Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-g8jcs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T18:50:48.512Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Influence of intrinsic and extrinsic conditions on the tribological characteristics of diamond-like carbon coatings: A review

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 February 2016

Rehan Zahid ,
Haji Hassan Masjuki ,
Mahendra Varman ,
Muhammad Abul Kalam ,
Riaz Ahmad Mufti ,
Nurin Wahidah Binti Mohd Zulkifli ,
Mubashir Gulzar  and
Siti Safiyah Binti Nor Azman
Rehan Zahid*
Affiliation:
Center for Energy Sciences, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; and School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
Haji Hassan Masjuki*
Affiliation:
Center for Energy Sciences, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Mahendra Varman
Affiliation:
Center for Energy Sciences, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Muhammad Abul Kalam
Affiliation:
Center for Energy Sciences, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Riaz Ahmad Mufti
Affiliation:
School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
Nurin Wahidah Binti Mohd Zulkifli
Affiliation:
Center for Energy Sciences, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Mubashir Gulzar
Affiliation:
Center for Energy Sciences, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Siti Safiyah Binti Nor Azman
Affiliation:
Center for Energy Sciences, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
*
a)Address all correspondence to these authors. e-mail: [email protected]
b)e-mail: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

Tribological performance of industrial applications involving boundary lubrication regime can be improved by depositing surface coatings such as diamond-like carbon (DLC) on the interacting surfaces. DLCs are considered as hard coatings with unique combination of properties which results in minimizing the friction induced energy and material losses especially under starved lubrication conditions. In spite of high wear-resistance and ultralow friction coefficients, there are a lot of factors that can directly influence the tribological characteristics of DLC coatings. Although, many studies were conducted to comprehend the effects of intrinsic/extrinsic conditions on tribological behavior of these coatings, still there is a lack of understanding due to contradictory remarks. Therefore, there is a need to rearrange the published data in an organized manner for logical continuation of research. In this paper, a brief introduction of DLC coatings is presented followed by detailed discussion on conditions that can directly influence their tribological properties.

Keywords

coatingadditivestribology
Type
Invited Review
Information
Journal of Materials Research , Volume 31 , Issue 13: Focus Issue: Advances and Challenges in Carbon-based Tribomaterials , 14 July 2016 , pp. 1814 - 1836
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Bewilogua, K. and Hofmann, D.: History of diamond-like carbon films—from first experiments to worldwide applications. Surf. Coat. Technol. 242, 214–225 (2014).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Love, C., Cook, R.B., Harvey, T., Dearnley, P., and Wood, R.: Diamond like carbon coatings for potential application in biological implants—a review. Tribol. Int. 63, 141–150 (2013).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jia, K., Li, Y., Fischer, T., and Gallois, B.: Tribology of diamond-like carbon sliding against itself, silicon nitride, and steel. J. Mater. Res. 10(06), 1403–1410 (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmellenmeier, H.: Die Beeinflussung von festen Oberflachen durch eine ionisierte. Exp. Tech. Phys. 1, 49–68 (1953).Google Scholar
