Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T03:07:35.495Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

In situ transmission electron microscopic investigations of reduction-oxidation reactions during densification of nickel nanoparticles

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 August 2012

Misa Matsuno ,
Cecile S. Bonifacio ,
Jorgen F. Rufner ,
Andrew M. Thron ,
Troy B. Holland ,
Amiya K. Mukherjee  and
Klaus van Benthem
Misa Matsuno
Affiliation:
Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Division of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616
Cecile S. Bonifacio
Affiliation:
Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Division of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616
Jorgen F. Rufner
Affiliation:
Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Division of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616
Andrew M. Thron
Affiliation:
Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Division of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616
Troy B. Holland
Affiliation:
Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Division of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616
Amiya K. Mukherjee
Affiliation:
Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Division of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616
Klaus van Benthem*
Affiliation:
Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Division of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616
*
a)Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

The consolidation of crystalline powders to obtain dense microstructures is typically achieved through a combination of volume and grain boundary diffusion. In situ transmission electron microscopy was utilized to study neck formation between adjacent nickel particles during the early stages of sintering. It was found that the presence of carbon during consolidation of Ni lowers the reduction temperature of nickel oxides on the particle surface and therefore has the potential to accelerate consolidation. In the absence of carbon, the surface oxides remain present during the early stage of sintering and neck formation between particles is limited by self-diffusion of nickel through the oxide layer. This study provides direct experimental evidence that corroborates related earlier hypotheses of self-cleaning on the surface of the nanoparticles that precedes neck formation and growth.

Keywords

sinteringsurface reactiontransmission electron microscopy
Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Materials Research , Volume 27 , Issue 18 , 28 September 2012 , pp. 2431 - 2440
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1.German, R.M.: Sintering Theory and Practice (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1996).Google Scholar
2.Kang, S-J.L.: Sintering: Densification, Grain Growth, and Microstructure (Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 2005).Google Scholar
3.Chiang, Y-M., Birnie, D.P., and Kingery, W.D.: Physical Ceramics (John Wiley & Sons, Weinheim, Germany, 1996).Google Scholar
4.Munir, Z.A. and German, R.M.: Generalized model for prediction of periodic trends in activation of sintering of refractory metals. High Temp. Sci. 9, 275–283 (1977).Google Scholar
5.Olevsky, E.A., Kandukuri, S., and Froyen, L.: Consolidation enhancement in spark-plasma sintering: Impact of high heating rates. J. Appl. Phys. 102, 114913–114924 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
6.Orrù, R., Licheri, R., Locci, A.M., Cincotti, A., and Cao, G.: Consolidation/synthesis of materials by electric current activated/assisted sintering. Mater. Sci. Eng., R 63, 127–287 (2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7.Munir, Z.A., Anselmi-Tamburini, U., and Ohyanagi, M.: The effect of electric field and pressure on the synthesis and consolidation of materials: A review of the spark plasma sintering method. J. Mater. Sci. 41, 763–777 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8.Chen, W., Anselmi-Tamburini, U., Garay, J.E., Groza, J.R., and Munir, Z.A.: Fundamental investigations on the spark plasma sintering/synthesis process. I. Effect of dc pulsing on reactivity. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 394, 132–138 (2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9.Anselmi-Tamburini, U., Garay, J.E., Munir, Z.A., Tacca, A., Maglia, F., and Spinolo, G.: Spark plasma sintering and characterization of bulk nanostructured fully stabilized zirconia: Part I. Densification studies. J. Mater. Res. 19, 3255–3262 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10.Anselmi-Tamburini, U., Garay, J.E., and Munir, Z.A.: Fundamental investigations on the spark plasma sintering/synthesis process. III. Current effect on reactivity. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 407, 24–30 (2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11.Kodash, V.Y., Groza, J.R., Cho, K.C., Klotz, B.R., and Dowding, R.J.: Field-assisted sintering of Ni nanopowders. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 385, 367–371 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12.Nygren, M. and Shen, Z.J.: Novel assemblies via spark plasma sintering. Silicates Industriels 69, 211–218 (2004).Google Scholar
13.Basu, B., Lee, J.H., and Kim, D.Y.: Development of nanocrystalline wear-resistant Y-TZP ceramics. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 87, 1771–1774 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
14.Yue, M., Zhang, J.X., Liu, W.Q., and Wang, G.P.: Chemical stability and microstructure of Nd-Fe-B magnet prepared by spark plasma sintering. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 271, 364–368 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15.Su, X.L., Wang, P.L., Chen, W.W., Shen, Z.J., Nygren, M., Cheng, Y.B., and Yan, D.S.: Optical properties of SPS-ed Y- and (Dy, Y)-alpha-sialon ceramics. J. Mater. Sci. 39, 6257–6262 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16.Zhou, L.J., Zhao, Z., Zimmermann, A., Aldinger, F., and Nygren, M.: Preparation and properties of lead zirconate stannate titanate sintered by spark plasma sintering. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 87, 606–611 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17.Chen, X., Khor, K.A., Chan, S.H., and Yu, L.G.: Overcoming the effect of contaminant in solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) electrolyte: Spark plasma sintering (SPS) of 0.5 wt% silica-doped yttria- stabilized zirconia (YSZ). Mater. Sci. Eng., A 374, 64–71 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
18.Aldica, G., Khodash, V., Badica, P., and Groza, J.R.: Electrical conduction in initial field assisted sintering stages. J. Optoelectron. Adv. Mater. 9, 3863–3870 (2007).Google Scholar
19.Groza, J.R., Garcia, M., and Schneider, J.A.: Surface effects in field-assisted sintering. J. Mater. Res. 16, 286–292 (2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
20.Groza, J.R. and Zavaliangos, A.: Sintering activation by external electrical field. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 287, 171–177 (2000).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21.Xie, G.Q., Ohashi, O., Yamaguchi, N., Song, M., Mitsuishi, K., Furuya, K., and Noda, T.: Reduction of surface oxide films in Al-Mg alloy powders by pulse electric current sintering. J. Mater. Res. 19, 815–819 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
22.Xie, G.Q., Ohashi, O., Yamaguchi, N., and Wang, A.R.: Effect of surface oxide films on the properties of pulse electric-current sintered metal powders. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 34, 2655–2661 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23.Sato, N.: Theory for breakdown of anodic oxide films on metals. Electrochim. Acta 16, 1683 (1971).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24.Munir, Z.A.: Analytical treatment of the role of surface oxide layers in the sintering of metals. J. Mater. Sci. 14, 2733–2740 (1979).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25.Tokita, M.: Trends in advanced SPS spark plasma sintering systems and technology. Jpn. Soc. Powder Technol. 30, 790–804 (1993).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
26.Hulbert, D.M., Jiang, D., Anselmi-Tamburini, U., Unuvar, C., and Mukherjee, A.K.: Experiments and modeling of spark plasma sintered, functionally graded boron carbide-aluminum composites. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 488, 333–338 (2008).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27.Sharma, S.K., Vastola, F.J., and Walker, P.L.: Reduction of nickel oxide by carbon. 2. Interaction between nickel oxide and natural graphite. Carbon 35, 529–533 (1997).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
28.Baukloh, W. and Springorum, F.: Reduction of nickel- and copper oxide with solid carbon. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 230, 315–320 (1937).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
29.Gandia, L.M. and Montes, M.: Effect of thermal treatments on the properties of nickel and cobalt activated charcoal-supported catalysts. J. Catal. 145, 276–288 (1994).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
30.Asoro, M.A., Kovar, D., Shao-Horn, Y., Allard, L.F., and Ferreira, P.J.: Coalescence and sintering of Pt nanoparticles: In situ observation by aberration-corrected HAADF STEM. Nanotechnology 21, 025701 (2010).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31.Simonsen, S.B., Chorkendorff, I., Dahl, S., Skoglundh, M., Sehested, J., and Helveg, S.: Ostwald ripening in a Pt/SiO(2) model catalyst studied by in situ TEM. J. Catal. 281, 147–155 (2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
32.Janowska, I., Moldovan, M.S., Ersen, O., Bulou, H., Chizari, K., Ledoux, M.J., and Cuong, P.H.: High temperature stability of platinum nanoparticles on few-layer graphene investigated by in situ high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Nano Res. 4, 511–521 (2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
33.Ida, K., Sugiyama, Y., Chujyo, Y., Tomonari, M., Tokunaga, T., Sasaki, K., and Kuroda, K.: In situ TEM studies of the sintering behavior of copper nanoparticles covered by biopolymer nanoskin. J. Electron Microsc. 59, S75–S80 (2010).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
34.Ristau, R., Tiruvalam, R., Clasen, P.L., Gorskowski, E.P., Harmer, M.P., Kiely, C.J., Hussain, I., and Brust, M.: Electron microscopy studies of the thermal stability of gold nanoparticle arrays. Gold Bull. 42, 133–143 (2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
35.Holland, T.B., Thron, A.M., Bonifacio, C.S., Mukherjee, A.K., and van Benthem, K.: Field assisted sintering of nickel nanoparticles during in situ transmission electron microscopy. Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 243106 (2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
36.Hummelgard, M., Zhang, R.Y., Nilsson, H.E., and Olin, H.: Electrical sintering of silver nanoparticle ink studied by in situ TEM probing. PLoS One 6, e30106 (2011).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
37.Gaskell, D.R.: Introduction to the Thermodynamics of Materials, 5th ed. (Taylor & Francis, New York, Oxford, 2008).Google Scholar
38.Conrad, E.H., Aten, R.M., Kaufman, D.S., Allen, L.R., Engel, T., Dennijs, M., and Riedel, E.K.: Observation of surface roughening on Ni (115). J. Chem. Phys. 84, 1015–1028 (1986).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
39.Maiya, P.S. and Blakely, J.M.: Surface self-diffusion and surface energy of nickel. J. Appl. Phys. 38, 698 (1967).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
40.Li, J., Dillon, S.J., and Rohrer, G.S.: Relative grain boundary area and energy distributions in nickel. Acta Mater. 57, 4304–4311 (2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
41.Hassen, P.: Physical Metallurgy, 3rd ed. (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1996).CrossRefGoogle Scholar