Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T23:46:03.021Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Quantification of hardening in Fe–Mn master alloys prepared by a mechanical alloying process via nanoindentation experiments

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 July 2011

José Sicre-Artalejo ,
Mónica Campos ,
Jon M. Molina-Aldareguía  and
José M. Torralba
José Sicre-Artalejo
Affiliation:
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carlos III University, 28911 Leganés, Spain
Mónica Campos*
Affiliation:
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carlos III University, 28911 Leganés, Spain
Jon M. Molina-Aldareguía
Affiliation:
IMDEA-Materials Institute, c/Profesor Aranguren s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
José M. Torralba
Affiliation:
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carlos III University, 28911 Leganés, Spain; and IMDEA-Materials Institute, 28918 Leganés, Spain
*
a)Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

During the mechanical alloying of a prealloyed Fe–Mo and Mn powder, a large amount of energy is involved because of continuous collisions between the grinding media and the powder. The energy is transformed into massive plastic deformation and solid solution formation. Both phenomena increase in the hardness of the milled particles. To quantify the contribution of both effects to the hardening, nanoindentation experiments were performed on the as-milled powder and after an annealing treatment, based on the assumption that the thermal process would eliminate the lattice distortions due to plastic deformation. When the indentation profile was measured, a significant pileup around the perimeter of the indentation track was observed; therefore, it was necessary to measure the actual amount of contact area by atomic force microscopy. Thus, parameters of mechanical powders can be determined, giving to the conclusion that 40% of the hardening induced can be attributed to the plastic strain.