Aisenberg, S. and Chabot, R.: Ion-beam deposition of thin films of diamondlike carbon. J. Appl. Phys. 42, 2953–2958 (1971).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitmell, D. and Williamson, R.: The deposition of hard surface layers by hydrocarbon cracking in a glow discharge. Thin Solid Films 35(2), 255–261 (1976).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holland, L.: Some characteristics and uses of low-pressure plasmas in materials science. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 14(1), 5–15 (1977).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holland, L. and Ojha, S.: Deposition of hard and insulating carbonaceous films on an RF target in a butane plasma. Thin Solid Films 38(2), L17–L19 (1976).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andersson, L., Berg, S., Norström, H., Olaison, R., and Towta, S.: Properties and coating rates of diamond-like carbon films produced by RF glow discharge of hydrocarbon gases. Thin Solid Films 63(1), 155–160 (1979).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weissmantel, C., Reisse, G., Erler, H-J., Henny, F., Bewilogua, K., Ebersbach, U., and Schürer, C.: Preparation of hard coatings by ion beam methods. Thin Solid Films 63(2), 315–325 (1979).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bewilogua, K., Dietrich, D., Pagel, L., Schürer, C., and Weissmantel, C.: Structure and properties of transparent and hard carbon films. Surf. Sci. 86, 308–313 (1979).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bubenzer, A., Dischler, B., Brandt, G., and Koidl, P.: RF-plasma deposited amorphous hydrogenated hard carbon thin films: Preparation, properties, and applications. J. Appl. Phys. 54(8), 4590–4595 (1983).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bubenzer, A., Dischler, B., and Nyaiesh, A.: Optical properties of hydrogenated hard carbon thin films. Thin Solid Films 91(1), 81–87 (1982).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martinu, L., Raveh, A., Domingue, A., Bertrand, L., Klemberg-Sapieha, J., Gujrathi, S., and Wertheimer, M.: Hard carbon films deposited under high ion flux. Thin Solid Films 208(1), 42–47 (1992).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmellenmeier, H.Z.: Carbon layers with diamond structure. Phys. Chem. 205, 349–360 (1956).Google Scholar
Erdemir, A. and Donnet, C.: Tribology of diamond-like carbon films: Recent progress and future prospects. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 39(18), R311–R327 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grill, A.: Diamond-like carbon: State of the art. Diamond Relat. Mater. 8(2), 428–434 (1999).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ronkainen, H., Varjus, S., Koskinen, J., and Holmberg, K.: Differentiating the tribological performance of hydrogenated and hydrogen-free DLC coatings. Wear 249(3), 260–266 (2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donnet, C., Fontaine, J., Grill, A., and Le Mogne, T.: The role of hydrogen on the friction mechanism of diamond-like carbon films. Tribol. Lett. 9(3–4), 137–142 (2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanchez-Lopez, J., Erdemir, A., Donnet, C., and Rojas, T.: Friction-induced structural transformations of diamondlike carbon coatings under various atmospheres. Surf. Coat. Technol. 163, 444–450 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grischke, M., Hieke, A., Morgenweck, F., and Dimigen, H.: Variation of the wettability of DLC-coatings by network modification using silicon and oxygen. Diamond Relat. Mater. 7(2), 454–458 (1998).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donnet, C.: Recent progress on the tribology of doped diamond-like and carbon alloy coatings: A review. Surf. Coat. Technol. 100, 180–186 (1998).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cutiongco, E.C., Li, D., Chung, Y-W., and Bhatia, C.S.: Tribological behavior of amorphous carbon nitride overcoats for magnetic thin-film rigid disks. J. Tribol. 118(3), 543–548 (1996).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qian, F., Craciun, V., Singh, R., Dutta, S., and Pronko, P.: High intensity femtosecond laser deposition of diamond-like carbon thin films. J. Appl. Phys. 86(4), 2281–2290 (1999).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garrelie, F., Loir, A., Donnet, C., Rogemond, F., Le Harzic, R., Belin, M., Audouard, E., and Laporte, P.: Femtosecond pulsed laser deposition of diamond-like carbon thin films for tribological applications. Surf. Coat. Technol. 163, 306–312 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, D-W. and Kim, K-W.: Effects of sliding velocity and ambient temperature on the friction and wear of a boundary-lubricated, multi-layered DLC coating. Wear 315, 95–102 (2014).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, D-W. and Kim, K-W.: Effects of sliding velocity and normal load on friction and wear characteristics of multi-layered diamond-like carbon (DLC) coating prepared by reactive sputtering. Wear 297(1–2), 722–730 (2013).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zahid, R., Masjuki, H.H., Varman, M., Mufti, R., Kalam, M.A., and Gulzar, M.: Effect of lubricant formulations on the tribological performance of self-mated doped DLC contacts: A review. Tribol. Lett. 58(2), 1–28 (2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kalin, M., Velkavrh, I., Vižintin, J., and Ožbolt, L.: Review of boundary lubrication mechanisms of DLC coatings used in mechanical applications. Meccanica 43(6), 623–637 (2008).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ouyang, J-H., Sasaki, S., Murakami, T., Zhou, Y., and Zhang, J.: Mechanical and unlubricated tribological properties of titanium-containing diamond-like carbon coatings. Wear 266(1–2), 96–102 (2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aisenberg, S. and Chabot, R.W.: Physics of ion plating and ion beam deposition. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 10, 104–107 (1973).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kimock, F.M. and Knapp, B.J.: Commercial applications of ion beam deposited diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings. Surf. Coat. Technol. 56(3), 273–279 (1993).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hauert, R.: An overview on the tribological behavior of diamond-like carbon in technical and medical applications. Tribol. Int. 37(11), 991–1003 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daniels, B., Brown, D., and Kimock, F.: Friction and wear performance of diamond-like carbon, boron carbide, and titanium carbide coatings against glass. J. Mater. Res. 12(09), 2485–2492 (1997).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lawes, S.D.A., Fitzpatrick, M.E., and Hainsworth, S.V.: Evaluation of the tribological properties of DLC for engine applications. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 40(18), 5427–5437 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vengudusamy, B., Grafl, A., and Preinfalk, K.: Tribological properties of hydrogenated amorphous carbon under dry and lubricated conditions. Diamond Relat. Mater. 41, 53–64 (2014).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tung, S.C. and Gao, H.: Tribological characteristics and surface interaction between piston ring coatings and a blend of energy-conserving oils and ethanol fuels. Wear 255(7–12), 1276–1285 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Etsion, I., Halperin, G., and Becker, E.: The effect of various surface treatments on piston pin scuffing resistance. Wear 261(7–8), 785–791 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cho, D-H., Lee, S-A., and Lee, Y-Z.: The effects of surface roughness and coatings on the tribological behavior of the surfaces of a piston Skirt. Tribol. Trans. 53(1), 137–144 (2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Franklin, S.E. and Baranowska, J.: Conditions affecting the sliding tribological performance of selected coatings for high vacuum bearing applications. Wear 263(7–12), 1300–1305 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vanhulsel, A., Velasco, F., Jacobs, R., Eersels, L., Havermans, D., Roberts, E.W., Sherrington, I., Anderson, M.J., and Gaillard, L.: DLC solid lubricant coatings on ball bearings for space applications. Tribol. Int. 40(7), 1186–1194 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schamel, A., Grischke, M., and Bethke, R.: Amorphous carbon coatings for low friction and wear in bucket tappet valvetrains. Stroke 2015, 06–22 (1997).Google Scholar
Lawes, S.D.A., Hainsworth, S.V., and Fitzpatrick, M.E.: Impact wear testing of diamond-like carbon films for engine valve-tappet surfaces. Wear 268(11–12), 1303–1308 (2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yasuada, Y.: Research on diamond-like carbon coatings for low-friction valve lifters. Stroke 2014, 10–15 (2003).Google Scholar
Mabuchi, Y., Hamada, T., Izumi, H., and Yasuda, Y.: The development of hydrogen-free DLC coated valve-lifter. SAE Tech. Paper 2007-01-1752 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kano, M.: Super low friction of DLC applied to engine cam follower lubricated with ester-containing oil. Tribol. Int. 39(12), 1682–1685 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gangopadhyay, A., Sinha, K., Uy, D., McWatt, D.G., Zdrodowski, R.J., Simko, S.J.: Friction, wear, and surface film formation characteristics of diamond-like carbon thin coating in valvetrain application. Tribol. Trans. 54(1), 104–114 (2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gangopadhyay, A., McWatt, D.G., Zdrodowski, R.J., Simko, S.J., Matera, S., Sheffer, K., and Furby, R.S.: Valvetrain friction reduction through thin film coatings and polishing. Tribol. Trans. 55(1), 99–108 (2012).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snidle, R. and Evans, H.: Some aspects of gear tribology. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., Part C 223(1), 103–141 (2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kalin, M. and Vižintin, J.: The tribological performance of DLC-coated gears lubricated with biodegradable oil in various pinion/gear material combinations. Wear 259(7–12), 1270–1280 (2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dearnaley, G. and Arps, J.H.: Biomedical applications of diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings: A review. Surf. Coat. Technol. 200(7), 2518–2524 (2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vandevelde, T.C.S.Vandierendonck, K., Van Stappen, M., Du Mong, W., and Perremans, P.: Cutting applications of DLC, hard carbon and diamond films. Surf. Coat. Technol. 113(1), 80–85 (1999).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erdemir, A., Eryilmaz, O.L., and Kim, S.H.: Effect of tribochemistry on lubricity of DLC films in hydrogen. Surf. Coat. Technol. 257, 241–246 (2014).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erdemir, A.: The role of hydrogen in tribological properties of diamond-like carbon films. Surf. Coat. Technol. 146, 292–297 (2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erdemir, A., Eryilmaz, O., and Fenske, G.: Synthesis of diamondlike carbon films with superlow friction and wear properties. J. Vac. Sci. Technol., A 18(4), 1987–1992 (2000).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andersson, J., Erck, R., and Erdemir, A.: Frictional behavior of diamondlike carbon films in vacuum and under varying water vapor pressure. Surf. Coat. Technol. 163, 535–540 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Komori, K. and Umehara, N.: Effect of surface morphology of diamond-like carbon coating on friction, wear behavior and tribo-chemical reactions under engine-oil lubricated condition. Tribol. Int. 84, 100–109 (2014).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paulmier, D., Zaidi, H., Nery, H., Huu, T.L., and Mathia, T.: Tribological behaviour of diamond-like coatings: Effect of active gases in atomic and molecular states. Surf. Coat. Technol. 62(1), 570–576 (1993).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bouchet, M.D.B., Matta, C., Le-Mogne, T., Martin, J.M., Zhang, Q., Goddard, W. III, Kano, M., Mabuchi, Y., and Ye, J.: Superlubricity Mechanism of Diamond-like Carbon with Glycerol. Coupling of Experimental and Simulation Studies (IOP Publishing, Bristol, 2007); p. 012003.Google Scholar
Bhushan, B.: Chemical, mechanical and tribological characterization of ultra-thin and hard amorphous carbon coatings as thin as 3.5 nm: Recent developments. Diamond Relat. Mater. 8(11), 1985–2015 (1999).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flege, S., Hatada, R., Ensinger, W., and Baba, K.: Properties of hydrogenated DLC films as prepared by a combined method of plasma source ion implantation and unbalanced magnetron sputtering. J. Mater. Res. 27(05), 845–849 (2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hainsworth, S.V. and Uhure, N.: Diamond like carbon coatings for tribology: Production techniques, characterisation methods and applications. Int. Mater. Rev. 52(3), 153–174 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vengudusamy, B., Green, J.H., Lamb, G.D., and Spikes, H.A.: Influence of hydrogen and tungsten concentration on the tribological properties of DLC/DLC contacts with ZDDP. Wear 298–299, 109–119 (2013).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haque, T., Morina, A., Neville, A., Kapadia, R., and Arrowsmith, S.: Non-ferrous coating/lubricant interactions in tribological contacts: Assessment of tribofilms. Tribol. Int. 40(10–12), 1603–1612 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Barros'Bouchet, M.I., Martin, J.M., Le-Mogne, T., and Vacher, B.: Boundary lubrication mechanisms of carbon coatings by MoDTC and ZDDP additives. Tribol. Int. 38(3), 257–264 (2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masuko, M., Ono, T., Aoki, S., Suzuki, A., and Ito, H.: Friction and wear characteristics of DLC coatings with different hydrogen content lubricated with several Mo-containing compounds and their related compounds. Tribol. Int. 82, 350–357 (2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neuville, S. and Matthews, A.: A perspective on the optimisation of hard carbon and related coatings for engineering applications. Thin Solid Films 515(17), 6619–6653 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foong, Y.M., Koh, A.T.T., Hsieh, J., and Chua, D.H.C.: A comparative study on as-deposited and in situ oxidized ZnO/diamondlike carbon (DLC) nanocomposite by pulsed laser deposition technique. J. Mater. Res. 25(05), 899–909 (2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sullivan, J., Friedmann, T., and Hjort, K.: Diamond and amorphous carbon MEMS. MRS Bull. 26(04), 309–311 (2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, Y., Ma, X., Tang, G., and Sun, M.: Characterization of DLC films prepared by plasma-based ion implantation on AISI 321 steel. Vacuum 89, 74–77 (2013).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Al Mahmud, K., Kalam, M., Masjuki, H., Mobarak, H., and Zulkifli, N.: An updated overview of diamond-like carbon coating in tribology. Crit. Rev. Solid State Mater. Sci. 40, 90–118 (2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vetter, J.: 60 years of DLC coatings: Historical highlights and technical review of cathodic arc processes to synthesize various DLC types, and their evolution for industrial applications. Surf. Coat. Technol. 257, 213–240 (2014).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dearnley, P., Neville, A., Turner, S., Scheibe, H-J., Tietema, R., Tap, R., Stüber, M., Hovsepian, P., Layyous, A., and Stenbom, B.: Coatings tribology drivers for high density plasma technologies. Surf. Eng. 26(1–2), 80–96 (2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bewilogua, K., Cooper, C., Specht, C., Schröder, J., Wittorf, R., and Grischke, M.: Effect of target material on deposition and properties of metal-containing DLC (Me-DLC) coatings. Surf. Coat. Technol. 127(2), 223–231 (2000).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vengudusamy, B., Mufti, R.A., Lamb, G.D., Green, J.H., and Spikes, H.A.: Friction properties of DLC/DLC contacts in base oil. Tribol. Int. 44(7–8), 922–932 (2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Al Mahmud, K.A.H., Varman, M., Kalam, M.A., Masjuki, H.H., Mobarak, H.M., and Zulkifli, N.W.M.: Tribological characteristics of amorphous hydrogenated (a-C: H) and tetrahedral (ta-C) diamond-like carbon coating at different test temperatures in the presence of commercial lubricating oil. Surf. Coat. Technol. 245, 133–147 (2014).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amanov, A., Watabe, T., Tsuboi, R., and Sasaki, S.: Improvement in the tribological characteristics of Si-DLC coating by laser surface texturing under oil-lubricated point contacts at various temperatures. Surf. Coat. Technol. 232, 549–560 (2013).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abdullah Tasdemir, H., Wakayama, M., Tokoroyama, T., Kousaka, H., Umehara, N., Mabuchi, Y., and Higuchi, T.: The effect of oil temperature and additive concentration on the wear of non-hydrogenated DLC coating. Tribol. Int. (2014).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ouyang, J.H. and Sasaki, S.: Friction and wear characteristics of a Ti-containing diamond-like carbon coating with an SRV tester at high contact load and elevated temperature. Surf. Coat. Technol. 195(2–3), 234–244 (2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kalin, M., Roman, E., and Vižintin, J.: The effect of temperature on the tribological mechanisms and reactivity of hydrogenated, amorphous diamond-like carbon coatings under oil-lubricated conditions. Thin Solid Films 515(7–8), 3644–3652 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zaidi, H., Le Huu, T., Robert, F., Bedri, R., Kadiri, E., and Paulmier, D.: Influence of defects and morphology of diamond-like carbon coatings on their tribological behaviour. Surf. Coat. Technol. 76, 564–571 (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erdemir, A., Bindal, C., Fenske, G., Zuiker, C., and Wilbur, P.: Characterization of transfer layers forming on surfaces sliding against diamond-like carbon. Surf. Coat. Technol. 86, 692–697 (1996).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kano, M., Yasuda, Y., Okamoto, Y., Mabuchi, Y., Hamada, T., Ueno, T., Ye, J., Konishi, S., Takeshima, S., and Martin, J.M.: Ultralow friction of DLC in presence of glycerol mono-oleate (GNO). Tribol. Lett. 18(2), 245–251 (2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gangopadhyay, A., Zdrodowski, R.J., and Simko, S.J.: Interactions of diamond-like carbon coatings with fully formulated engine oils. Tribol. Trans. 57(3), 503–514 (2014).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moon, M., Jensen, H.M., Hutchinson, J.W., Oh, K., and Evans, A.: The characterization of telephone cord buckling of compressed thin films on substrates. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids 50(11), 2355–2377 (2002).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kržan, B., Novotny-Farkas, F., and Vižintin, J.: Tribological behavior of tungsten-doped DLC coating under oil lubrication. Tribol. Int. 42(2), 229–235 (2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forsberg, P., Gustavsson, F., Renman, V., Hieke, A., and Jacobson, S.: Performance of DLC coatings in heated commercial engine oils. Wear 304(1–2), 211–222 (2013).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cruz, R., Rao, J., Rose, T., Lawson, K., and Nicholls, J.R.: DLC–ceramic multilayers for automotive applications. Diamond Relat. Mater. 15(11–12), 2055–2060 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kalin, M. and Vižintin, J.: Differences in the tribological mechanisms when using non-doped, metal-doped (Ti, WC), and non-metal-doped (Si) diamond-like carbon against steel under boundary lubrication, with and without oil additives. Thin Solid Films 515(4), 2734–2747 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hauert, R., Thorwarth, G., Müller, U., Stiefel, M., Falub, C.V., Thorwarth, K., and Joyce, T.J.: Analysis of the in-vivo failure of the adhesive interlayer for a DLC coated articulating metatarsophalangeal joint. Diamond Relat. Mater. 25, 34–39 (2012).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grill, A., Patel, V., and Meyerson, B.: Optical and tribological properties of heat-treated diamond-like carbon. J. Mater. Res. 5(11), 2531–2537 (1990).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gangopadhyay, A.: Mechanical and tribological properties of amorphous carbon films. Tribol. Lett. 5(1), 25–39 (1998).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robertson, J.: Diamond-like amorphous carbon. Mater. Sci. Eng., R 37(4), 129–281 (2002).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grill, A.: Plasma-deposited diamondlike carbon and related materials. IBM J. Res. Dev. 43(1.2), 147–162 (1999).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Park, C-S., Choi, S.G., Park, H-H., Jang, J-N., Hong, M., and Kwon, K-H.: Compensation effect of boron and nitrogen codoping on the hardness and electrical resistivity of diamond-like carbon films prepared by magnetron sputtering deposition. J. Mater. Res. 27(23), 3027–3032 (2012).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vengudusamy, B., Green, J.H., Lamb, G.D., and Spikes, H.A.: Behaviour of MoDTC in DLC/DLC and DLC/steel contacts. Tribol. Int. 54, 68–76 (2012).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abdullah Tasdemir, H., Tokoroyama, T., Kousaka, H., Umehara, N., and Mabuchi, Y.: Influence of zinc dialkyldithiophosphate tribofilm formation on the tribological performance of self-mated diamond-like carbon contacts under boundary lubrication. Thin Solid Films 562, 389–397 (2014).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kalin, M., Roman, E., Ožbolt, L., and Vižintin, J.: Metal-doped (Ti, WC) diamond-like-carbon coatings: Reactions with extreme-pressure oil additives under tribological and static conditions. Thin Solid Films 518(15), 4336–4344 (2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spikes, H.: The history and mechanisms of ZDDP. Tribol. Lett. 17(3), 469–489 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kalin, M., Vižintin, J., Barriga, J., Vercammen, K., Van Acker, K., and Arnšek, A.: The effect of doping elements and oil additives on the tribological performance of boundary-lubricated DLC/DLC contacts. Tribol. Lett. 17(4), 679–688 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abdullah Tasdemir, H., Wakayama, M., Tokoroyama, T., Kousaka, H., Umehara, N., Mabuchi, Y., and Higuchi, T.: Wear behaviour of tetrahedral amorphous diamond-like carbon (ta-C DLC) in additive containing lubricants. Wear 307(1–2), 1–9 (2013).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Topolovec-Miklozic, K., Lockwood, F., and Spikes, H.: Behaviour of boundary lubricating additives on DLC coatings. Wear 265(11–12), 1893–1901 (2008).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kalin, M. and Vižintin, J.: A comparison of the tribological behaviour of steel/steel, steel/DLC and DLC/DLC contacts when lubricated with mineral and biodegradable oils. Wear 261(1), 22–31 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dumitru, G., Romano, V., Weber, H.P., Pimenov, S., Kononenko, T., Sentis, M., Hermann, J., and Bruneau, S.: Femtosecond laser ablation of diamond-like carbon films. Appl. Surf. Sci. 222(1–4), 226–233 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dumitru, G., Romano, V., Weber, H.P., Pimenov, S., Kononenko, T., Hermann, J., Bruneau, S., Gerbig, Y., and Shupegin, M.: Laser treatment of tribological DLC films. Diamond Relat. Mater. 12(3–7), 1034–1040 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pettersson, U. and Jacobson, S.: Friction and wear properties of micro textured DLC coated surfaces in boundary lubricated sliding. Tribol. Lett. 17(3), 553–559 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Etsion, I.: State of the art in laser surface texturing. J. Tribol. 127(1), 248–253 (2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oksanen, J., Hakala, T.J., Tervakangas, S., Laakso, P., Kilpi, L., Ronkainen, H., and Koskinen, J.: Tribological properties of laser-textured and ta-C coated surfaces with burnished WS2 at elevated temperatures. Tribol. Int. 70, 94–103 (2014).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shum, P.W., Zhou, Z.F., and Li, K.Y.: Investigation of the tribological properties of the different textured DLC coatings under reciprocating lubricated conditions. Tribol. Int. 65, 259–264 (2013).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masuko, M., Kudo, T., and Suzuki, A.: Effect of surface roughening of substrate steel on the improvement of delamination strength and tribological behavior of hydrogenated amorphous carbon coating under lubricated conditions. Tribol. Lett. 51(2), 181–190 (2013).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olesinski, R. and Abbaschian, G.: The B−Si (boron-silicon) system. Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams 5(5), 478–484 (1984).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vengudusamy, B., Green, J.H., Lamb, G.D., and Spikes, H.A.: Tribological properties of tribofilms formed from ZDDP in DLC/DLC and DLC/steel contacts. Tribol. Int. 44(2), 165–174 (2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vengudusamy, B., Green, J.H., Lamb, G.D., and Spikes, H.A.: Durability of ZDDP tribofilms formed in DLC/DLC contacts. Tribol. Lett. 51(3), 469–478 (2013).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tasdemir, H.A., Wakayama, M., Tokoroyama, T., Kousaka, H., Umehara, N., Mabuchi, Y., and Higuchi, T.: Ultra-low friction of tetrahedral amorphous diamond-like carbon (ta-C DLC) under boundary lubrication in poly alpha-olefin (PAO) with additives. Tribol. Int. 65, 286–294 (2013).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Equey, S., Roos, S., Mueller, U., Hauert, R., Spencer, N.D., and Crockett, R.: Reactions of zinc-free anti-wear additives in DLC/DLC and steel/steel contacts. Tribol. Int. 41(11), 1090–1096 (2008).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Equey, S., Roos, S., Mueller, U., Hauert, R., Spencer, N.D., and Crockett, R.: Tribofilm formation from ZnDTP on diamond-like carbon. Wear 264(3–4), 316–321 (2008).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kalin, M., Vižintin, J., Vercammen, K., Barriga, J., and Arnšek, A.: The lubrication of DLC coatings with mineral and biodegradable oils having different polar and saturation characteristics. Surf. Coat. Technol. 200(14–15), 4515–4522 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grossiord, C., Varlot, K., Martin, J-M., Le Mogne, T., Esnouf, C., and Inoue, K.: MoS2 single sheet lubrication by molybdenum dithiocarbamate. Tribol. Int. 31(12), 737–743 (1998).CrossRefGoogle Scholar