The Political Economy of International Shipping in Developing Countries (Newark, DE, 1996), ch. 4.Google Scholar

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31 John Crichton, ‘Hub Abidjan’, in Ibid. June 1993, p. 71.

32 Ibid.

33 Indeed, the terms of the share purchase guaranteed that Safmarine could appoint (as it did in 1991) the chief executive officer (Graham Peirce) at the CMB-Transport headquarters in Brussels. See Hirshon, Gerald, ‘SAFMARINE: Belgian partner’, in Financial Mail, 6 09 1991, pp. 76–9.Google Scholar

34 On the rôle and effects of economic and political nationalism in the establishment of indigenous shipping companies, inter-port competition, and the demise of indigenous shipping fleets in West and Central Africa, see Iheduru, Okechukwu C., ‘Competing Nationalism, Regional Cooperation, and the Politics of International Shipping in West Africa’, in Ocean Development and International Law (Basingstoke), 24, 3, 08 1993, pp. 123–53.Google Scholar

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