Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-29T05:37:15.541Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Spontaneous formation of filamentary Cd whiskers and degradation of CdMgYb icosahedral quasicrystal under ambient conditions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 May 2012

Lu Lu ,
Jianbo Wang ,
He Zheng ,
Dongshan Zhao ,
Renhui Wang  and
Jianian Gui
Lu Lu
Affiliation:
School of Physics and Technology, Center for Electron Microscopy and MOE Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
Jianbo Wang*
Affiliation:
School of Physics and Technology, Center for Electron Microscopy and MOE Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
He Zheng
Affiliation:
School of Physics and Technology, Center for Electron Microscopy and MOE Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
Dongshan Zhao
Affiliation:
School of Physics and Technology, Center for Electron Microscopy and MOE Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
Renhui Wang
Affiliation:
School of Physics and Technology, Center for Electron Microscopy and MOE Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
Jianian Gui
Affiliation:
School of Physics and Technology, Center for Electron Microscopy and MOE Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
*
a)Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

The whiskers spontaneously grown in Cd–Mg–Yb alloy containing icosahedral quasicrystal as dominant phase have been investigated by electron microscopy. It is found that: (i) the whiskers are mainly composed of Cd with growth direction along . CdO particles are frequently observed on surfaces of whiskers and the alloy, indicating the importance of the oxidation process during the whisker growth; (ii) there exist four types of orientation relationship between Cd and CdO. The interfaces between them are shown to accommodate large lattice misfit, which is well explained by near coincidence site lattice model; (iii) nanosized Cd particles are observed to aggregate around the whisker root, providing a convincing experimental evidence for the long-range atomic diffusion. Our study offers a unique opportunity to unveil the relationship between unstability of quasicrystal structure and whisker formation and may have some implications for oxidation process of metals.

Keywords

QuasicrystalTransmission electron microscopy (TEM)Whiskers
Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Materials Research , Volume 27 , Issue 14 , 28 July 2012 , pp. 1895 - 1904
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1.Luo, Z.P., Zhang, S.Q., Tang, Y.L., and Zhao, D.S.: Quasicrystals in as-cast Mg-Zn-RE alloys. Scr. Metall. Mater. 28, 1513 (1993).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2.Niikura, A., Tsai, A.P., Inoue, A., and Masumoto, T.: Stable Zn-Mg-rare-earth face-centred icosahedral alloys with pentagonal dodecahedral solidification morphology. Philos. Mag. Lett. 69, 351 (1994).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
3.Guo, J.Q., Abe, E., and Tsai, A.P.: Stable icosahedral quasicrystals in the Cd-Mg-RE (RE = rare earth element) systems. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 39, L770 (2000).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4.Guo, J.Q., Abe, E., and Tsai, A.P.: Stable Cd-Mg-Yb and Cd-Mg-Ca icosahedral quasicrystals with wide composition ranges. Philos. Mag. Lett. 82, 27 (2002).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5.Tsai, A.P., Guo, J.Q., Abe, E., Takakura, H., and Sato, T.J.: A stable binary quasicrystal. Nature 408, 537 (2000).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6.Guo, J.Q., Abe, E., and Tsai, A.P.: Stable icosahedral quasicrystals in binary Cd-Ca and Cd-Yb systems. Phys. Rev. B 62, R14605 (2000).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7.Takakura, H., Gómez, C.P., Yamamoto, A., De Boissieu, M., and Tsai, A.P.: Atomic structure of the binary icosahedral Yb-Cd quasicrystal. Nat. Mater. 6, 58 (2007).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8.Wu, D., Ugurlu, O., Chumbley, L.S., Kramer, M.J., and Lograsso, T.A.: Synthesis and characterization of hexagonal Cd51Yb14 single crystals. Philos. Mag. 86, 381 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9.Krauss, G., Steurer, W., Ross, A.R., and Lograsso, T.A.: Stability of icosahedral Cd–Yb at low temperature. Philos. Mag. 86, 505 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10.Cobb, H.L.: Cadmium whiskers. Plating Mon Rev. Am. Electroplat Soc. 33, 28 (1946).Google Scholar
