Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dlnhk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T05:41:56.147Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Phase evolution of refractory high-entropy alloy CrMoNbTiW during mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 January 2019

Lavanya Raman Open the ORCID record for Lavanya Raman [Opens in a new window] ,
K. Guruvidyathri ,
Geeta Kumari ,
S.V.S. Narayana Murty ,
Ravi Sankar Kottada  and
B.S. Murty Open the ORCID record for B.S. Murty [Opens in a new window]
Lavanya Raman*
Affiliation:
Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
K. Guruvidyathri
Affiliation:
Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India; High Entropy Materials Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
Geeta Kumari
Affiliation:
Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
S.V.S. Narayana Murty
Affiliation:
Materials and Metallurgy Group, Vikram Sarabhai Space Center, Trivandrum 695022, India
Ravi Sankar Kottada*
Affiliation:
Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
B.S. Murty*
Affiliation:
Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
*
a)Address all correspondence to these authors. e-mail: [email protected]
b)e-mail: [email protected]
c)e-mail: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

In the present study, the phase evolution and microstructure of CrMoNbTiW, a new equi-atomic refractory high-entropy alloy, are studied. The alloy was synthesized through mechanical alloying (MA) followed by consolidation using spark plasma sintering. After MA, a major BCC solid solution along with residual Cr and Nb were observed. However, secondary phases such as Laves and carbides were also observed in addition to the major BCC solid solution after sintering. Unsolicited contamination from the milling media is found to be one of the reasons for the formation of secondary phases. The high hardness of 8.9 GPa after sintering was attributed to the presence of secondary phases along with the nanocrystalline nature of the alloy. To understand the phase evolution, calculation of phase diagram was carried out using CALPHAD. Further, binary phase diagram inspection and simple empirical parameters were also used to assess their effectiveness in predicting phases.

Keywords

mechanical alloyingsinteringsecond phases
Type
Article
Information
Journal of Materials Research , Volume 34 , Issue 5: Focus Issue: Nanocrystalline High Entropy Materials: Processing Challenges and Properties , 14 March 2019 , pp. 756 - 766
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2019 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Yeh, J.W., Chen, S.K., Lin, S.J., Gan, J.Y., Chin, T.S., Shun, T.T., Tsau, C.H., and Chang, S.Y.: Nanostructured high-entropy alloys with multiple principal elements: Novel alloy design concepts and outcomes. Adv. Eng. Mater. 6, 299 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cantor, B., Chang, I.T.H., Knight, P., and Vincent, A.J.B.: Microstructural development in equiatomic multicomponent alloys. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 375–377, 213 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Senkov, O.N., Miracle, D.B., Chaput, K.J., and Couzinie, J.P.: Development and exploration of refractory high entropy alloys—A review. J. Mater. Res. 1, 37 (2018).Google Scholar
Eshed, E., Larianovsky, N., Kovalevsky, A., Popov, V., Gorbachev, I., Popov, V., and Katz-Demyanetz, A.: Microstructural evolution and phase formation in 2nd-generation refractory-based high entropy alloys. Materials 11, 2 (2018).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jaffee, R.I., Harris, W.J., and Promisel, N.E.: Development of refractory metal sheet in the United States. J. Less-Common Met. 2, 95 (1960).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hewitt, S.A. and Kibble, K.A.: Effects of ball milling time on the synthesis and consolidation of nanostructured WC–Co composites. Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. 27, 937 (2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suryanarayana, C.: Mechanical alloying and milling. Prog. Mater. Sci. 46, 1 (2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murty, B.S. and Ranganathan, S.: Novel materials synthesis by mechanical alloying/milling. Int. Mater. Rev. 43, 101 (1998).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wei, Q., Zhang, H.T., Schuster, B.E., Ramesh, K.T., Valiev, R.Z., Kecskes, L.J., Dowding, R.J., Magness, L., and Cho, K.: Microstructure and mechanical properties of super-strong nanocrystalline tungsten processed by high-pressure torsion. Acta Mater. 54, 4079 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Srivastav, A.K.: Effect of alloying on microstructural stability and densification during sintering of nanocrystalline tungsten. Ph.D. thesis, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 2014.Google Scholar
Zhang, K.B., Fu, Z.Y., Zhang, J.Y., Wang, W.M., Lee, S.W., and Niihara, K.: Characterization of nanocrystalline CoCrFeNiTiAl high-entropy solid solution processed by mechanical alloying. J. Alloys Compd. 495, 33 (2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Praveen, S., Basu, J., Kashyap, S., and Sankar, R.: Exceptional resistance to grain growth in nanocrystalline CoCrFeNi high entropy alloy at high homologous temperatures. J. Alloys Compd. 662, 361 (2016).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vaidya, M., Karati, A., Marshal, A., Pradeep, K.G., and Murty, B.S.: Phase evolution and stability of nanocrystalline CoCrFeNi and CoCrFeMnNi high entropy alloys. J. Alloys Compd. 770, 1004 (2019).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kang, B., Lee, J., Ryu, H.J., and Hong, S.H.: Ultra-high strength WNbMoTaV high-entropy alloys with fine grain structure fabricated by powder metallurgical process. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 712, 616 (2018).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waseem, O.A. and Ryu, H.J.: Powder metallurgy processing of a WxTaTiVCr high-entropy alloy and its derivative alloys for fusion material applications. Sci. Rep. 7, 1 (2017).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Juan, C.C., Tsai, M.H., Tsai, C.W., Lin, C.M., Wang, W.R., Yang, C.C., Chen, S.K., Lin, S.J., and Yeh, J.W.: Enhanced mechanical properties of HfMoTaTiZr and HfMoNbTaTiZr refractory high-entropy alloys. Intermetallics 62, 76 (2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chookajorn, T.: Enhancing stability of powder-route nanocrystalline tungsten-titanium via alloy thermodynamics. Ph.D. thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 2013.Google Scholar
Young, R.A. and Wiles, D.B.: Profile shape functions in Rietveld refinements. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 15, 430 (1982).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prince, E. and Stalick, J.K.: Accuracy in Powder Diffraction II (NIST, Spec. Publ. No. 846, US Dept of Commerce, Gaithersburg, 1992).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saunders, N. and Miodownik, A.P.: CALPHAD (Calculation of Phase Diagrams): A Comprehensive Guide Pergamon, Oxford; New York (1998).Google Scholar
Sundman, B., Jansson, B., and Andersson, J.O.: The Thermo-Calc databank system. Calphad 9, 153 (1985).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pabi, S.K., Joardar, J., and Murty, B.S.: Mechanism and Kinetics of alloying and nanostructure formation by mechanical methods. PINSA 1, 1 (2001).Google Scholar
Joardar, J., Pabi, S.K., and Murty, B.S.: Milling criteria for the synthesis of nanocrystalline NiAl by mechanical alloying. J. Alloys Compd. 429, 204 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, J.B. and Riley, D.P.: An experimental investigation of extrapolation methods in the derivation of accurate unit-cell dimensions of crystals. Proc. Phys. Soc. 57, 160 (1945).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Srivastav, A.K., Panindre, A.M., and Murty, B.S.: XRD characterization of microstructural evolution during mechanical alloying of W–20 wt% Mo. Trans. Indian Inst. Met. 66, 409 (2013).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burgio, N., Iasonna, A., Magini, M., Martelli, S., and Padella, F.: Mechanical alloying of the Fe–Zr system. Correlation between input energy and end products. Nuovo Cim. D 13, 459 (1991).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, Y., Liu, H., and Jin, Z.: Thermodynamic assessment of the Mo–Nb–Ta system. Calphad 21, 6 (2000).Google Scholar
Wang, C.P., Wang, J., Guo, S.H., Liu, X.J., Ohnuma, I., Kainuma, R., and Ishida, K.: Intermetallics experimental investigation and thermodynamic calculation of the phase equilibria in the Co–Mo–W system. Intermetallics 17, 1 (2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Naidu, S.V.N., Sriramamurthy, A.M., and Rama Rao, P.: Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, Second Edition, Ed. Massalski, T.B., ASM International, Materials Park, Ohio, 2 (1990).Google Scholar
Jonsson, S.: Reevaluation of the Ti–W system and prediction of the Ti–W–N phase diagram. Z. Metallkd 87, 784 (1996).Google Scholar
Cupid, D.M., Kriegel, M.J., Fabrichnaya, O., Ebrahimi, F., and Seifert, H.J.: Thermodynamic assessment of the Cr–Ti and first assessment of the Al–Cr–Ti systems. Intermetallics 19, 1222 (2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turchi, P.E.A., Kaufman, L., and Liu, Z.K.: Modeling of Ni–Cr–Mo based alloys: Part I-phase stability. Calphad 30, 70 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costa Neto, J.G., Fries, S.G., Lukas, H.L., Gama, S., and Effenberg, G.: Thermodynamic optimisation of the Nb–Cr system. Calphad 17, 219 (1993).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Takeuchi, A. and Inoue, A.: Mixing enthalpy of liquid phase calculated by Miedema’s scheme and approximated with sub-regular solution model for assessing forming ability of amorphous and glassy alloys. Intermetallics 18, 1779 (2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diliberto, S., Kessler, O., Rapin, C., Steinmetz, P., and Berthod, P.: Development of chromia forming Mo–W–Cr alloys: Synthesis and characterization. J. Mater. Sci. 37, 3277 (2002).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cordero, Z.C. and Schuh, C.A.: Phase strength effects on chemical mixing in extensively deformed alloys. Acta Mater. 82, 123 (2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Badmos, A.Y. and Bhadeshia, H.K.D.H.: The evolution of solutions: A thermodynamic analysis of mechanical alloying. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 28, 2189 (1997).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koch, C.C.: Materials synthesis by mechanical alloying. Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 19, 121 (1989).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pierson, H.O.: Handbook of refractory carbides and nitrides: Properties, characteristics, processing, and applications, Noyes Publications, Westwood, New Jersey , U.S.A, Vol. 362 (1996).Google Scholar
Choi, Y. and Rhee, S.W.: Equilibrium in the reaction of Ti and C to form substoichiometric TiCx. J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 13, 323 (1994).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shatynski, S.R.: The thermochemistry of transition metal carbides. Oxid. Met. 13, 105 (1979).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meschel, S.V. and Kleppa, O.J.: Standard enthalpies of formation of some 3d transition metal carbides by high temperature reaction calorimetry. J. Alloys Compd. 257, 227 (1997).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vasanthakumar, K., Karthiselva, N.S., Chawake, N.M., and Bakshi, S.R.: Formation of TiCx during reactive spark plasma sintering of mechanically milled Ti/carbon nanotube mixtures. J. Alloys Compd. 709, 829 (2017).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Praveen, S., Anupam, A., Tilak, R., and Kottada, R.S.: Phase evolution and thermal stability of AlCoCrFe high entropy alloy with carbon as unsolicited addition from milling media. Mater. Chem. Phys. 210, 57 (2018).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sathiyamoorthi, P., Basu, J., Kashyap, S., Pradeep, K.G., and Kottada, R.S.: Thermal stability and grain boundary strengthening in ultrafine-grained CoCrFeNi high entropy alloy composite. Mater. Des. 134, 426 (2017).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sriharitha, R., Murty, B.S., and Kottada, R.S.: Alloying, thermal stability and strengthening in spark plasma sintered AlxCoCrCuFeNi high entropy alloys. 583, 2013 (2014).Google Scholar
Zhang, B., Gao, M.C., Zhang, Y., Yang, S., and Guo, S.M.: Senary refractory high entropy alloy MoNbTaTiVW. Mater. Sci. Technol. 31, 1207 (2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, Y., Zhou, Y.J., Lin, J.P., Chen, G.L., and Liaw, P.K.: Solid-solution phase formation rules for multi-component alloys. Adv. Eng. Mater. 10, 534 (2008).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yurchenko, N., Stepanov, N., and Salishchev, G.: Laves-phase formation criterion for high-entropy alloys. Mater. Sci. Technol. 33, 17 (2016).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guo, S., Ng, C., Lu, J., and Liu, C.T.: Effect of valence electron concentration on stability of fcc or bcc phase in high entropy alloys. J. Appl. Phys. 109, 103505 (2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poletti, M.G. and Battezzati, L.: Electronic and thermodynamic criteria for the occurrence of high entropy alloys in metallic systems. Acta Mater. 75, 297 (2014).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Raman et al. supplementary material

Raman et al. supplementary material 1

Download Raman et al. supplementary material(File)
File 1.1 MB