Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-8ctnn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T05:59:43.907Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Shock Attenuation of Intervertebral Disc Following Fatigue Loading

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 March 2011

C.-K. Chiang ,
C.-L. Yang ,
W.-C. Chen ,
C.-H. Chang ,
S.-C. Huang  and
J.-L. Wang
C.-K. Chiang
Affiliation:
Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 10617, R.O.C.
C.-L. Yang
Affiliation:
Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 10617, R.O.C.
W.-C. Chen
Affiliation:
Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 10617, R.O.C.
C.-H. Chang
Affiliation:
Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 10617, R.O.C.
S.-C. Huang
Affiliation:
Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan 10607, R.O.C.
J.-L. Wang
Affiliation:
Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 10617, R.O.C.
Get access

Abstract

Shock absorption is one of the fundamental biomechanical functions of disc. The knowledge of the effect of fatigue loading, impact energy and contact period on the disc shock attenuation is important in clarifying the risk factors of back pain and evaluating the efficacy of novel disc prosthesis. The purpose of this study is to find the changes of shock attenuation of motion segment after fatigue loading, and the effect of impact energy and contact period on the disc shock attenuation pre and post fatigue loading.

The 3-unit porcine spinal motion segment was used for testing. The impact test was applied pre and post fatigue loading. Impact energy and contact period were controlled in the experiment. Shock attenuation properties, including the acceleration attenuation (AA) of disc, force transmissibility (FT) and phase delay of force (PDF) of motion segment, were calculated from the acceleration and force responses.

The results showed that the shock attenuation properties (acceleration attenuation and force transmissibility) decreased post fatigue. The disc acceleration attenuation was independent of impact energy and contact period. The disc acceleration attenuation was 0.78 (−1.06dB) pre fatigue and 1.04 (0.14dB) post fatigue. The force transmissibility of motion segment decreased post fatigue only during short contact period. The phase delay of force did not change significantly post fatigue.

We found that the fatigue loading decreased the disc shock attenuation. The disc was at higher risk of injury following fatigue loading even at a mild impact loading. The disc acceleration attenuation was invariant of impact energy and contact period, but decreased post fatigue. The disc acceleration attenuation is a good index to evaluate the degree of fatigue injury.

Keywords

Intervertebral discImpact loadingFatigueAcceleration attenuationForce transmissibilityPhase delay of force
Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Mechanics , Volume 27 , Issue 1 , March 2011 , pp. 9 - 17
Copyright
Copyright © The Society of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, R.O.C. 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1.Marras, W. S., Lavender, S. A., Leurgans, S. E., Fathallah, F. A., Ferguson, S. A., Allread, W. G. and Rajulu, S. L., “Biomechanical Risk Factors for Occupationally Related Low Back Disorders,” Ergonomics, 38, pp. 377–410 (1995).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
2.Marras, W. S., Parakkat, J., Chany, A. M., Yang, G., Burr, D. and Lavender, S. A., “Spine Loading as a Function of Lift Frequency, Exposure Duration, and Work Experience,” Clinical Biomechanics, 21, pp. 345–352 (2006).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3.Kumar, S., “Cumulative Load as a Risk Factor for Back Pain,” Spine, 15, pp. 1311–1316 (1990).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4.Wilder, D. G. and Pope, M. H., “Epidemiological and Aetiological Aspects of Low Back Pain in Vibration Environments—An Update,” Clinical Biomechanics, 11, pp. 61–73 (1996).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5.Kumar, A., Varghese, M., Mohan, D., Mahajan, P., Gulati, P. and Kale, S., “Effect of Whole-Body Vibration on the Low Back. A Study of Tractor-Driving Farmers in North India,” Spine, 24, pp. 2506–2515 (1999).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
6.Althoff, I., Brinckmann, P., Frobin, W., Sandover, J. and Burton, K., “An Improved Method of Stature Measurement for Quantitative Determination of Spinal Loading. Application to Sitting Postures and Whole Body Vibration,” Spine, 17, pp. 682–693 (1992).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7.Burton, A. K. and Sandover, J., “Back Pain in Grand Prix Drivers: A ‘Found’ Experiment,” Applied Ergonomics, 18, pp. 3–8 (1987).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8.Pope, M. H., Wilder, D. G., Jorneus, L., Broman, H., Svensson, M. and Andersson, G., “The Response of the Seated Human to Sinusoidal Vibration and Impact,” Journal of Biomechanical Engneering 109, pp. 279–284 (1987).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9.Lee, C. K., Kim, Y. E., Lee, C. S., Hong, Y. M., Jung, J. M. and Goel, V. K., “Impact Response of the Intervertebral Disc in a Finite-Element Model,” Spine, 25, pp. 2431–2439 (2000).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10.Lee, C. K. and Goel, V. K., “Artificial Disc Prosthesis: Design Concepts and Criteria,” The Spine Journal, 4, pp. 209S–218S (2004).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11.Taksali, S., Grauer, J. N. and Vaccaro, A. R., “Material Considerations for Intervertebral Disc Replacement Implants,” The Spine Journal, 4, pp. 231S–238S (2004).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12.Valdevit, A. and Errico, T. J., “Design and Evaluation of the Flexicore Metal-On-Metal Intervertebral Disc Prosthesis,” The Spine Journal, 4, pp. 276S–288S (2004).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13.Galante, J. O., “Tensile Properties of the Human Lumbar Annulus Fibrosus,” Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavia, pp. Suppl 100:1–91 (1967).Google ScholarPubMed
14.Chanchairujira, K., Chung, C. B., Kim, J. Y., Papakonstantinou, O., Lee, M. H., Clopton, P. and Resnick, D., “Intervertebral Disk Calcification of the Spine in an Elderly Population: Radiographic Prevalence, Location, and Distribution and Correlation with Spinal Degeneration,” Radiology, 230, pp. 499–503 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15.Panjabi, M. M., Takata, K., Goel, V., Federico, D., Oxland, T., Duranceau, J. and Krag, M., “Thoracic Human Vertebrae. Quantitative Three-Dimensional Anatomy,” Spine, 16, pp. 888–901 (1991).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
16.Wang, J. L. and Lee, Y. L., “The shock Attenuation Properties of Straight Standing Knee Joint Using Different Shock Absorbers and Energy Input.,” Ournal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers, 26, pp. 729–736 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17.Aultman, C. D., Scannell, J. and McGill, S. M., “The Direction of Progressive Herniation in Porcine Spine Motion Segments is Influenced by the Orientation of the Bending Axis,” Clinical Biomechanics, 20, pp. 126–129 (2005).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
18.Adams, M. A. and Hutton, W. C., “Gradual Disc Prolapse,” Spine, 10, pp. 524–531 (1985).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