11.Herring, C. and Galt, J.K.: Elastic and plastic properties of very small metal specimens. Phys. Rev. 85, 1060 (1952).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12.Tu, K.N.: Irreversible processes of spontaneous whisker growth in bimetallic Cu-Sn thin-film reactions. Phys. Rev. B 49, 2030 (1994).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13.Wu, D., Lograsso, T.A., and Anderegg, J.W.: Migration, formation, and growth of pure Cd whiskers in Cd-based compounds. J. Electron. Mater. 36, 555 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
14.Tu, K.N.: Interdiffusion and reaction in bimetallic Cu-Sn thin films. Acta Metall. 21, 347 (1973).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15.Lindborg, U.: A model for the spontaneous growth of zinc, cadmium and tin whiskers. Acta Metall. 24, 181 (1976).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16.Lee, B-Z. and Lee, D.N.: Spontaneous growth mechanism of tin whisker. Acta Metall. 46, 3701 (1998).Google Scholar
17.Fisher, R.M., Darken, L.S., and Carroll, K.G.: Accelerated growth of tin whiskers. Acta Metall. 2, 368 (1954).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
18.Pitt, C.H. and Henning, R.G.: Pressure-induced growth of metal whiskers. J. Appl. Phys. 35, 459 (1964).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19.Li, S.B., Bei, G.P., Zhai, X.H., Zhang, Z.L., Zhou, Y., and Li, C.W.: The origin of driving force for the formation of Sn whiskers at room temperature. J. Mater. Res. 22, 3226 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
20.Shim, W., Ham, J., Lee, K.I., Jeung, W.Y., Johnson, M., and Lee, W.: On-film formation of Bi nanowires with extraordinary electron mobility. Nano Lett. 9, 18 (2009).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21.Lindborg, U.: Observations on the growth of whisker crystals from zinc electroplate. Metall. Trans. A 6, 1581 (1975).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
22.Choi, W.J., Lee, T.Y., Tu, K.N., Tamura, N., Celestre, R.S., MacDowell, A.A., Bong, Y.Y., and Nguyen, L.: Tin whiskers studied by synchrotron radiation scanning x-ray micro-diffraction. Acta Mater. 51, 6253 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23.Sobiech, M., Wohlschlögel, M., Welzel, U., Mittemeijer, E.J., Hügel, W., Seekamp, A., Liu, W., and Ice, G.E.: Local, submicron, strain gradients as the cause of Sn whisker growth. Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 221901 (2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24.Barsoum, M.W., Hoffman, E.N., Doherty, R.D., Gupta, S., and Zavaliangos, A.: Driving force and mechanism for spontaneous metal whisker formation. Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 206104 (2004).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
25.Wei, C.C., Liu, P.C., Chen, C., Lee, J.C.B., and Wang, I.P.: Relieving Sn whisker growth driven by oxidation on Cu leadframe by annealing and reflowing treatments. J. Appl. Phys. 102, 043521 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
26.Osenbach, J.W., DeLucca, J.M., Potteiger, B.D., Amin, A., Shook, R.L., and Baiocchi, F.A.: Sn corrosion and its influence on whisker growth. IEEE Trans. Electron. Packag. Manuf. 30, 23 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27.Dudek, M.A. and Chawla, N.: Mechanisms for Sn whisker growth in rare earth-containing Pb-free solders. Acta Mater. 57, 4588 (2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
28.Janousek, B.K. and Carscallen, R.C.: The mechanism of (Hg, Cd)Te anodic oxidation. J. Appl. Phys. 53, 1720 (1982).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
29.Chen, K.T., Shi, D.T., Chen, H., Granderson, B., George, M.A., Collins, W.E., Burger, A., and James, R.B.: Study of oxidized cadmium zinc telluride surfaces. J. Vac. Sci. Technol., A 15, 850 (1997).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
30.Yang, J.C., Yeadon, M., Kolasa, B., and Gibson, J.M.: Oxygen surface diffusion in three-dimensional Cu2O growth on Cu(001) thin films. Appl. Phys. Lett. 70, 3522 (1997).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
31.Zhou, G.W., Wang, L., Birtcher, R.C., Baldo, P.M., Pearson, J., Yang, J., and Eastman, J.: Cu2O island shape transition during Cu-Au alloy oxidation. Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 226108 (2006).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
32.Zhou, G.W.: TEM investigation of interfaces during cuprous island growth. Acta Mater. 57, 4432 (2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
33.Cahn, J.W., Shechtman, D., and Gratias, D.: Indexing of icosahedral quasiperiodic crystals. J. Mater. Res. 1, 13 (1986).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
34.Egerton, R.F.: Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy in the Electron Microscope, 2nd ed. (Plenum Press, New York, 1996) p. 302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
35.Lal, K., Peneva, S.K., and Verma, A.R.: A systematic study of lattice imperfections in metal whiskers by Laue method. Phys. Status Solidi A 3, 617 (1970).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
36.Nanev, C. and Iwanov, D.: Growth of zinc and cadmium whiskers from the vapour phase on a single crystal substrate of the same material. Phys. Status Solidi RRL 23, 663 (1967).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
37.Verma, A.R. and Peneva, S.K.: X-ray investigation on the growth of cadmium whiskers. J. Cryst. Growth 3–4, 700 (1968).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
38.Moore, K.T., Johnson, W.C., Howe, J.M., Aaronson, H.I., and Veblen, D.R.: On the interaction between Ag-depleted zones surrounding gamma plates and spinodal decomposition in an Al-22 at.% Ag alloy. Acta Mater. 50, 943 (2002).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
39.Crawley, A.F. and Milliken, K.S.: Precipitate morphology and orientation relationships in an aged Mg-9% Al-1% Zn-0.3% Mn alloy Acta Metall. 22, 557 (1974).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
40.Zhou, J.P., Zhao, D.S., Wang, R.H., Sun, Z.F., Wang, J.B., Gui, J.N., and Zheng, O.: In situ observation of ageing process and new morphologies of continuous precipitates in AZ91 magnesium alloy. Mater. Lett. 61, 4707 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
41.Jiang, J.C., Meletis, E.I., Yuan, Z., and Chen, C.L.: Interface modulated structure of highly epitaxial (Pb, Sr)TiO3 thin films on (001) MgO. Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 051904 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
42.Williams, D.B. and Carter, C.B.: Transmission Electron Microscopy: A Textbook for Materials Science (Plenum Press, New York, 1996) p. 278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
43.Williams, D.B. and Carter, C.B.: Transmission Electron Microscopy: A Textbook for Materials Science (Plenum Press, New York, 1996) p. 445.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
44.Zhou, G.W.: Metal-oxide interfaces at the nanoscale. Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 233115 (2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
45.Zhou, L., Xu, T., Smith, D.J., and Moustakas, T.D.: Microstructure of relaxed InN quantum dots grown on GaN buffer layers by molecular-beam epitaxy. Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 231906 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
46.Li, B.Q. and Zuo, J.M.: Self-assembly of epitaxial Ag nanoclusters on H-terminated Si(111) surfaces. J. Appl. Phys. 94, 743 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
47.Takagaki, Y., Herrmann, C., Jenichen, B., and Brandt, O.: Epitaxial orientation of MnAs layers grown on GaAs surfaces by means of solid-state crystallization. Phys. Rev. B 78, 064115 (2008).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
48.Nowak, J.D. and Carter, C.B.: Forming contacts and grain boundaries between MgO nanoparticles. J. Mater. Sci. 44, 2408 (2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
49.Trampert, A. and Ploog, K.H.: Heteroepitaxy of large-misfit systems: Role of coincidence lattice. Cryst. Res. Technol. 35, 793 (2000).3.0.CO;2-3>CrossRefGoogle Scholar