Keywords

NanoindentationPowder metallurgyMechanical alloying
Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Materials Research , Volume 26 , Issue 14 , 28 July 2011 , pp. 1726 - 1733
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1.Anonymous, : Oil atomisation puts a different face on iron alloy powders. Met. Powder Rep. 59(10), 26 (2004).Google Scholar
2.Suryanarayana, C.: Mechanical alloying and milling. Prog. Mater. Sci. 46(1–2), 1 (2001).Google Scholar
3.Morimoto, H., Nakai, M., Tatsumisago, M., and Minami, T.: Mechanochemical synthesis and anode properties of SnO-based amorphous materials. J. Electrochem. Soc. 146(11), 3970 (1999).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4.Warris, C.J. and McCormick, P.G.: Mechanochemical processing of refractory pyrite. Miner. Eng. 10(10), 1119 (1997).Google Scholar
5.Ding, J., Miao, W.F., McCormick, P.G., and Street, R.: Mechanochemical synthesis of ultrafine Fe powder. Appl. Phys. Lett. 67(25), 3804 (1995).Google Scholar
6.Kosmac, T. and Courtney, T.H.: Milling and mechanical alloying of inorganic nonmetallics. J. Mater. Res. 7(6), 1519 (1992).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7.Albanomu, L., Thummler, F., and Zapf, G.: High-strength sintered iron-base alloys by using transition-metal carbides. Powder Metall. 16(32), 236 (1973).Google Scholar
8.Hoffmann, G. and Dalal, K.: Development and present situation of low alloyed PM steels using MCM and MVM master alloys. Powder Metall. Int. 11(4), 177 (1979).Google Scholar
9.Banerjee, S., Schlieper, G., Thummler, F., and Zapf, G.: New results in the master alloy concept for high strength sintered steels. Prog. Powder Metall. 13, 143 (1980).Google Scholar
10.Oro, R., Campos, M., Gierl, C., Danninger, H., and Torralba, J.M.: Atmosphere effects on liquid phase sintering of PM steels modified with master alloy additions, in Proceedings of World Congress in PM (EPMA, Florence, Italy, 2010).Google Scholar
11.Moumeni, H., Alleg, S., and Greneche, J.M.: Structural properties of Fe50Co50 nanostructured powder prepared by mechanical alloying. J. Alloy. Comp. 386(1–2), 12 (2005).Google Scholar
12.Sicre-Artalejo, J., Campos, M., Marcu, T., and Torralba, J.M.: Modification of low alloyed steels by manganese additions. Prog. Powder Metall. 534–36, 697 (2007).Google Scholar
13.Campos, M., Sicre-Artalejo, J., Molina-Aldareguia, J.M., and Torralba, J.M.: Comprehensive characterization of mechanical properties of heat treated low alloyed steels with Mn added via mechanical alloying, in World congress on powder metallurgy and particulate materials (Metal Powder Industries Federation, Washington, DC, 2008).Google Scholar
14.Gaffet, E., Malhouroux, N., and Abdellaoui, M.: Far from equilibrium phase transition induced by solid-state reaction in the Fe-Si system. J. Alloy. Comp. 194(2), 339 (1993).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15.Eleskandarany, M.S., Ahmed, H.A., Sumiyama, K., and Suzuki, K.: Mechanically assisted solid-state hydrogenation for formation of nanocrystalline NiTiH3. J. Alloy. Comp. 218(1), 36 (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16.Yin, F., Shigematsu, T., Nakanishi, N., Osawa, Y., and Sato, A.: Mechanical milling induced phase transformation in orthorhombic nanocrystalline MnP compound. Nanostruct. Mater. 8(5), 587 (1997).Google Scholar
17.Shantha, K., Subbanna, G.N., and Varma, K.B.R.: Mechanically activated synthesis of nanocrystalline powders of ferroelectric bismuth vanadate. J. Solid State Chem. 142(1), 41 (1999).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
18.Petrovic, P., Brovko, I., Sepelak, V., Stevulova, N., and Hreha, S.: Properties of the nanocrystalline Finemet alloys prepared by mechanochemical way. Acta Physica Slovaca 48(6), 703 (1998).Google Scholar
19.Grandi, T.A., dos Santos, V.H.F., and de Lima, J.C.: Role of interfacial structure in nanostructured elemental metals: A new thermo-mechanical process for the preparation of nanostructured binary alloys. Solid State Commun. 110(12), 673 (1999).Google Scholar
20.Guerrero-Paz, J. and Jaramillo-Vigueras, D.: Nanometric grain formation in ductile powders by low-energy ball milling. Nanostruct. Mater. 11(8), 1123 (1999).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21.Pathak, S., Stojakovic, D., Doherty, R., and Kalidindi, S.R.: Importance of surface preparation on the nano-indentation stress-strain curves measured in metals. J. Mater. Res. 24(3), 1142 (2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
22.Schuh, C.A.: Nanoindentation studies of materials. Mater. Today 9(5), 32 (2006).Google Scholar
23.Fischer-Cripps, A.C.: Depth-sensing nano-indentation, in High-Pressure Surface Science and Engineering, edited by Gogotsi, Y. and Domnich, V. (Institute of Physics Publishing, Philadelphia, 2004) pp. 295–320.Google Scholar
24.Fischer-Cripps, A.C.: A review of analysis methods for sub-micron indentation testing. Vacuum 58(4), 569 (2000).Google Scholar
25.Huang, H., Wu, Y.Q., Wang, S.L., He, Y.H., Zou, J., Huang, B.Y., and Liu, C.T.: Mechanical properties of single crystal tungsten microwhiskers characterized by nanoindentation. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 523(1–2), 193 (2009).Google Scholar
26.Aguilar, C., Ordóñez, S., Marín, J., Castro, F., and Martínez, V.: Study and methods of analysis of mechanically alloyed Cu-Mo powders. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 464(1–2), 288 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27.Rico, A., Garrido, M.A., and Rodriguez, J.: The problem of determining Young’s modulus and hardness of high stiff ceramics by nanoindentation. Bol. Soc. Esp. Ceram. Vidrio 47(2), 110 (2008).Google Scholar
28.Yuan, Y.H. and Verma, R.: Mechanical properties of stratum corneum studied by nano-indentation, in Spatially Resolved Characterization of Local Phenomena in Materials and Nanostructures, Vol. 738, edited by Bonnell, D.A., Piqueras, J., Shreve, A.P., and Zypman, F. (Unilever Research, Edgewater, NJ, 2003), p. 265.Google Scholar
29.Tang, C.G., Li, Y. and Zeng, K.Y.: Characterization of mechanical properties of a Zr-based metallic glass by indentation techniques. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 384(1–2), 215 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
30.Oliver, W.C. and Pharr, G.M.: An improved technique for determining hardness and elastic-modulus using load and displacement sensing indentation experiments. J. Mater. Res. 7(6), 1564 (1992).Google Scholar
31.Sneddon, I.N.: The relation between load and penetration in the axisymmetric Boussinesq problem for a punch of arbitrary profile. Int. J. Eng. Sci. 3(1), 47 (1965).Google Scholar
32.Alkorta, J., Martinez-Esnaola, J.M., and Sevillano, J.G.: Absence of one-to-one correspondence between elastoplastic properties and sharp-indentation load-penetration data. J. Mater. Res. 20(2), 432 (2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
33.Jakes, J.E., Frihart, C.R., Beecher, J.F., Moon, R.J., and Stone, D.S.: Experimental method to account for structural compliance in nanoindentation measurements. J. Mater. Res. 23(4), 1113 (2008).Google Scholar
34.Lutterotti, L.: MAUD. CPD Newsletter (IUCr), 2000.Google Scholar
35.Alkorta, J. and Sevillano, J.G.: Measuring the strain rate sensitivity by instrumented indentation. Application to an ultrafine grain (equal channel angular-pressed) eutectic Sn-Bi alloy. J. Mater. Res. 19(1), 282 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
36.Alkorta, J. and Sevillano:, J.G.Hardness measurement of solids by means of nanoindentation. Bol. Soc. Esp. Ceram. Vidrio 44(5), 259 (2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
37.Koch, C.C. and Whittenberger, J.D.: Mechanical milling/alloying of intermetallics. Intermetallics 4(5), 339 (1996).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
38.Bull, S.J., Chalker, P.R., Johnston, C., and Cooper, C.V.: Indentation response of diamond thin-films. Diamond Relat. Mater. 4(1), 43 (1994).Google Scholar
39.Bull, S.J., Page, T.F., and Yoffe, E.H.: An explanation of the indentation size effect in ceramics. Philos. Mag. Lett. 59(6), 281 (1989).Google Scholar
40.Armstrong, R.W.: Dislocation pile-ups: From {1 1 0} cracking in MgO to model strength evaluations. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 409(1–2), 24 (2005).Google Scholar
41.Kim, J.K., Chen, L., Kim, H.S., Kim, S.K., Estrin, Y., and De Cooman, B.C.: On the tensile behavior of high-manganese twinning-induced plasticity steel. Metall. and Mater. Trans. A. 40(13), 3147 (2009).Google Scholar
42.Hua, D., Hao, D., Xin, Z., Zhengyou, T., and Ping, Y.: Study on microstructures and mechanical properties of high manganese steels with TRIP/TWIP effects. Steel Res. Int. 80(9), 623 (2009).Google Scholar