19.Goel, V. K., Voo, L. M., Weinstein, J. N., Liu, Y. K., Okuma, T. and Njus, G. O., “Response of the Ligamentous Lumbar Spine to Cyclic Bending Loads,” Spine, 13, pp. 294–300 (1988).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20.Gallagher, S., Marras, W. S., Litsky, A. S. and Burr, D., “An Exploratory Study of Loading and Morphometric Factors Associated with Specific Failure Modes in Fatigue Testing of Lumbar Motion Segments,” Clinical Biomechanics, 21, pp. 228–234 (2006).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21.Gallagher, S., Marras, W. S., Litsky, A. S. and Burr, D., “Torso Flexion Loads and the Fatigue Failure of Human Lumbosacral Motion Segments,” Spine, 30, pp. 2265–2273 (2005).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22.Adams, M. A. and Hutton, W. C., “The Effect of Fatigue on the Lumbar Intervertebral Disc,” Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, British Volume, 65, pp. 199–203 (1983).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23.Callaghan, J. P. and McGill, S. M., “Intervertebral Disc Herniation: Studies on a Porcine Model Exposed to Highly Repetitive Flexion/Extension Motion with Compressive Force,” Clinical Biomechanics, 16, pp. 28–37 (2001).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
24.Setton, L. A. and Chen, J., “Mechanobiology of the Intervertebral Disc and Relevance to Disc Degeneration,” Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, American Volume, 88 Suppl 2, pp. 52–57 (2006).Google ScholarPubMed
25.Natarajan, R. N., Williams, J. R. and Andersson, G. B., “Recent Advances in Analytical Modeling of Lumbar Disc Degeneration,” Spine, 29, pp. 2733–2741 (2004).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
26.Masuoka, K., Michalek, A. J., MacLean, J. J., Stokes, I. A. and Iatridis, J. C., “Different Effects of Static Versus Cyclic Compressive Loading on Rat Intervertebral Disc Height and Water Loss in Vitro,” Spine, 32, pp. 1974–1979 (2007).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
27.Gatt, C. J. Jr, Hosea, T. M., Palumbo, R. C. and Zawadsky, J. P., “Impact Loading of the Lumbar Spine During Football Blocking,” The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 25, pp. 317–321 (1997).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
28.Cholewicki, J., McGill, S. M. and Norman, R. W., “Lumbar Spine Loads During the Lifting of Extremely Heavy Weights,” Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 23, pp. 1179–1186 (1991).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
29.Essendrop, M., Trojel Hye-Knudsen, C., Skotte, J., Faber Hansen, A. and Schibye, B., “Fast Development of High Intra-Abdominal Pressure When a Trained Participant is Exposed to Heavy, Sudden Trunk Loads,” Spine, 29, pp. 94–99 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
30.Smit, T. H., “The Use of a Quadruped as an in Vivo Model for the Study of the Spine—Biomechanical Considerations,” European Spine Journal, 11, pp. 137–144 (2002).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
31.McLain, R. F., Yerby, S. A. and Moseley, T. A., “Comparative Morphometry of L4 Vertebrae: Comparison of Large Animal Models for the Human Lumbar Spine,” Spine, 27, pp. E200–E206 (2002).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
32.Cheng, C. H., Chen, T. Y., Kuo, Y. W. and Wang, J. L., “The Mechanics of Cervical Muscle Recruitment on Cervical Spine Stability—A Biomechanical in Vitro Study Using Porcine Model,” Journal of Mechanics, 24, pp. 63–68 (2008).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
33.Mizrahi, J., Verbitsky, O. and Isakov, E., “Shock Accelerations and Attenuation in Downhill and Level Running,” Clinical Biomechanics, 15, pp. 15–20 (2000).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
34.Lafortune, M. A., Lake, M. J. and Hennig, E. M., “Differential Shock Transmission Response of the Human Body to Impact Severity and Lower Limb Posture,” Journal of Biomechanics, 29, pp. 1531–1537 (1996).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
35.LeHuec, J. C., Kiaer, T., Friesem, T., Mathews, H., Liu, M. and Eisermann, L., “Shock Absorption in Lumbar Disc Prosthesis: A Preliminary Mechanical Study,” Journal of Spinal Disorders & Techniques, 16, pp. 346–351 (2003).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
36.Wang, J. L., Wu, T. K., Lin, T. C., Cheng, C. H. and Huang, S. C., “Rest Cannot Always Recover the Dynamic Properties of Fatigue-Loaded Intervertebral Disc,” Spine, 33, pp. 1863–1869 (2008).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
37.Helliwell, P. S., Smeathers, J. E. and Wright, V., “Shock Absorption by the Spinal Column in Normals and in Ankylosing Spondylitis,” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Part H, Journal of engineering in medicine, 203, pp. 187–190 (1989).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
38.Smeathers, J. E., “Transient Vibrations Caused by Heel Strike,” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Part H, Journal of engineering in medicine, 203, pp. 181–186 (1989).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
39.Johannessen, W., Vresilovic, E. J., Wright, A. C. and Elliott, D. M., “Intervertebral Disc Mechanics are Restored Following Cyclic Loading and Unloaded Recovery,” Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 32, pp. 70–76 (2004).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
40.van der Veen, A. J., Mullender, M., Smit, T. H., Kingma, I. and van Dieen, J. H., “Flow-Related Mechanics of the Intervertebral Disc: The Validity of an in Vitro Model,” Spine, 30, pp. E534–E539 (2005).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed