Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-8bhkd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-02T23:30:56.110Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Investigation of thermally activated deformation in amorphous PMMA and Zr-Cu-Al bulk metallic glasses with broadband nanoindentation creep

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 January 2011

J.B. Puthoff ,
J.E. Jakes ,
H. Cao  and
D.S. Stone
J.B. Puthoff
Affiliation:
Materials Science Program, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
J.E. Jakes
Affiliation:
Materials Science Program, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706; and USDA Forest Product Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin 53726
H. Cao
Affiliation:
Materials Science Program, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
D.S. Stone*
Affiliation:
Materials Science Program, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706; and Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
*
a) Address all correspondence to this author. email: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

The development of nanoindentation test systems with high data collection speeds has made possible a novel type of indentation creep test: broadband nanoindentation creep (BNC). Using the high density of data points generated and analysis techniques that can model the instantaneous projected indent area at all times during a constant-load indentation experiment, BNC can reveal materials properties across a range of strain rates spanning up to five decades (10−4–10 s−1). BNC experiments aimed at measuring activation parameters for plasticity were conducted on three systems: two Zr-based bulk metallic glasses and poly-(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The results give insight into the operation of the deformation mechanisms present in the test materials, including the dependence of the deformation rate on the hydrostatic component of the stress for PMMA and the form of the activation energy function for the metallic glasses.

Keywords

AmorphousNanoindentationStress/strain relationship
Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Materials Research , Volume 24 , Issue 3 , March 2009 , pp. 1279 - 1290
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1.VanLandingham, M.R.: Review of instrumented indentation. J. Res. Nat. Inst. Stand. Technol. 108, 249 (2003).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
2.Newey, D., Wilkins, M.A., and Pollock, H.M.: An ultra-low-load penetration hardness tester. J. Phys. E: Sci. Instrurn. 15, 119 (1982).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
3.Pethica, J.B., Hutchings, R., and Oliver, W.C.: Hardness measurement at penetration depths as small as 20 nm. Philos. Mag. A 48, 593 (1983).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4.Hannula, S.-P., Stone, D., and Li, C.-Y.: Determination of time-dependent plastic properties by indentation load relaxation techniques, in Electronic Packaging Materials Science, edited by Giess, E.A., Tu, K-N., and Uhlmann, D.R. (Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 40, Pittsburgh, PA, 1985), pp. 217–224.Google Scholar
5.Sargent, P.M. and Ashby, M.F.: Indentation creep. Mater. Sci. Technol. 8, 594 (1992).Google Scholar
6.Li, W.B. and Warren, R.: A model for nanoindentation creep. Acta Metall. Mater. 41, 3065 (1993).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7.Bower, A.F., Fleck, N.A., Needleman, A., and Ogbonna, N.: Indentation of a power law creeping solid. Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 441, 97 (1993).Google Scholar
8.Stone, D.S. and Yoder, K.B.: Division of the hardness of molybdenum into rate-dependent and rate-independent parts. J. Mater. Res. 9, 2524 (1994).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9.Yang, S., Zhang, Y-W., and Zeng, K.: Analysis of nanoindentation creep for polymeric materials. J. Appl. Phys. 95, 3655 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10.Fischer-Cripps, A.C.: A simple phenomenological approach to nanoindentation creep. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 385, 74 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11.Goldsby, D.L., Rar, A., Pharr, G.M., and Tullis, T.E.: Nanoindentation creep of quartz, with implications for rate- and state-variable friction laws relevant to earthquake mechanics. J. Mater. Res. 19, 357 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12.Ashby, M.F. and Frost, H.J.: The kinetics of plastic deformation above 0°K, in Constitutive Equations in Plasticity, edited by Argon, A.S. (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1975), p. 119.Google Scholar
13.Haasen, P.: Physical Metallurgy, 3rd ed., translated by Mordike, Janet (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1996), pp. 289–292.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
14.Johnson, W.L. and Samwer, K.: A universal criterion for plastic yielding of metallic glasses with a T/Tg 2/3 temperature dependence. Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 195501 (2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15.Swallowe, G.M. and Lee, S.F.: A study of the mechanical properties of PMMA and PS at strain rates of 10−4 to 103 over the temperature range 293–363 K. J. Phys. IV 110, 33 (2003).Google Scholar
16.Christian, J.W.: The Theory of Transformations in Metals and Alloys, 2nd ed. (Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK, 1975), p. 81.Google Scholar
17.Spaepen, F.: Defects in amorphous metals, in Les Houches Lectures XXXV: Physics of Defects, Balian, R. (North Holland Press, Amsterdam, 1981), p. 133.Google Scholar
18.Schuh, C.A., Hufnagel, T.C., and Ramamurty, U.: Mechanical behavior of amorphous alloys. Acta Mater. 55, 4067 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19.Argon, A.S.: Plastic deformation in metallic glasses. Acta Metall. 27, 47 (1979).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
20.Falk, M.L. and Langer, J.S.: Dynamics of viscoplastic deformation in amorphous solids. Phys. Rev. E 57, 7192 (1998).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21.Eshelby, J.D.: The determination of the elastic field of an ellipsoidal inclusion, and related problems. Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 241, 376 (1957).Google Scholar
22.Read, B.E.: Dynamic mechanical and creep studies of PMMA in the α- and β-relaxation regions. Physical ageing effects and non-linear behaviour, in Lecture Notes in Physics, Vol. 277: Molecular Dynamics and Relaxation Phenomena in Glasses, edited by Dorfmüller, T. and Williams, G. (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1987), p. 61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23.Richeton, J., Ahzi, S., Vecchio, K.S., Jiang, F.C., and Adharapurapu, R.R.: Influence of temperature and strain rate on the mechanical behavior of three amorphous polymers: Characterization and modeling of the compressive yield stress. Int. J. Solids Struct. 43, 2318 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24.Gilman, J.J.: Flow via dislocations in ideal glass. J. Appl. Phys. 44. 675 (1973).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25.Eshelby, J.D.: The continuum theory of lattice defects. Solid State Phys. 3, 79 (1956).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
26.Elmustafa, A.A., Kose, S., and Stone, D.S.: The strain-rate sensitivity of the hardness in indentation creep. J. Mater. Res. 22, 926 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27.Stone, D.S. and Elmustafa, A.A.: Analysis of indentation creep, in Fundamentals of Nanoindentation and Nanotribology IV, edited by Le Bourhis, E., Morris, D.J., Oyen, M.L., Schwaiger, R., and Staedler, T. (Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 1049, Warrendale, PA, 2008), pp. 163, 1049-AA10–02.Google Scholar
28.Cao, H., Ma, D., Hsieh, K-C., Ding, L., Stratton, W.G., Voyles, P.M., Pan, Y., Cai, M., Dickinson, J.T., and Chang, Y.A.: Computational thermodynamics to identify Zr-Ti-Ni-Cu-Al alloys with high glass-forming ability. Acta Mater. 54, 2975 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
29.Hwang, J. and Voyles, P.M.: unpublished.Google Scholar
30.Jakes, J.E., Frihart, C.R., Beecher, J.F., Moon, R.J., and Stone, D.S.: Experimental method to account for structural compliance in nanoindentation measurements. J. Mater. Res. 23, 1113 (2008).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
31.Ngan, A.H.W. and Tang, B.: Viscoelastic effects during unloading in depth-sensing indentation. J. Mater. Res. 17, 2604 (2002).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
32.Jang, D. and Atzmon, M.: Grain-size dependence of plastic deformation in nanocrystalline Fe. J. Appl. Phys. 93, 9282 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
33.Wang, F., Huang, P., and Xu, K.W.: Time dependent plasticity at real nanoscale deformation. Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 161921 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
34.Doerner, M.F. and Nix, W.D.: A method for interpreting the data from depth-sensing indentation instruments. J. Mater. Res. 1, 601 (1986).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
35.Elmustafa, A.A. and Stone, D.S.: Nanoindentation and the indentation size effect: Kinetics of deformation and strain gradient plasticity. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 51, 357 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
36.Schuh, C.A. and Nieh, T.G.: A nanoindentation study of serrated flow in bulk metallic glasses. Acta Mater. 51, 87 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
37.Li, W.H., Zhang, T.H., Xing, D.M., Wei, B.C., Wang, Y.R., and Dong, Y.D.: Instrumented indentation study of plastic deformation in bulk metallic glasses. J. Mater. Res. 21, 75 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
38.Yang, B. and Nieh, T.G.: Effect of the nanoindentation rate on the shear band formation in an Au-based bulk metallic glass. Acta Mater. 55, 295 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
39. CSchuh, A., Lund, A.C., and Nieh, T.G.: New regime of homogeneous flow in the deformation map of metallic glasses: Elevated temperature nanoindentation experiments and mechanistic modeling. Acta Mater. 52, 5879 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
40.Johnson, K.L.: Contact Mechanics (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1987), pp. 153–241.Google Scholar
41.Elmustafa, A.A. and Stone, D.S.: Strain rate sensitivity in the nanoindentation creep of hard materials. J. Mater. Res. 22, 2912 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
42.Davis, L.A. and Pampillo, C.A.: Deformation of polyethylene at high pressure. J. Appl. Phys. 42, 4659 (1971).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
43.Davis, L.A. and Pampillo, C.A.: Kinetics of deformation of PTFE at high pressure. J. Appl. Phys. 43, 4285 (1972).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
44.Schuh, C.A. and Nieh, T.G.: A survey of instrumented indentation studies on metallic glasses. J. Mater. Res. 19, 46 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
45.Prasad, K.E., Raghavan, R., and Ramamurty, U.: Temperature dependence of pressure sensitivity in a metallic glass. Scr. Mater. 57, 121 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
46.Heggen, M., Spaepen, F., and Feuerbacher, M.: Creation and annihilation of free volume during homogeneous flow of a metallic glass. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 1186 375–377, (2004).Google Scholar
47.Yang, B., Wadsworth, J., and Nieh, T.G.: Thermal activation in Au-based bulk metallic glass characterized by high-temperature nanoindentation. Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 061911 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar