Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-r5fsc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T04:07:58.707Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Investigation of poly(l-lactic acid)/graphene oxide composites crystallization and nanopore foaming behaviors via supercritical carbon dioxide low temperature foaming

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 February 2016

Li-Hong Geng ,
Xiang-Fang Peng ,
Xin Jing ,
Leng-Wan Li ,
An Huang ,
Bai-Ping Xu ,
Bin-Yi Chen  and
Hao-Yang Mi
Li-Hong Geng
Affiliation:
Department of Industrial Equipment and Control Engineering, School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China; and National Engineer Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
Xiang-Fang Peng
Affiliation:
National Engineer Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
Xin Jing
Affiliation:
Department of Industrial Equipment and Control Engineering, School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
Leng-Wan Li
Affiliation:
Technology Development Center for Polymer Processing Engineering of Guangdong Colleges and Universities, Guangdong Industry Technical College, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
An Huang
Affiliation:
Technology Development Center for Polymer Processing Engineering of Guangdong Colleges and Universities, Guangdong Industry Technical College, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
Bai-Ping Xu
Affiliation:
Technology Development Center for Polymer Processing Engineering of Guangdong Colleges and Universities, Guangdong Industry Technical College, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
Bin-Yi Chen*
Affiliation:
National Engineer Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
Hao-Yang Mi*
Affiliation:
Department of Industrial Equipment and Control Engineering, School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
*
b) e-mail: [email protected]
a) Address all correspondence to these authors. e-mail: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposites were prepared by solution mixing. Differential scanning calorimetry results indicated that GO was an effective nucleating agent. The size of spherulites decreased, the density of spherulites increased with increasing GO and the crystallinity of PLA increased from 4.34 to 49.01%. For isothermal crystallization, the crystallization rates of PLA/GO nanocomposites were significantly higher than that of neat PLA, in which t 0.5 reduced from 9.0 to 2.8. Spindle-like nanopores (about 100–200 nm) that arranged like spherulites were prepared by low temperature foaming. It was found that the crystallization rate increase and spherulite morphology change were insignificant when the content of GO exceeded 0.5 wt%, because the excessive GO increased the number of nucleation sites while restricting the PLA crystal growth. Thus, the arrangement of nanopores did not mimick the spherulites because of imperfect crystal morphology.

Keywords

poly(lactic acid)graphene oxideisothermal crystallizationnanoporeslow temperature foaming process
Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Materials Research , Volume 31 , Issue 3 , 15 February 2016 , pp. 348 - 359
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

Contributing Editor: Linda S. Schadler

References

REFERENCES

Nampoothiri, K.M., Nair, N.R., and John, R.P.: An overview of the recent developments in polylactide (PLA) research. Bioresour. Technol. 101, 8493 (2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valarezo, E., Tammaro, L., Malagon, O., Gonzalez, S., Armijos, C., and Vittoria, V.: Fabrication and characterization of poly(lactic acid)/poly(epsilon-caprolactone) blend electrospun fibers loaded with amoxicillin for tunable delivering. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 15, 4706 (2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drieskens, M., Peeters, R., Mullens, J., Franco, D., Lemstra, P.J., and Hristova-Bogaerds, D.G.: Structure versus properties relationship of poly(lactic acid). I. Effect of crystallinity on barrier properties. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 47, 2247 (2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, L., Wang, Y.N., Huang, Z.G., and Weng, Y.X.: Heat resistance, crystallization behavior, and mechanical properties of polylactide/nucleating agent composites. Mater. Des. 66, 7 (2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pan, P.P., Liang, Z.C., Cao, A., and Inoue, Y.: Layered metal phosphonate reinforced poly(l-lactide) composites with a highly enhanced crystallization rate. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 1, 402 (2009).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yu, J. and Qiu, Z.B.: Preparation and properties of biodegradable poly(l-lactide)/octamethyl-polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes nanocomposites with enhanced crystallization rate via simple melt compounding. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 3, 890 (2011).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhao, Y.Y., Qiu, Z.B., and Yang, W.T.: Effect of functionalization of multiwalled nanotubes on the crystallization and hydrolytic degradation of biodegradable poly(l-lactide). J. Phys. Chem. B 112, 16461 (2008).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pan, H. and Qiu, Z.B.: Biodegradable poly(l-lactide)/polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes nanocomposites: Enhanced crystallization, mechanical properties, and hydrolytic degradation. Macromolecules 43, 1499 (2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Papageorgiou, G.Z., Achilias, D.S., Nanaki, S., Beslikas, T., and Bikiaris, D.: PLA nanocomposites: Effect of filler type on non-isothermal crystallization. Thermochim. Acta 511, 129 (2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grady, B.P., Pompeo, F., Shambaugh, R.L., and Resasco, D.E.: Nucleation of polypropylene crystallization by single-walled carbon nanotubes. J. Phys. Chem. B 106, 5852 (2002).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ray, S.S. and Okamoto, M.: Polymer/layered silicate nanocomposites: A review from preparation to processing. Prog. Polym. Sci. 28, 1539 (2003).Google Scholar
Shiu, S.C. and Tsai, J.L.: Characterizing thermal and mechanical properties of graphene/epoxy nanocomposites. Composites, Part B 56, 691 (2014).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, D., Cheng, Y., Feng, S., Yao, Z., and Zhang, M.: Crystallization behavior of polylactide/graphene composites. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 52, 6731 (2013).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stankovich, S., Piner, R.D., Nguyen, S.T., and Ruoff, R.S.: Synthesis and exfoliation of isocyanate-treated graphene oxide nanoplatelets. Carbon 44, 3342 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, H., Abdala, A.A., and Macosko, C.W.: Graphene/polymer nanocomposites. Macromolecules 43, 6515 (2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuilla, T., Bhadra, S., Yao, D.H., Kim, N.H., Bose, S., and Lee, J.H.: Recent advances in graphene based polymer composites. Prog. Polym. Sci. 35, 1350 (2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Potts, J.R., Dreyer, D.R., Bielawski, C.W., and Ruoff, R.S.: Graphene-based polymer nanocomposites. Polymer 52, 5 (2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, H. and Qiu, Z.: Crystallization kinetics and morphology of biodegradable poly(l-lactic acid)/graphene oxide nanocomposites: Influences of graphene oxide loading and crystallization temperature. Thermochim. Acta 527, 40 (2012).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, H.S. and Qiu, Z.B.: Crystallization behaviors of biodegradable poly(l-lactic acid)/graphene oxide nanocomposites from the amorphous state. Thermochim. Acta 526, 229 (2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, L., Yokoyama, H., Nemoto, T., and Sugiyama, K.: Facile fabrication of nanocellular block copolymer thin films using supercritical carbon dioxide. Adv. Mater. 16, 1226 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siripurapu, S., DeSimone, J.M., Khan, S.A., and Spontak, R.J.: Low-temperature, surface-mediated foaming of polymer films. Adv. Mater. 16, 989 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yokoyama, H., Li, L., Nemoto, T., and Sugiyama, K.: Tunable nanocellular polymeric monoliths using fluorinated block copolymer templates and supercritical carbon dioxide. Adv. Mater. 16, 1542 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, C.L., Zhu, B., Li, D.C., and Lee, L.J.: Extruded polystyrene foams with bimodal cell morphology. Polymer 53, 2435 (2012).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salerno, A., Oliviero, M., Di Maio, E., Iannace, S., and Netti, P.A.: Design and preparation of mu-bimodal porous scaffold for tissue engineering. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 106, 3335 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salerno, A., Zeppetelli, S., Di Maio, E., Iannace, S., and Netti, P.A.: Design of bimodal PCL and PCL-HA nanocomposite scaffolds by two step depressurization during solid-state supercritical CO2 foaming. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 32, 1150 (2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martini, J.E., Waldman, F.A., and Suh, N.P.: The production and ananlysis of microcelluar thermoplastic foams. Annu. Tech. Conf. Soc. Plast. Eng. 28, 674 (1982).Google Scholar
Sai, H., Tan, K.W., Hur, K., Asenath-Smith, E., Hovden, R., Jiang, Y., Riccio, M., Muller, D.A., Elser, V., Estroff, L.A., Gruner, S.M., and Wiesner, U.: Hierarchical porous polymer scaffolds from block copolymers. Science 341, 530 (2013).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ruiz, J.A.R., Pedros, M., Tallon, J.M., and Dumon, M.: Micro and nano cellular amorphous polymers (PMMA, PS) in supercritical CO2 assisted by nanostructured CO2-philic block copolymers—one step foaming process. J. Supercrit. Fluids 58, 168 (2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, T., Lei, Y.J., Chen, Z.L., Wang, X.Z., and Luo, S.K.: Effects of processing conditions on foaming behaviors of polyetherimide (PEI) and PEI/polypropylene blends in microcellular injection molding process. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 132, 41443–41452 (2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuang, T.R., Mi, H.Y., Fu, D.J., Jing, X., Chen, B.Y., Mou, W.J., and Peng, X.F.: Fabrication of poly(lactic acid)/graphene oxide foams with highly oriented and elongated cell structure via unidirectional foaming using supercritical carbon dioxide. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 54, 758 (2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yu, P., Mi, H-Y., Huang, A., Geng, L-H., Chen, B-Y., Kuang, T-R., Mou, W-J., and Peng, X-F.: Effect of poly(butylenes succinate) on poly(lactic acid) foaming behavior: Formation of open cell structure. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 54, 6199 (2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhao, H.B., Cui, Z.X., Sun, X.F., Turng, L.S., and Peng, X.F.: Morphology and properties of injection molded solid and microcellular polylactic acid/polyhydroxybutyrate-valerate (PLA/PHBV) blends. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 52, 2569 (2013).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huang, J.N., Jing, X., Geng, L.H., Chen, B.Y., Mi, H.Y., and Peng, X.F.: A novel multiple soaking temperature (MST) method to prepare polylactic acid foams with bi-modal open-pore structure and their potential in tissue engineering applications. J. Supercrit. Fluids 103, 28 (2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evanoff, K., Magasinski, A., Yang, J.B., and Yushin, G.: Nanosilicon-coated graphene granules as anodes for Li-ion batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 1, 495 (2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sun, Y. and He, C.B.: Synthesis and stereocomplex crystallization of poly(lactide)-graphene oxide nanocomposites. ACS Macro Lett. 1, 709 (2012).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Xu, J.Z., Chen, T., Yang, C.L., Li, Z.M., Mao, Y.M., Zeng, B.Q., and Hsiao, B.S.: Isothermal crystallization of poly(l-lactide) induced by graphene nanosheets and carbon nanotubes: A comparative study. Macromolecules 43, 5000 (2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, Y.H. and Sun, X.S.: Preparation and characterization of polymer-inorganic nanocomposites by in situ melt polycondensation of l-lactic acid and surface-hydroxylated MgO. Biomacromolecules 11, 1847 (2010).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jang, J.Y., Kim, M.S., Jeong, H.M., and Shin, C.M.: Graphite oxide/poly(methyl methacrylate) nanocomposites prepared by a novel method utilizing macroazoinitiator. Compos. Sci. Technol. 69, 186 (2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hua, L., Kai, W.H., Liang, Z.C., and Inoue, Y.: Polyester/organo-graphite oxide composite: Effect of organically surface modified layered graphite on structure and physical properties of poly(epsilon-caprolactone). J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 48, 294 (2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, J.M., Duan, Y.X., Sato, H., Tsuji, H., Noda, I., Yan, S., and Ozaki, Y.: Crystal modifications and thermal behavior of poly(l-lactic acid) revealed by infrared spectroscopy. Macromolecules 38, 8012 (2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pan, P.J., Zhu, B., Kai, W.H., Dong, T., and Inoue, Y.: Polymorphic transition in disordered poly(l-lactide) crystals induced by annealing at elevated temperatures. Macromolecules 41, 4296 (2008).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uvarov, V. and Popov, I.: Metrological characterization of X-ray diffraction methods at different acquisition geometries for determination of crystallite size in nano-scale materials. Mater. Charact. 85, 111 (2013).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dong, T., Kai, W.H., Pan, P.J., Cao, A., and Inoue, Y.: Effects of host-guest stoichiometry of alpha-cyclodextrin-aliphatic polyester inclusion complexes and molecular weight of guest polymer on the crystallization behavior of aliphatic polyesters. Macromolecules 40, 7244 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Avrami, M.: Kinetics of phase change. I. General theory. J. Chem. Phys. 7, 1103 (1939).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guo, X.J., Liu, H.Z., Zhang, J.W., and Huang, J.J.: Effects of polyoxymethylene as a polymeric nucleating agent on the isothermal crystallization and visible transmittance of poly(lactic acid). Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 53, 16754 (2014).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, M. and Jeong, Y.G.: Influences of exfoliated graphite on structures, thermal stability, mechanical modulus, and electrical resistivity of poly(butylene terephthalate). J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 125, E532 (2012).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xu, J.Z., Chen, C., Wang, Y., Tang, H., Li, Z.M., and Hsiao, B.S.: Graphene nanosheets and shear flow induced crystallization in isotactic polypropylene nanocomposites. Macromolecules 44, 2808 (2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xu, J.Z., Liang, Y.Y., Zhong, G.J., Li, H.L., Chen, C., Li, L.B., and Li, Z.M.: Graphene oxide nanosheet induced intrachain conformational ordering in a semicrystalline polymer. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 3, 530 (2012).CrossRefGoogle Scholar